Amathangi Okugcina Amandla Ashisayo Ezikhungo Zedatha: Ukuqhathanisa Amanzi, Iqhwa, ne-PCM
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Amathangi Okugcina Amandla Ashisayo Ezikhungweni Zedatha: Ukuqhathanisa Kwamanzi, Iqhwa, Ne-PCM
Amanzi abandayo ayindlela enobungozi obuncane kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi. Amathangi okugcina amandla okushisa ezikhungo zedatha agcina amanzi agcina cishe u-1.16 kWh nge-cubic metre ngayinye nge-kelvin, cishe u-7 kWh/m3 ku-delta engu-6 K ngaphambi kokulahlekelwa. Iqhwa linikeza ukuqina okuphindwe izikhathi eziningana ngevolumu efanayo kodwa kwengeza ukuvuna, ukuncibilikisa iqhwa kanye ne-loop engaqondile. I-PCM ihamba phakathi kwalokhu kokubili futhi ngokuvamile ibiza kakhulu nge-kilowatt-hour esebenzisekayo. Amathangi amanzi ahlala eduze komfutho womoya futhi anokuvikelwa okuvuthiwe, ukulawulwa kokwehlukaniswa kanye nomkhuba wokwakha. Amathangi okugcina amandla okushisa ezikhungo zedatha acaciswa ngezinto ezintathu - amanzi abandayo, iqhwa kanye ne-phase change material - futhi into ngayinye ishintsha igobolondo, hhayi nje inani lemikhumbi.
Ukuminyana kwama-rack kuyaqhubeka nokukhuphuka, futhi kanye nakho ingxenye yamandla esizeni esetshenziswa ekususeni ukushisa kumthwalo we-IT. Ama-chiller alinganiselwa ihora elibi kakhulu, hhayi elijwayelekile, futhi lelo hora linquma kokubili ibhili lemishini kanye nenkokhelo yokufunwa. Ukugcina amandla ashisayo kuhambisa ukupholisa emahoreni ashibhile: isikhungo sisebenza kanzima ngesikhathi esingekho emsebenzini, sigcwalise ithangi, bese sidlula esiqongweni santambama ngokubanda okugciniwe.
Izindlela ezintathu zokugcina zibamba amakhaza. Amanzi abandayo ku-tank elihlukanisiwe eline-insulation yireferensi yokuklama. Iqhwa, elakhiwe kuma-coil noma livunwe ngomshini ngaphakathi ku-tank lamanzi, lenyusa amandla nge-cubic metre. Izinto eziguqulwayo ze-phase change ezifakwe ku-capsule zihlose umgomo ofanayo ngokushintsha okuqinile kuya koketshezi. Zontathu ziyanciphisa i-peak chiller tonnage; akukho neyodwa yazo enciphisa ama-kilowatt-hours esizeni esiphelele, futhi ngayinye ishintsha ukuhlelwa, izilawuli kanye nohlelo lokunakekela.
Lesi siqhathaniso sisebenza ngezibalo ezinquma ukuthengwa kwama-tank okugcina amandla ashisayo ezikhungweni zedatha: umthamo nge-cubic metre, izindleko nge-kilowatt-hour esebenzisekayo, ingxenye yamakhaza agciniwe angakhishwa, nokuthi indlela ngayinye iziphatha kanjani ngaphansi kokunakekelwa okuhambisanayo.
Okugcinwa Ngempela Yilezi Zindlela Ezintathu
Ukuminyana kokugcina kusetha usayizi wethangi. Ethangini eliwuketshezi, umthamo ulandela `Q = V x rho x cp x dT`. Amanzi acishe abe ngu-1000 kg/m3 kanye no-4.186 kJ/kg.K agcina u-4.186 MJ nge-cubic metre ngakunye nge-kelvin, cishe u-1.163 kWh/m3.K. Kububanzi obujwayelekile obungu-6 K kusuka ku-6 degC kuya ku-12 degC lokho kucishe kube ngu-7 kWh/m3.
