Amathangi Amanzi Ezimayini Okucindezela Uthuli Lwenqubo Nokudonsa Amanzi
Kwadalwa ngo 02.06
Amathangi Amanzi Ezimayini Okucindezela Uthuli Lokuhlunga Nokudonsa Amanzi
Amathangi amanzi ezimayini anemithetho emithathu ehluke kakhulu: amanzi okusebenza embonini, ukunikezwa kwamanzi okucisha uthuli emigwaqweni yokuhambisa izinto, kanye namanzi okudonsa anqwabelene kanye namanzi aseMayini ane-asidi ngaphambi kokwelashwa. Ngayinye inendlela yayo yokubala umthamo, futhi akufanele zabelane ngethangi elilodwa ngaphandle uma imithetho yazo ihambisana ngokujulile. Izinto eziyimbangela yokugqwala ezilawulayo iwamanzi aseMayini ane-asidi, i-chloride ne-sulfate emanzini, kanye nanoma yimuphi amanzi olwandle asetshenziselwa ukucisha uthuli. Ithangi lensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi eline-enamel ehlanganisiwe yasefektri iyimpendulo eqinile kulo lonke lelo banga le-pH kanye nekhemistri, kanti isisekelo kanye nokubekwa kwaso yizinto ezimbili zokuklama ezivame ukushiyelwa isikhathi sakamuva.
Imayini isebenzisa amanani amakhulu kakhulu amanzi futhi ibuyisela amancane kakhulu kuwo, futhi amathangi agcina umehluko ahlala endaweni engakhangi kakhulu yesiza: eceleni kwesigqamisi, phezulu komgwaqo wokuthutha, phezu kwebhentshi lezinsalela, noma emgodini wamanzi okungekho muntu ofuna ukwehla kuwo. Akalwa kanye, abekwa kanye, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi asebenze isikhathi sokuphila kwesiza esingase sihlanganise ukushintsha komzimba wensimbi. Umbuzo wobunjiniyela awukona ukuthi ingabe ithangi lingakhiwa yini kodwa ukuthi ingabe umkhumbi uyasinda emanzini ane-asidi, ekudluliseni udaka oluhlabayo, ekunyakazeni komhlaba oqhaqhazelayo kanye nokuhlala iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu eceleni kwesikhungo sezinsalela esihlala sithoba futhi sinyakaza sonke lesi sikhathi.
Imisebenzi Emithathu Nokuthi Kungani Kungavamile Ukwabelana Ngethangi
Amanzi okusebenza, ukucindezelwa kothuli kanye nokudonswa kwamanzi kunezilinganiso eziphakeme ezihlukene kanye namakhemikhali ahlukene. Amanzi okusebenza embonini yokucubungula amaminerali alandela uhlelo lwesigayo futhi alinganiswa ngokuhamba kwengqimba enkulu yensimbi kanye nokubuyiswa kwamanzi e-thickener; afuna amanzi ahlanzekile, ane-chloride ephansi kanye nethangi elingakhishwa ngokushesha. Ukucindezelwa kothuli kulandela umgwaqo wokuthutha kanye nesimo sezulu, kufinyelela umvuthwandaba ngezinsuku ezomile kakhulu, ezinomoya kakhulu, nezimatasatasa kakhulu zonyaka, futhi ngokuvamile kusebenzisa amanzi abuyiselwe noma ane-saline, okuyinto enolaka kakhulu kunamanzi amasha okwengeza. Ukudonswa kwamanzi kanye namanzi e-asidi yezimayini kuyi-oxidative, i-pH ephansi futhi kunensimbi eningi ne-sulfate, futhi kudinga ukuvalelwa esikhundleni bokuhlanzeka. Ukubeka konke lokhu ku-vessel eyodwa kusho ukuthi umsebenzi owodwa uyaphazamisa eminye emibili, ngakho-ke impendulo evamile imithangi ehlukene enepompo eyabiwe kanye nomhubhe wamapayipi.
