Amathangi Okugcina Ezikhungo Zedatha: Okudingeka Ukwazi
Kwadalwa ngo Ngokwamukisa
Amathangi Okugcina Izinto Ezisetshenziswa Ezikhungweni Zedatha: Okudingeka Ukwazi
Idatha yesikhungo incike ezindaweni ezintathu ezihlukene zokugcina amanzi - indawo yokugcina yokuvikela umlilo ezikhethekile (NFPA 22), indawo yokugcina yokwengeza/yenqubo yemibhoshongo yokupholisa kanye nokufaka umswakama, kanye nethangi lokugcina amanzi abandayo noma lokugcina amandla okushisa. Khetha uhlobo lwethangi kanye nempahla (i-GFS eboshiwe, i-epoxy ehlanganiswe ngokuncibilika, insimbi engagqwali, insimbi egcwele i-zinc noma insimbi eshiselwe, kanye nemikhumbi ye-ASME lapho kunengcindezi) kusukela ezingeni lamanzi, ingcindezi, umthamo kanye nesidingo sokuqina - hhayi kusukela kulebula - futhi uqinisekise lokho ngokumelene ne-NFPA 22, AWWA D103-09/D100, NSF/ANSI 61 futhi, lapho kusebenza khona, i-ASME BPVC Section VIII.
Amathimba ahlela isikhungo sedatha esisha noma evuselela esivele sikhona ahlala ebuyela embuzweni ofanayo ongokoqobo: yimaphi amathangi okugcina amanzi adingwa yile sayithi, futhi acaciswa kanjani? Le ndatshana iyisiqalo sokuqala. Ihlanganisa yonke imisebenzi yamanzi eyenziwa yisikhungo sedatha nohlobo lwethangi, into yokwakha kanye nezinga elifanele, bese inikeza uhlu lokuhlola lwezincazelo onjiniyela nabathengi abangalusebenzisa ngqo. Inhloso ukuba umbono osekelwe ezingeni - hhayi ukuthengisa - ukuze kukhethwe ithangi elifanele lomsebenzi wangempela.
Izingxenye Ezintathu Zamanzi Okufanele Zihlelwe Yisikhungo Ngasinye Sedatha
Lezi zingxenye ezintathu zicaciswa ngokwehlukana. Ukuzihlanganisa zibe yithangi elilodwa elingahlukanisiwe kuyiphutha elivamile lokuklama elibeka engcupheni ukutholakala komlilo noma ikhwalithi yamanzi.
· Ukuvikelwa komlilo. I-NFPA 22 igcina umthamo wamanzi ozinikezelwe, ogcwaliswa ngokuthembekile wezinhlelo zokufafaza nezokuchitha amanzi. Lokhu akunakuxoxiswana ngakho ekuphepheni kokuphila kanye nasekugunyazweni kwe-inshorensi kanye nekhodi edingwa isiza elibalulekile.
· Ukwenza nokuhlela. Imibhoshongo yokupholisa, ukufaka umswakama kanye nokudonsa kwezinqubo kudla amanzi ngokuqhubekayo; ithangi lokugcina ligcina umjikelezo uzinzile ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka kokuhlinzekwa, ukuhlanza isihlungi kanye nokudluliswa okujwayelekile.
· Isigcino esipholile kanye nokugcinwa kwamanzi okushisa. Ithangi lesigcino lihlukanisa isipholisi emithwalweni yomthwalo, kuyilapho ithangi lokugcina amandla okushisa (i-TES) lihambisa ukupholisa emahoreni angasebenzi futhi lengeza ukuqina kwe-N+1.
Izinhlobo Zamathangi Nokuthi Zifanele Kuphi
Uphahla lwedome le-geodesic le-aluminium lumboza amathangi amakhulu ngaphandle kwezinsika zangaphakathi, lunciphisa ukukhula kwe-algae futhi luqeda ukuphinda kupendwe ngaphakathi kwethangi - inzuzo yangempela yezindawo zokugcina eziseduze namanzi okuphuza.
· I-Glass-Fused-to-Steel (GFS) Eboshiwe. Amaphaneli e-modular athunyelwa ngamakhonteyina futhi amiswa ngokushesha ezindaweni eziqinile; impilo yokuklama yeminyaka engu-30-50 kanye nesitifiketi se-NSF/ANSI 61 sokuphuza siyenza ibe ukukhetha okuzenzakalelayo kokugcwalisa nokuvikela umlilo.