Iqhwa lishintshanisa ukushintsha kwesisindo nge-latent heat. Ukuqandisa ku-334 kJ/kg kugcina okuningi kakhulu ngeyunithi yesisindo kunokupholisa okuzwakalayo, ngakho ithangi eligoqwe ngekhoyili noma elivunayo elinesisekelo esilinganayo ligcina ukupholisa okuphindwe kaningi kunethangi lamanzi. Ukushoda kokushisa okudlula olwelweleni lweqhwa kudla lelo nzuzo ngokuthula phakathi kwemijikelezo.
I-PCM ihlezi phakathi kwalokhu kokubili, ngemuva kwe-heat exchanger. Ama-salts afakwe emabhokisini noma ama-paraffins ashintsha isigaba ezingeni lokushisa elinqunyiwe futhi ngokuvamile agcinwa ngemuva komjikelezo ophakathi, ogcina ingxenye ye-latent heat nge-cubic metre uma igobolondo nendawo yokudlulisa kubalwa.
Lawama amathathu anquma usayizi womkhumbi wamathangi okugcina amandla okushisa ezikhungweni zedatha. Amanzi adinga amamitha ayikhyubhu amaningi kakhulu emsebenzini ofanayo, iqhwa lincane kakhulu, i-PCM iphakathi.
1. Amanzi: izindleko eziphansi kakhulu nge-kWh, ithangi elikhulu kakhulu, ukuxhumana okuqondile kwe-chiller emiklameni eminingi.
2. Iqhwa: kuhlangene, akukho ngqo, futhi izinga lokushisa eliphezulu endaweni yokuhlangana kukhoyili.
3. I-PCM: kusuka kokuhlangene kuya kokulingene, ngokufakwa kanye nezinto zokwehlukanisa izigaba okufanele ziqashelwe.
Izindleko Zokuqala, Indawo Esetshenziswayo kanye Nokuhlelwa Kwesikhungo
Umthamo wethangi yizindleko ezibonakalayo; ukulinganisela kwesikhungo yikona okuthule. Ithangi lamanzi lidinga igobolondo elivikelayo, iziphimbo zokungena nokuphuma, isisabalalisi, iphampu kanye nezilawuli. Iqhwa ne-PCM zengeza iphakethe lokushintshanisa ukushisa, umjikelezo woketshezi lwesibili, futhi endabeni yeqhwa ukulandelana kokuncibilisa okudonsa ethangini ngenkathi kusebenza.
Indawo esetshenziswayo ikhetha umzila ezikhungweni eziqinile. Lapho kukhona indawo yamathangi engenalutho, ukugcinwa kwamanzi kunqoba ngezindleko nge-kilowatt-hora ngayinye egciniwe kuzo zonke izigaba zokusebenza. Lapho indawo yesilabha ingashintshi kodwa ubude begumbi lemishini bukhona, iqhwa noma i-PCM kuyathetheleleka ngisho nangezindleko eziphezulu nge-kWh, ngoba enye indlela iyisakhiwo sesibili sokupholisa.
Isimo sengcindezi sishintsha ubukhulu besakhiwo. Ithangi lamanzi eliseduze nomkhathi lingaphandle komngcele wengcindezi, ngakho-ke ama-nozzle nezimbobo ziklanyelwe umthwalo we-hydraulic kuphela. Imishini yeqhwa enengcindezi ihlezi ku-positive gauge pressure futhi iletha umkhumbi, ukuqiniswa kwawo kanye nohlelo lwayo lokuhlola.
· Amanzi abandayo: isibalo esiphansi kakhulu semali nge-kilowatt-hour esebenzisekayo, indawo enkulu, akukho loop engaqondile emiklamweni eminingi.
· Iqhwa: isibalo semali esiphindwe kabili kuya kane kunethangi lamanzi, indawo encane, i-loop engaqondile njalo.
· I-PCM: isibalo semali esiphakathi kuya phezulu, indawo encane kuya phakathi, i-loop engaqondile njalo.
Ukusebenza Ngempumelelo, Ukulahlekelwa kanye Nokukhipha
Ukushaja nokukhipha kuyahluka ngempumelelo. Ithangi lamanzi lilahlekelwa yingxenye encane yokuqukethwe ngosuku ngenxa yokuvikela nokuxuba, futhi abaklami basebenzisa amaphesenti angama-70-90 ethiyori yomthamo osebenzisekayo ngemuva kokuhlukaniswa, ukushoda nokulahlekelwa kokuxuba.