Ukulinganisa Umsebenzi Ngamunye Ngokweqiniso
Ukunciphisa uthuli yikho okuthola isilinganiso esincane. Kubalwa ngobude bomgwaqo wokuthutha, amanzi nge-square metre yomgwaqo ngokudlula ngakunye, inani lokudlula ngeshifti ngayinye kanye nokulahleka komhwamuko ngesikhathi sezulu esomile kakhulu, bese kuphindaphindwa ngamahora azimele adingekayo. Imayini elindele isikhathi esomile ngaphandle kokugcwalisa idinga umthamo ogcwele wesizini endaweni, hhayi isamba sosuku. Amanzi okusebenza abalwa ngokulingana kwesisindo semboni: amanzi e-reagent, amanzi e-flotation kanye nokuphuphuma kwe-thickener, kususwa amanzi emboni ewabuyiselayo, kanye nesikhala sokuma kwesigayo. Isitoreji samanzi okudonsa silandela isiphepho esiphezulu kanye nendawo enkulu yokuqoqa, futhi kufanele futhi sibambe umthamo ofika ngesikhathi isitshalo sokuhlanza sivaliwe, okungaba yikho okubaluleke kakhulu endaweni emanzi.
Ikhemistri, Ukuguga Nokunquma Kwangaphakathi
I-acid mine drainage ibeka icala lokugqwala futhi akumnene. Ukugqwala okuvela ku-pH ephansi kanye ne-sulfate, amadiphozithi e-iron adala ukugqwala ngaphansi kwediphozithi, kanye ne-chloride nomaphi lapho indawo iseduze nogu noma isebenzisa amanzi olwandle ukucindezela uthuli konke kuhlasela insimbi kanye nezingubo eziningi ze-organic. I-carbon steel engenalutho incipha emgqeni wamanzi nangaphansi kwamadiphozithi e-iron; i-coating efakiwe engakaze ilungiselelwe ingaphezulu ihluleka ngezindawo; i-galvanized ayifaneleki emsebenzini we-acid noma we-chloride. Impendulo eqinile iyithangi le-glass-fused-to-steel: ungqimba lwe-enamel lwe-0.25 kuya ku-0.45 mm luxhunywe ku-panel ku-820 kuya ku-930 °C, kulinganiselwa ngaphezu kwe-3,450 N/cm², ayisebenzi kuwo wonke amazinga e-pH 1 kuya ku-14, futhi iqedwa ku-Ra engaphansi kwe-0.8 µm ukuze i-iron precipitate ikhishwe esikhundleni sokwakha uqweqwe oluqinile odongeni. Wonke amaphaneli ahlolwa nge-spark ku-1500 V DC ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa, okubalulekile endaweni ekude lapho ithimba lokulungisa i-lining likude ngezinyanga.
Ukucaciswa Kobuchwepheshe
Ipharamitha | Inani Elijwayelekile / Ibanga | Qaphela |
Izinga lokushisa lokuncibilikisa i-enamel | 820–930 °C | Ifekthri incibilikiswe epaneleni lensimbi |
Ubukhulu be-enamel coating | 0.25–0.45 mm | Ingaphakathi elingenalutho, i-pH 1–14 |
Amandla esendlalelo se-enamel | ≥ 3,450 N/cm² | Ukumelana nokugoba nokushaywa |
Ukungaphatheki kahle kwendawo | Ra < 0.8 µm | Ukukhishwa kwentlenga, ukugcwala kalula |
Amandla kagesi wokuhlola inhlansi | 1500 V DC | Ngephaneli ngayinye, ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa |
Ubukhulu befilimu ye-FBE epoxy | 180–280 µm | AWWA C550, amanzi anolaka oluncane |
Izinga lamabhawudi | 8.8 | I-torque eqoshiwe ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa |
Isikhathi sokuphila komklamo | ≥ 30 iminyaka | Ngesistimu yangaphakathi ecacisiwe |
Indawo, Izisekelo Nokunyakaza Komhlaba
Indawo obeka kuyo ithangi ibalulekile njengalokho okwakhayo. Ithangi elibekwe phezu noma eduze kwendawo yokugcina izinsalela zokumbiwa kwezimayini lihlala emhlabathini ocwilisayo, ngakho isisekelo kufanele sibekwe ngaphandle kwendawo yethonya, futhi noma yiliphi ithangi eliphezu kokugcwaliswa okwakhiwe kudingeka kulawulwe umehluko wokucwila phakathi kwezinhlangothi eziphikisanayo ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe ngisho iphaneli elilodwa. Isithwathwa siyingxenye yokuklama ezindaweni ezibandayo, kokubili emhlabathini ongaphansi kwethangi kanye nasemigqeni yokuphuma nokugcwalisa, okudinga ukulandelelwa noma ukumbiwa. Indawo ekude iletha ezokuthutha ekucaciseni: amaphaneli ahamba ecaba futhi ahlanganiswe ngeqembu elincane ngaphandle kokushisela endaweni ayinzuzo yangempela lapho ishabhu yokwakha eseduze ikude ngokwekontinente, futhi igobolondo elihlanganisiwe libuye lisho ukuthi iphaneli elilimele lingashintshwa endaweni eminyakeni eminingi kamuva.
