Iyini i-NSF/ANSI 61 Yemathangi Amanzi Asemapulazini? Incazelo Esebenzayo
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Iyini i-NSF/ANSI 61 Yamathangi Amanzi Asemapulazini? Incazelo Esebenzayo
I-NSF/ANSI 61 iyisilinganiso semiphumela yezempilo esikhawulela ukungcola okuvela ezintweni ezithintana namanzi okuphuza; ayihloli isakhiwo noma impilo ye-coating. Ethangini lasemapulazini, umbuzo ofanele ukuthi izingxenye ezimanzi zinezinhlobo zokuxhumana eziqinisekisiwe ku-NSF/ANSI 61 yini, okubalulekile lapho amanzi engawemfuyo noma awasekhaya. Ukugunyazwa kungenxa yomkhiqizo ngamunye, ngakho-ke ukuqinisekisa kwenziwa ngezitifiketi eziqanjiwe, hhayi ngesimangalo esijwayelekile.
I-NSF/ANSI 61 iyindinganiso yemiphumela yezempilo yezingxenye zohlelo lwamanzi okuphuza, futhi epulazini ivela ngaso leso sikhathi lapho amanzi engawemfuyo, engawomuzi othola amanzi ethangini elifanayo, noma engawokusetshenziswa kunoma yikuphi lapho izinga lamanzi libalulekile. Umbuzo umthengi wasepulazini akubuzayo empeleni akuwona ukuthi 'ingabe ithangi linaso isitifiketi' kodwa ukuthi 'ingabe izinto ezithinta amanzi ami ziyayihlangabezana yini indinganiso, futhi ngingakuqinisekisa kanjani lokho ethangini elifikayo?' Le ndatshana ichaza ukuthi i-NSF/ANSI 61 isho ukuthini ethangini lamanzi lasepulazini nokuthi ungaqinisekisa kanjani ngaphandle kokusho ngokweqile ukuthi indinganiso yenzani.
Iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi izinga lihlola izinto zokuxhumana, hhayi ithangi njengento. Likhawulela ukungcola izingxenye ezimanzi ezingase zingeze emanzini; alihloli isakhiwo, impilo yokumboza noma ukuziphatha kwe-hydraulic. Ngakho-ke umbuzo ofanele wethangi lasepulazini ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye zalo ezimanzi eziphethe izinto zokuxhumana eziqinisekisiwe ku-NF/ANSI 61, nokuthi lokho kubalulekile yini ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi. Izigaba ezingezansi zihlukanisa izimo lapho isiqinisekiso sidingeka khona kusukela ezimweni lapho singadingeki khona, futhi zibonisa indlela yokukuhlola lapho kulethwa.
Iyini i-NSF/ANSI 61
I-NSF/ANSI 61 (isihloko esigcwele i-NSF/ANSI/CAN 61, Izingxenye Zohlelo Lwamanzi Okuphuza - Imiphumela Yezempilo) iyindinganiso ebeka umkhawulo wokungcola okuvunyelwe okuvela entweni ethinta amanzi okuphuza. Iyindinganiso yemiphumela yezempilo, hhayi eyokusebenza noma yesakhiwo.
Inhlangano ezimele ihlola umkhiqizo othile - i-coating, i-gasket, i-sealant, noma ukwakheka kwensimbi - bese iwufaka ohlwini uma uphumelela. Ukufakwa ohlwini kungokomkhiqizo ngamunye nangokwakheka, kanye nesitifiketi nesikhathi sokusebenza. Epulazini, ukubaluleka kwayo kuncike ekutheni amanzi awenzelwe ini: indinganiso ikhuluma ngamanzi okuphuza, futhi imfuyo kanye nempahla yasekhaya yizimo lapho isebenza khona. Iphetha umbuzo owodwa - ingabe le nto ethintwayo igcina amanzi ephephile? - futhi akukho okunye.