Iqhwa lilahlekelwa yi-thermal shorting. Ukushisa okunqamula i-envelope kuncibilikisa iqhwa elalingakashajwa ukuze lisetshenziswe, ngakho-ke isitshalo kufanele sishaje ngokweqile. Ikhwalithi yokuvikela kanye ne-geometry yomkhumbi kunquma lelo zinga.
I-PCM ilahlekelwa ohlangothini lokudlulisa. Ukungaqhubi kahle kusendlalelo sokushintsha kwesigaba kunciphisa amandla okushaja nokukhipha ngendawo yobuso kunangevolumu, ngakho-ke ukulinganisa ngezinga eliphezulu kukhulisa umkhumbi futhi kudilize inzuzo yokuminyana.
Umzila | Ukuminyana kwethiyori | Ingxenye esebenzisekayo | Indlela eyinhloko yokulahlekelwa |
Amanzi abandayo | ~1.16 kWh/m3.K | 70-90 percent | Ukuwa kokwehlukaniswa, ukuvuza kwendawo ezungezile |
Iqhwa | Izikhathi eziningana zamanzi | 60-85 percent of charge | Ukushoda kokushisa, ukukhishwa kwe-defrost |
PCM | Izinga eliphakathi | 60-80 percent of latent | Ukudluliswa okulinganiselwe ukuhamba, ukwehlukaniswa |
Ukusebenza, Ukunakekela kanye Nokuziphatha Kokwehluleka
Izinhlelo zamanzi ziyahluleka kancane futhi ngokubonakalayo. Ukwehlukaniswa kuyancipha, ama-diffusers ayangcola, futhi ukubuya kokushisa okweqile kuxuba ithangi. Ikhemistri yileyo isitshalo esivele siyisebenzisa: i-biocide, inhibitor, ukulawula isikali kanye nokuhlanza ngezikhathi ezithile.
Izitshalo zeqhwa ziphethe uhlu lwemishini. Ukukala kwama-coil, ukuxhuma kweqhwa, ukunamathela kwe-valve ye-defrost kanye nokuvuza kwe-loop kuyaphindaphindeka, konke ngaphakathi kwesitsha esivikelwe, okwenza ukufinyelela kube nzima.
I-PCM yengeza izinto zokuzinza kwempahla. Ukulimala kwe-encapsulant, ukwehlukaniswa kuma-salt hydrates kanye nokungcola kwe-exchanger ngakunye kudinga indawo yokuqapha ebukhoma kusukela ngosuku lokuqala. Ngokomkhuba, bhala izinga lokushisa lokungena nokuphuma, izinga kanye nesivinini se-diffuser yetanki yamanzi, imvamisa ye-defrost kanye nengxenye yeqhwa embonini yeqhwa, kanye namandla okushaja nokukhipha kanye nokuhlehla kwebhendi yesigaba se-PCM skid.