Umkhuba Wokusebenza Owandisa Ukuphila
Imikhuba emithathu enquma ukuthi ithangi lisasebenza yini ngonyaka weshumi nanhlanu. Hlanza inzika ehlezi phansi uyibuyisele enqubweni noma ohlelweni lokuhlanza inzika esikhundleni sokuyeka umbhede wensimbi ne-gypsum uqine phansi, ngoba umbhede oqinile uyisendlalelo sokugqwala futhi uyilahleko yomthamo okwazi ukusetshenziswa. Gcina isisetshenziswa sezinga sithembekile ngokusihlola ngokumelene nokujula okulinganisiwe, ngoba ithangi lothuli elingenalutho kodwa elibonisa ukuthi ligcwele liwukuma komsebenzi wokukhiqiza. Futhi hlela indlela yokukhipha umoya kanye nokuchichima ngendlela efanele, ngoba ithangi lokudonsa amanzi elichichima phezu kwegobolondo lalo lisabalalisa ibala elihlala njalo kanye nesendlalelo sokugqwala phansi. Faka isexwayiso sezinga eliphezulu esivimba ukuqoqwa kwangaphambili esikhundleni sokuthembela endaweni evulekile yokugcina kuphela.
Icala Lomklamo
Umklamo | Indawo | Umkhiqizo | Umthamo | Ububanzi |
Isitoreji samanzi angcolile amakhemikhali | I-Zhejiang, e-China | Ithangi le-GFS | 11,613 m³ | ukuhlinzeka + ukugada |
Ithangi lensimbi elishiselwe | I-Henan, e-China | Ithangi lensimbi elishiselwe | 4,691 m³ | ukuhlinzeka + isiqondiso sokufaka |
Isitoreji samanzi esikhulu esinobubanzi obukhulu | I-Namibia | Ithangi le-GFS | 44,900 m³ | ukuhlinzeka + ukugada |
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela Be-Center Enamel
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina anezibophezelo kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ehlanganiswe ne-enamel angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingama-150,000 m² sengezwe ukukhulisa umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukuklama kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550 ne-NFPA lapho uhlelo lokusetshenziswa ludinga khona.
Ngokwensizakalo yezimayini lokhu kuhlanganisa ingaphakathi le-enamel ne-epoxy elingenhla, ukuhlelwa kwendlela nokufakwa kwesisekelo somhlabathi oseduze nezinsalela zokugqibela, amaphaneli athunyelwa ecaba futhi ahlanganiswe neqembu elincane, kanye nokuqondisa kuze kufike ekugcwalisweni kokuqala.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Ingabe ithangi elilodwa lingasebenza amanzi okusebenza kanye nokucindezela uthuli?
Impendulo 1: Ngokuvamile cha. Amanzi othuli avame ukubuyiselwa noma abe nosawoti futhi afinyelela umvuthwandaba ngesikhathi somile, kuyilapho amanzi okusebenza kufanele ahlanzeke futhi alandele uhlelo lwesigayo. Ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi kuvikela kokubili, futhi umhubhe wamaphampu wabelwana ngawo.