I-NSF/ANSI 61 ivamise ukuhlotshaniswa ne-NSF/ANSI 372, ebeka imfuneko yokungabi nokuhola ezingxenyeni zamapayipi ezithinta amanzi okuphuza. Lezi zimbili zibhekana nezinto ezihlukene: i-61 ibeka umkhawulo wokuthi into ingakhipha ini ngokomphumela wezempilo, kuyilapho i-372 ibeka umkhawulo wokuqukethwe kukahola kwingxubevange noma ekwakhekeni. Epulazini elihlinzeka ngamanzi emfuyo noma omndeni, zombili zingase zibaluleke, ngakho-ke incazelo ingase ibize i-372 yezinto zokuxhumana zensimbi kanye ne-61 yokuhlolwa okubanzi kwemiphumela yezempilo. Akukho kokubili okugunyaza ithangi lilonke, futhi akukho kokubili okungena esikhundleni sezimfuneko zokwakheka noma zokusebenza kwengubo yokumboza.
Ukuthi iyasebenza yini ethangini lasepulazini
Iyasebenza ezintweni ezithintwayo ethangini lasepulazini lapho amanzi enzelwe ukuphuza - imikhombe yemfuyo, umuzi othola amanzi ethangini, noma noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa okuphuzwayo.
Akusebenzi njengemfuneko ebanzi kuwo wonke amathangi ezolimo, ngoba amanzi agcinelwe ukunisela kuphela noma ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile okungekho emanzini okuphuza angaphandle kobubanzi bamanzi okuphuza. Ukuhlolwa okungokoqobo ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, hhayi ukuba khona kwethangi lensimbi. Ngakho-ke ithangi elilodwa lasepulazini lingaba nezingxenye ezimanzi ezidinga izinto zokuxhumana eziqinisekiswe yi-NF/ANSI 61 (uhlangothi lwemfuyo) kanye nezinye izingxenye ezingadingi, kuye ngokuthi amanzi adonswa futhi asetshenziswa kanjani. Ukucaciswa kufanele kusho umsebenzi ukuze kusetshenziswe ububanzi obufanele.
Amanzi emfuyo nombuzo wezempilo
Amanzi okuphuza emfuyo yilapho umbuzo wemiphumela yezempilo uba ngokoqobo epulazini. Izilwane eziphuza ethangini zithintwa yinoma yini ekhishwa izinto ezithintwa amanzi, ngakho indawo yangaphakathi, ama-gasket kanye ne-sealant esendleleni yamanzi yizinto okufanele ziqashelwe.
I-coating ehlolwe ngaphansi kwe-NSF/ANSI 61 yengaphakathi, kanye nama-gasket nama-sealant asohlwini emihlanganweni nasezimpompeni, igcina umbuzo wekhwalithi yamanzi uphendulelwe amanzi ezifuyo. Lapho ithangi elifanayo lisebenza khona futhi umkhaya, imfuneko yamanzi okuphuza icacile futhi izinto ezithintwayo kufanele ziyihlangabezane. Izinga alibeki ukuthi zingakanani amanzi adingwa yizilwane noma ukuthi ithangi ligcwaliswa kanjani; libeka umkhawulo kuphela kokuthi izinto zingangeza ini emanzini.
Yiziphi izingxenye zethangi ezithwala isitifiketi
Yonke ingxenye esendleleni yamanzi okuphuza idinga ukucatshangelwa: igobolondo langaphakathi kanye nanoma yiluphi uphawu lokumboza, izindawo ezithintwayo zophahla naphansi, ama-gasket nama-sealant emihlanganweni nasezimpompeni, kanye namapayipi angaphakathi, ama-valve nezingxenye zokuxhuma.
Umthetho uwukuthintana - uma amanzi efinyelela kukho, kusemkhakheni. Izinto zokumboza zangaphandle, isisekelo kanye nezingxenye zangaphandle azikho. Ethangini lasepulazini eliboshiwe, bhala into ngayinye emanzi futhi udinge izinto zokuxhumana eziqinisekisiwe ku-NSF/ANSI 61 yayo, uthatha ukumboza kwangaphakathi, i-gasket kanye ne-sealant njengezitifiketi ezihlukene esikhundleni sokucabanga okukodwa. Ingaphezulu lensimbi engagqwali noma ingilazi ehlanganiswe nensimbi iseyinto yokuxhumana okufanele ibe yinto esohlwini.