Incazelo Yezobuchwepheshe
Into | I-TES yamanzi abandayo | I-TES yeqhwa | I-TES ye-PCM |
Indawo yokugcina | Amanzi, 5-7 kuya ku-12-14 degC | Iqhwa emanzini, ikhoyili noma ukuvuna | I-salt noma i-paraffin evalelwe |
Ifomula yomthamo | Q = V x rho x cp x dT | m x 334 kJ/kg, ngaphandle kokushoda | m x ukushisa okufihlekile, ngaphandle kwenhlawulo ye-HX |
Ibhendi esebenzisekayo | 5-7 K delta | Eduze ku-0 degC indawo yokuncibilika | Izinga lokushisa eliguqukayo elingaguquki |
Isimo sengcindezi | Eduze komkhathi | Igeji eliphansi eliphozithivu | Kusuka emkhathini kuya kugeji eliphansi |
Ukufaka insulate | Uboya bamaminerali, i-aluminium cladding | Udonga olusindayo, isivalo somhwamuko | Uboya bamaminerali, isivalo somhwamuko |
I-heat exchanger | Akudingeki ngaso sonke isikhathi | Njalo | Njalo |
Amandla okukhipha aphezulu | I-nozzle, iphampu ne-diffuser | Indawo yobuso be-coil | Indlela yokudlulisa nendawo |
Ububanzi begobolondo | Amathangi okugcina amandla ashisayo ezikhungweni zedatha asebenzisa igobolondo elifanayo, i-coating kanye nobubanzi bokuvikela njenganoma yisiphi isitsha esikhulu samanzi asemkhathini | ||
Izinkomba zokuklama | Umkhuba we-AWWA D103, isiqondiso se-ASHRAE DC9 | Umkhuba womkhumbi, incazelo yomshini | Umkhuba womkhumbi, incazelo yezinto |
Icala Lomklamo
Inkambu | Inani |
Umklamo | Isitoreji samanzi okuphuza saseNamibia (P-A) |
Umkhiqizo | 01 Ithangi lensimbi elihlanganiswe nengilazi |
Umthamo | 44,900 m3 isamba |
Ubukhulu | Amathangi ama-4, ububanzi obungu-41.26 m, ubude obungu-8.4 m |
Ukuqedwa | Septhemba 2022 |
Nakuba amaphrojekthi ethu ayizethenjwa asetshenzisiwe emkhakheni wamanzi namanzi angcolile ahlanganisa lokhu okusetshenziswayo okuphuzwayo, umkhakha we-TES wesikhungo sedatha wakhelwe emazingeni afanayo. Amathangi amane aboshiwe anobubanzi obungu-41.26 m abonisa inani lamaphaneli, ububanzi begobolondo kanye nokulandelana kokuhlanganiswa kwesayithi umkhumbi omkhulu wamanzi asemkhathini owudingayo. Amathangi okugcina amandla ashisayo ezikhungweni zedatha azuza umkhakha ofanayo wegobolondo lapho okokuxuba kungamanzi futhi umkhumbi uhlala useduze nengcindezi yasemkhathini.
Amandla Onjiniyela we-Center Enamel
I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isike yakha futhi yaklama amathangi okugcina axhunywe ngamabhawudi kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi e-glass-fused-to-steel (GFS) e-China, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ehlanganiswe ne-enamel angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukuze kunyuswe amandla okukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS, FDA, LFGB, CE (EN 1090), ISO 28765, FM, BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi idizayini ibhekisela ku-AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550 ne-NFPA lapho uhlelo ludinga khona.
Okulingene uma kuqhathaniswa nesidingo segobolondo
· Amanzi, iqhwa kanye ne-PCM ngakunye kufaka isidingo segobolondo elihlukile: amanzi adinga umthamo kanye nokuvikela, iqhwa lidinga i-coil yangaphakathi noma i-header, i-PCM idinga inqwaba yamaphilisi okufanele ithangi liwamukele ngokwejiyometri.
· Isinyathelo sokuqala esiyingozi encane igobolondo eligcwele amanzi asemkhathini elilinganiswe kusuka kujika lomthwalo wokupholisa, ngoba kushiya ukuklama kwe-hydraulic nokulawula kungashintshiwe kusuka esitshalweni esiyisisekelo.
· Ukulethwa kwethu kwethangi lamanzi, okuholwa uhlelo lweNamibia 44,900 m³, kuyisibonelo esiqondile sesitolo esisekelwe emanzini.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Ingabe ukugcinwa kweqhwa kuhlala kudlula amanzi abandayo ngezindleko?
Impendulo 1: Cha. Iqhwa ligcina amakhaza amaningi nge-cubic metre, ngakho umkhumbi mncane, kodwa iphakethe lomshini, ukulandelana kokuncibilika kanye nomjikelezo ongakhethi kukhuphula izindleko ezifakiwe nge-kilowatt-hour esebenzisekayo. Uma umhlaba ukhona, amanzi abuyisela isikhathi esifushane sokukhokha.
Umbuzo 2: Yimuphi umthamo wethangi engiwudingayo wamahora ayisishiyagalombili okunciphisa iphezulu?
Impendulo 2: Qala ngosayizi wama-kilowatt-hour agciniwe: umthwalo nge-kW phindaphindwe ngamahora okushintsha, uhlukaniswe nge-factor esebenzisekayo, bese uhlukanisa nge-density ye-medium ekhethiwe. Ku-6 K, amanzi anikeza cishe u-7 kWh/m3 ngaphambi kwe-factor engu-70-90 ekhulwini.