Umbuzo 2: Isilinganiso somthamo wokucindezela uthuli sibalwa kanjani?
Impendulo 2: Kusukela endaweni yomgwaqo wokuthutha, izinga lamanzi ngokudlula, ukudlula ngeshifti kanye nokulahleka komhwamuko ngesikhathi esiphezulu, kuphindwe ngezikhathi ezizimele ezidingekayo, kanye nomkhawulo wesikhathi somile uma ukugcwalisa kungatholakali.
Umbuzo 3: Ingabe i-acid mine drainage inokugqwala okwanele ukuze kufaneleke i-enamel?
Impendulo 3: Kaningi yebo. I-pH ephansi ene-sulfate ne-iron deposits, kanye ne-chloride lapho kusetshenziswa khona amanzi olwandle, ihlasela insimbi engamboziwe kanye nama-coatings asetshenzisiwe ngokushesha. I-enamel encibilikisiwe ayisebenzi ku-pH 1 kuya ku-14 futhi ihlolwa nge-spark kuphaneli ngayinye ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa.
Umbuzo 4: Ingabe ithangi lingabekwa eduze kwendawo yokulahla izinsalela?
Impendulo 4: Kungaba njalo, kodwa kufanele libe ngaphandle kwendawo yethonya lembiwa yokuhlala. Hlola ukuziphatha kokuhlala ngemininingwane ye-geotechnical futhi uhlole isisekelo ngaphambi kokuba iphaneli yokuqala ibekwe.
Umbuzo 5: Kungani amathangi aboshiwe efanele izimayini ezikude?
Impendulo 5: Ngoba amaphaneli athunyelwa ecaba, ahlanganiswa ngaphandle kokushisela endaweni futhi angakhiwa yiqembu elincane, futhi iphaneli eyonakele kamuva ingakhululwa ibhawudi futhi ishintshwe esikhundleni sokulungiswa endaweni.
Umbuzo 6: Yikuphi ukunakekela okugcina ithangi lamanzi asemayini lisebenza?
Impendulo 6: Ukugudluza inzika ehleliweyo ibuyiselwe enqubweni, ukuhlola ithuluzi lezinga ngokumelene nokujula okulinganisiwe, nokugcina ukuphuphuma nomoya kuhamba kude negobolondo ukuze isisekelo singagqwali.
Amathangi amanzi ezimayini ayizinkinga ezintathu zokugcina ezihlanganyela indawo eyodwa, futhi iphutha elishibhile kakhulu ukuhlanganisa wona abe umkhumbi owodwa onganelisi noma yimuphi umsebenzi wawo. Linganisa ngalinye ngokulingana kwalo okuphezulu, beka amathangi okukhipha amanzi kude nebhentshi lokuhlambulula izinsalela, futhi khetha ingaphakathi elikhuthazayo ukumelana ne-asidi, i-sulfate ne-chloride esikhundleni sokucabanga ukuziphatha kwamanzi ahlanzekile. Igobolondo le-enamel elihlanganisiwe lasefektri elinokuhlolwa okubhaliwe kwephaneli ngalinye kanye nendlela yokushintsha iphaneli eboshiwe iyimpendulo eqinile kakhulu endaweni ekude lapho amaqembu okusevisa eqhelelene ngezinyanga.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Sithumele ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi enqubo kanye nokucindezelwa kothuli namazinga akho aphezulu, ukudonswa kwamanzi okulindelekile kanye namakhemikhali amanzi ane-asidi ane-pH ne-chloride, imikhawulo yendawo yezinsalela noma yokugcwalisa, ukujula kwesithwathwa nedatha yesimo sezulu, kanye nokufinyelela kwesiza nokutholakala kweqembu labasebenzi. Uzothola isincomo sokuhlukaniswa komsebenzi, ukubalwa kosayizi, inketho yangaphakathi kanye nephakethe eliphelele lemidwebo nesitifiketi.
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