Indlela yokuhlola isitifiketi ethangini elethiwe
Ekulethweni, cela isitifiketi samanje esisho umkhiqizo oqondile, ukwakheka, inombolo yesitifiketi kanye nezinsuku zokusebenza, esikhishwe yinhlangano ezimele eqinisekisiwe, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi indawo emanzi ethangini ihambisana nomkhiqizo osohlwini.
Hlola uhlu lwezinto ezisetshenziswayo ngokumelene nezitifiketi: i-gasket ngayinye, i-sealant kanye ne-coating esendleleni yamanzi kuhambisana nento esohlwini. Bheka inombolo ye-lot noma ukuhlonza kokukhiqizwa okuxhumanisa into elethiwe nomkhiqizo oqinisekisiwe, futhi qaphela lapho uhlu lungabhekwa khona nesikhungo esikhipha isitifiketi. Umusho onjengokuthi 'uhlangabezana ne-NSF/ANSI 61' uwodwa awulona uhlu; idokhumenti kufanele ibize umkhiqizo ngaphansi kwesilinganiso ngaphambi kokuba uyemukele njengobufakazi.
Ukugunyazwa akukutsheli lokho
Ukugunyazwa ngokwezinga lokukala kukutshela ukuthi into emanzi ayingezi izinto ezingcolisayo ngaphezu kwemikhawulo yemiphumela yezempilo; akukutsheli lutho mayelana nokuthi ithangi lizomelana nokugqwala, ligcine ukumboza kwalo iminyaka, noma limelane nomoya nokuzamazama komhlaba.
Ukumelana nokugqwala nokuphila kokumboza kuvela ohlelweni lokumboza kanye nemvelo, hhayi kulesi zinga, futhi isakhiwo sivela ekwakhiweni nasekuklanyweni kwendawo. Ngakho-ke ithangi lasepulazini lingaba nezinto zokuxhumana ezigunyazwe yi-NSF/ANSI 61 futhi lisadinga ukucaciswa okuhlukile kokusebenza kokumboza nokwakheka. Gcina isigatshana sokugunyazwa nesigatshana sokuqina kuhlukene, futhi udinge kokubili esikhundleni sokucabanga ukuthi esisodwa sihlanganisa esinye.
Lapho ukugunyazwa kungasebenzi khona
Izinga alisebenzi emanzini agcinelwe ukunisela, ukulawula uthuli, ukunisela ngomanyolo noma ezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa kwezolimo okungezona zokuphuza, ngoba lezo zingaphandle kobubanzi bamanzi okuphuza.
Alifinyeleli ekuqopheni kwangaphandle, isisekelo, ukuboshwa noma amapayipi angaphandle, futhi alihloli amandla esakhiwo sethangi noma ukuziphatha kwalo kwe-hydraulic. Futhi alinikezi imvume evamile yakho konke okwenziwa umkhiqizi; umkhiqizo ngamunye ufakwe ohlwini ngawodwana. Ngakho-ke ithangi lepulazi elisetshenziselwa umsebenzi ongewona wokuphuza lingase lingadingi ukufakwa ohlwini lwe-NSF/ANSI 61 nhlobo, kuyilapho ithangi elifanayo elisebenza imfuyo noma umkhaya lidinga - umsebenzi, hhayi uhlobo lwethangi, olubeka imfuneko.
Imibuzo okufanele ibuzwe kumhlinzeki
Buza ukuthi umsebenzi wamanzi uyaphuzwa yini, uyimfuyo noma awuphuzwa, ngoba lokho kubeka ububanzi. Cela izitifiketi ezichaza kahle ukumbozwa kwangaphakathi, ama-gasket nama-sealant, anezinombolo nezinsuku zokusebenza ezivumelekile, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi zihlanganisa imikhiqizo elethwe ngempela.