Umbuzo 3: Ingabe ithangi le-TES lamanzi liyasiza ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka kukagesi?
A3: Kuyasiza. Isigubhu esibandayo sigcina isitshalo ngenkathi ama-generator nama-UPS eqala, futhi ithangi lomoya liletha ukugeleza ngaphandle komthombo ocinindezelwe. Abaklami bakuncoma ngesikhathi esinqunyiwe sokusebenza ngokuzimela, hhayi isikhathi esingenamkhawulo sokusebenza.
Umbuzo 4: Ingabe ithangi leqhwa noma le-PCM lingajoyina isitshalo samanzi abandayo esivele sikhona?
Impendulo 4: Yebo, njengesiqhingi esingaqondile esinesishintshi saso kanye nomjikelezo. Ukuxhumana kuyipheya lezixhumi kanye nesignali yokulawula, ngakho iziqandisi ezikhona zigcina ukuxhumana kwazo kwesitshalo ngemuva kwesitoreji esisha.
Umbuzo 5: Iyiphi indlela ebhekana kangcono namanzi angenhla?
Impendulo 5: Ingaphakathi le-enamel elisetshenziswe efektri noma i-epoxy ehlanganiswe ngokushisa ligcina igobolondo lingathintani namanzi agciniwe, ngakho ikhemistri ithinta uhlangothi lwamanzi hhayi insimbi. Zombili ziyalungiseka endaweni yethangi elivulwa ukuze lihlolwe njalo eminyakeni embalwa.
Umbuzo 6: Yini ukulahlekelwa kokulinda ethangini elifakwe insulate?
Impendulo 6: Ithangi elinomoya elifakwe insulate kahle lilahlekelwa ingxenye encane yokushaja ngosuku, elibuyiselwa emjikelezweni olandelayo. Ukujiya kwe-insulation, ukuvalwa komhwamuko kanye nemininingwane yokusekela kubaluleke kakhulu kunezinto zegobolondo.
Umbuzo 7: Ingabe ukuhlola i-PCM kufanele kuqale ukusetshenziswa?
A7: Iningi labasebenzisi bahlola umkhumbi owodwa ehholo elingabalulekile ukuze baloge amandla okushaja nokukhipha, ukuhlehla kwebhendi yesigaba kanye nokungcola, okuphendula ukuthi izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwesigaba lihambisana namanzi abuyayo.
Izindlela ezintathu zigcina ukubanda ngendlela ehlukile, futhi yinye kuphela eshibhile nge-kilowatt-hora. Amanzi anezindleko eziphansi kakhulu zokuqala, isixhumi esilula se-hydraulic kanye nomlando wokunakekela ojulile, okhokhelwa ngevolumu. Iqhwa lithenga ukuhlanganiswa ngezindleko eziphezulu kanye nezingxenye ezinyakazayo. I-PCM inikeza ibhendi yokushisa elungisekayo futhi ikhokhela ngendawo yokudlulisa nokuphathwa kwezinto. Lapho umhlaba utholakala khona futhi iwindi lide, ithangi lamanzi liyimpendulo eyisethenjwa, kanti ezinye ezimbili zithetheleliswa ngendawo yokuma kunokuba zithetheleliswe nge-thermodynamics.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Thumela umthwalo wehholo nge-kW, iwindi lokugcina ngamahora, amazinga okushisa okunikezwa nokubuya kwe-chiller, kanye nokuhlelwa kwesikhungo okutholakalayo kwethangi. Sizobuyisela ukubalwa kosayizi ngamamitha ayi-cubic, ama-kilowatt-hour asebenzisekayo ngemuva kwesici sokuhlukaniswa nokulahlekelwa, kanye nencazelo ye-nozzle, i-diffuser kanye ne-insulation. Ukuze kuqhathaniswe imidiya, cela ukubalwa okufanayo kwe-ice ne-PCM ukuze ukukhetha kuncike kumthamo osebenzisekayo, hhayi ukuminyana kwe-nameplate.
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