Buza ukuthi ukwakheka kwesakhiwo nokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nesisekelo kusingathwa kanjani, ngoba lokho kungaphandle kwenqubo ejwayelekile. Buza ukuthi uhlu ngalunye lungaqinisekiswa kuphi. Izimpendulo kufanele kube imibhalo ehambisana nenqubo, hhayi isitatimende esijwayelekile sokuthi inkampani noma ithangi 'liqinisekisiwe.' Ithangi libonakala lihambisana kuphela lapho ingxenye ngayinye emanzi iwumkhiqizo osohlwini ngaphansi kwe-NSF/ANSI 61 enesitifiketi sayo samanje.
Incazelo: Okushiwo yi-NSF/ANSI 61 Ethangini Lasepulazini
Igama | Incazelo |
NSF/ANSI 61 | Izinga lemiphumela yezempilo yezinto ezithintana namanzi okuphuza |
Into ethintanayo | Noma iyiphi ingxenye amanzi afinyelela kuyo, ngaphakathi kwethangi |
Umkhiqizo oqinisekisiwe | Into eshiwo egameni elinikezwe yinhlangano yangaphandle enesitifiketi |
Umsebenzi wokuphuza | Amanzi emfuyo noma asekhaya - ukuqinisekiswa kufanelekile |
Umsebenzi ongewona owokuphuza | Ukunisela nokunye okufanayo - ngokuvamile ngaphandle komkhakha |
Uhlu Lokuhlola Lokuqinisekiswa Kwesitifiketi Esizeni
Hlola | Lokho okukuqinisekisayo |
Amagama esitifiketi umkhiqizo oqondile | I-coating/gasket/sealant elethiwe iyinto esohlwini |
Inombolo yesitifiketi nezinsuku | Uhlu lwamanje futhi luyasebenza |
Uhlu lwezinto ezisetshenziswayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezitifiketi | Yonke ingxenye ethintwa amanzi ihambisana nomkhiqizo osohlwini |
I-Lot noma i-ID yokukhiqiza | I-batch elethiwe ihlangana nomkhiqizo oqinisekisiwe |
Inhlangano yokufaka ohlwini nokuqinisekisa | Ukuhlolwa kwenziwe yinhlangano yesithathu egunyaziwe |
Umsebenzi oshiwo esicacisweni | Ububanzi buhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi aphuzwayo, emfuyo noma angenalo ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi aphuzwayo |
Mayelana ne-Center Enamel
I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd.) iklama futhi yakha amathangi okugcina insimbi eboliwe, amathangi ensimbi ashiselelwe, amathangi e-epoxy ahlanganiswe ngokuncibilika, amathangi e-galvanized, izitsha zensimbi engagqwali, izitsha zengcindezi, uphahla lwedome le-aluminium le-geodesic kanye nophahla oluntantayo. Inkampani inolwazi lokukhiqiza olungaphezu kweminyaka engu-30 futhi isihlinzeke ngemishini kumaphrojekthi emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Uphahla lwedome le-aluminium le-geodesic luklanywa futhi lwakhiwe ngokwe-API 650 Appendix G, AWWA D108, i-Aluminum Design Manual, i-ASCE 7 kanye ne-IBC, futhi inkampani yathuthukisa futhi yathumela uphahla lwedome le-aluminium olungububanzi obungu-72 m ngo-2023. Ubunjiniyela, ukwakhiwa, ukugcotshwa, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nensizakalo yasendaweni kusingathwa njengomsebenzi owodwa, yingakho imidwebo, isisekelo sokubala kanye nezingxenyekazi ezilethiwe zingavumelaniswa.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Yini i-NSF/ANSI 61?
I-NSF/ANSI 61 iyindinganiso yemiphumela yezempilo yezingxenye zohlelo lwamanzi okuphuza. Ibeka umkhawulo wokungcola okungase kwengezwe entweni ethintana namanzi futhi ibala imikhiqizo eqanjiwe - izinto zokumboza, amagaskethi, izinto zokuvala, izinsimbi - ezedlula lolo vivinyo ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kwabantu besithathu. Luhlu lomkhiqizo ngamunye olunencwadi yobufakazi nesikhathi sokusebenza, hhayi isitatimende mayelana nethangi noma inkampani. Epulazini ukuhlobana kwayo kulandela ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi: ikhuluma ngamanzi okuphuza, yingakho imfuyo kanye nempahla yasekhaya kuyiletha ekusebenziseni, kuyilapho amanzi angewona awokuphuza kuphela engayidingi.
Ingabe i-NSF/ANSI 61 iyasebenza emathangini amanzi asepulazini?
Kusebenza ezintweni zokuxhumana ezisethangini lasepulazini lapho amanzi ezaphuzwa khona - emikhombeni yemfuyo noma ekuhlinzekweni kwasekhaya - hhayi njengomthetho ojwayelekile wawo wonke amathangi ezolimo. Amanzi agcinelwe ukunisela kuphela noma okunye ukusetshenziswa okungekona okuphuzwayo angaphandle kobubanzi bamanzi okuphuzwayo, ngakho-ke izingxenye zawo ezimanzi kungenzeka zingadingi ukufakwa ohlwini. Ukuhlolwa okungokoqobo ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, hhayi uhlobo lwethangi. Ithangi elisebenza imfuyo noma ikhaya kufanele ukuthi izingxenye zalo ezimanzi zimbozwe ngezinto zokuxhumana eziqinisekisiwe ku-NFSN/ANSI 61; ithangi elisetshenziselwa ukunisela kuphela ngokuvamile alidingi lokho.
Ingabe kuyadingeka emanzini emfuyo?
Emanzini okuphuza emfuyo, umbuzo wemiphumela yezempilo ungokoqobo, ngoba izilwane zichayeka kukho konke okukhishwa yizinto ezimanzi. Ngakho-ke i-coating yangaphakathi, ama-gaskets kanye ne-sealants ezisendleleni yamanzi kufanele kube yizinto zokuxhumana eziqinisekisiwe ku-NSF/ANSI 61 lapho imfuyo iphuza khona emthanjeni. Umbhalo womthetho awubeki umthamo noma indlela yokugcwalisa; ubeka umkhawulo kuphela kulokho izinto ezingangeza emanzini. Uma lowo mthombo uphinde uhlinzeke umkhaya, imfuneko yamanzi okuphuza icacile futhi izinto zokuxhumana kufanele ziyihlangabezane ngaphandle kokukhetha.
Ngingabheka kanjani ukuthi ithangi lami ligunyazwe yi-NSF?
Kuthangeni elethuliwe, funa isitifiketi samanje esisho umkhiqizo oqondile, ukwakheka, inombolo yesitifiketi kanye nezinsuku zokusebenza, esikhishwe yinhlangano ezimele egunyaziwe, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi indawo emanzi ihambisana nomkhiqizo ohlisiwe. Hlola uhlu lwezinto ezisetshenzisiwe ngokumelene nezitifiketi ukuze yonke i-gasket, i-sealant kanye ne-coating esendleleni yamanzi ihambisane nento ehlisiwe, futhi uphawule i-lot noma ukuhlonza kokukhiqiza okuxhumanisa into nesitifiketi. Ibinzana lokuhambisana lodwa alilona uhlu; idokhumenti kufanele isho umkhiqizo ngaphansi kwesilinganiso ngaphambi kokuba uyemukele njengobufakazi.
Ingabe isitifiketi se-NSF sisho ukuthi ithangi ngeke ligqwalaselwe?
Cha. Isitifiketi ngaphansi kwe-NSF/ANSI 61 siqinisekisa kuphela ukuthi into ethintwa ngamanzi ayengezi izinto ezingcolisayo ngaphezu kwemikhawulo yemiphumela yezempilo; asisho lutho mayelana nokumelana nokugqwala noma impilo yesembozo. Ukuvimbela ukugqwala nempilo yokusebenza kuvela ohlelweni lwesembozo esikhethelwe amakhemikhali amanzi kanye nemvelo, hhayi kulesi simiso, futhi isakhiwo sivela ekwakhiweni nasekuklanyweni kwendawo. Ithangi lasemapulazini lingaba nezinto zokuxhumana eziqinisekiswe ku-NSF/ANSI 61 futhi lisadinga ukucaciswa okuhlukile kokusebenza kwesembozo nokwakheka. Gcina izigaba ezimbili zihlukile futhi udinge zombili.
Ingini lapho i-NSF/ANSI 61 ingasebenzi ethangini?
Akusebenzi emanzini agcinelwe ukunisela, ukulawula uthuli, ukunisela ngomanyolo noma ezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa kwezolimo ezingaphuzwa, ngoba lezo zingaphandle kobubanzi bamanzi okuphuza. Futhi akufinyeleli kuqweqwe lwangaphandle, isisekelo, indawo yokubambelela noma amapayipi angaphandle, futhi akuhloli amandla esakhiwo noma i-hydraulics. Futhi akunikezi imvume evamile yohlu lonke lomkhiqizi; umkhiqizo ngamunye ufakwe ohlwini ngawodwana. Ngakho-ke ithangi elisetshenziselwa umsebenzi ongaphuzwa kuphela lingase lingadingi ukufakwa ohlwini, kuyilapho ithangi elifanayo elisebenza emanzini okuphuza lidinga ukufakwa ohlwini - umsebenzi unquma imfuneko.
Yini okufanele ngiyibuze kumhlinzeki wamathangi asepulazini?
Buza umsebenzi wamanzi kuqala - okuphuzwayo, imfuyo noma okungaphuzwa - ngoba lokho kubeka ububanzi. Cela izitifiketi ezichaza kahle ukumbozwa kwangaphakathi, ama-gasket nama-sealant, anezinombolo nezinsuku zokuphelelwa yisikhathi, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi zihlanganisa imikhiqizo elethiwe. Buza ukuthi ukwakheka kwesakhiwo nokwakheka kokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nesisekelo kusingathwa kanjani, ngoba lokho kungaphandle kwezinga elijwayelekile. Buza ukuthi uhlu ngalunye lungaqinisekiswa kuphi. Izimpendulo kufanele kube imibhalo ehambisana nezinga, hhayi isimangalo esijwayelekile sokuthi ithangi noma inkampani iqinisekisiwe; imikhiqizo esohlwini kuphela enezitifiketi zamanje ekhombisa ukuhambisana.
Ithangi lamanzi lasepulazini, i-NSF/ANSI 61 iyimfuneko ebekiwe, hhayi into ehlanganisa konke. Isebenza ezintweni ezithintwayo lapho amanzi ehloselwe ukuphuzwa - imfuyo noma yasekhaya - futhi iphendula kuphela umbuzo wezempilo: ingabe izingxenye ezimanzi zigcina amanzi ephephile? Ayihloli isakhiwo, ukuphila kwe-coating noma i-hydraulics, futhi ayinamatheli ethangini lilonke noma enkampanini elenzayo. Ukugcina lowo mngcele ucacile kuvimbela kokubili ukusho ngokweqile nokungacacisi kahle.
Uma uthenga ithangi lasepulazini, shono umsebenzi wamanzi, bhala izingxenye ezimanzi ezidinga izinto zokuxhumana eziqinisekisiwe ku-NSF/ANSI 61, futhi udinge izitifiketi zamanje ezisho imikhiqizo eqondile. Sithumele umsebenzi, umthamo kanye nezimo zendawo, futhi sizokubuyisela isicaciso esibeka isitifiketi lapho sifanele khona futhi sisixhumanise nemibhalo umhloli angayihlola.
Khuluma Nethimba Lethu Lobunjiniyela
Thumela umsebenzi, isisekelo somthamo, ikhodi elawulayo kanye nemikhawulo yesiza, futhi ithimba lethu lobunjiniyela lizobuya nencazelo yokucaciswa umhlinzeki angayikhokhisa futhi umhloli angayigunyaza. Sizokutshela futhi ngokucacile lapho uhlobo oluhlukile lwethangi noma umkhakha ohlukile kuyimpendulo engcono.
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