· I-epoxy ehlanganiswe ngokushisa (FBE) eboshelwe ngamabhawodi. Ukukhetha okuqinile lapho i-pH noma i-chemistry yokumboza idinga ukuphakanyiswa okuhlukile; ukwakhiwa okufanayo kwe-modular kanye nekhono le-NSF/ANSI 61.
· Insimbi engagqwali neyokugalvanisha. Insimbi engagqwali yemijikelezo yezempilo noma egqwalayo; ukugalvanisha ngokucwilisa okushisayo kwemithombo yomlilo engabizi kakhulu lapho impilo yokumboza yamukeleka.
· Insimbi ehlanganisiwe kanye nemikhumbi ye-ASME. Ehlanganisiwe (AWWA D100) yemithombo emikhulu kakhulu yomoya; i-ASME BPVC Section VIII yanoma iyiphi i-buffer enengcindezi noma umkhumbi ongaphezu kwengcindezi yomoya.
Izindinganiso Ezilawula Amathangi Amanzi Ezikhungo Zedatha
· Umlilo. I-NFPA 22 ichaza umthombo oqondisiwe, isidingo sephampu x isikhathi kanye nemithetho yamapayipi ahlala njalo wamanzi omlilo.
· Isakhiwo. I-AWWA D103-09 ilawula amathangi ensimbi aboshelwe ngamabhawodi; i-AWWA D100 ilawula insimbi ehlanganisiwe. I-ASME BPVC Section VIII ilawula imikhumbi enengcindezi.
· Ikhwalithi yamanzi. I-NSF/ANSI 61 (kanye ne-WRAS e-UK) iqinisekisa izindawo ezithintana namanzi lapho amanzi ephuzwayo noma eduze nokudliwa.
· Ukwakhiwa nokuphepha. I-EN 1090/CE ihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi yesakhiwo; i-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001 zihlanganisa ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi nokuphepha okungemuva kwethangi.
Indlela Yokucacisa Ithangi Lamanzi Lesikhungo Sedatha
· Qala ngomsebenzi, hhayi umkhiqizo. Bhala phansi izinga lamanzi, ingcindezi yokusebenza, umthamo odingekayo, umthwalo wokukhipha amanzi/ukuhlanza kanye nezinga lokuqina ngaphambi kokusho uhlobo lwethangi.
· Hlukanisa izinqolobane ezintathu. Amanzi okuqeda umlilo kufanele ahlale ezinikezelwe futhi egcwele; imijikelezo yokucubungula kanye neyokuphuza akufanele ingcolisane.
· Qinisekisa izitifiketi. Dinga ubufakazi be-NSF/ANSI 61, EN 1090/CE, WRAS/FM kanye ne-ISO 9001/45001, kanye namaphrojekthi okubhekiselwa kuwo ngokwezwe, umthamo nonyaka.
· Hlela ukuhlanganiswa. Amasignali ezinga, izinga lokushisa kanye nepompo angena ku-BMS/EPMS; amathangi omlilo engeza izexwayiso zokugadla kanye nezinga eliphansi kuphaneli yomlilo.
Izilinganiso Ezijwayelekile Zokulinganisa Usayizi
· Fire reserve. Typically 2-4 hours of fire-pump flow; larger campuses hold more for phased response.
· Isitorelo sokugcina semakeyini. Sakhiwe kusukela ekuhwamukeni okuqhubekayo, ukudonsa, ukukhishwa kwamanzi nokulahlekelwa kokudluliswa kanye nemajini.
· Ibhafa epholile. Ngokuvamile imizuzu engu-3-15 yokusebenza kwesipholisi ngedelta-T yokuklama.
· TES. Ilinganiswe kunhloso yokushintsha okungekho esigabeni sokuphumula; igcina cishe u-9-12 kWh ngemitha yekhuyubhu ngokushintsha kuka-8-10 deg C.
Izicaciso Zobuchwepheshe
Ipharamitha | Isiqondiso sokugcinwa kwamanzi esikhungweni sedatha |
Ukuvikelwa komlilo | NFPA 22 indawo yokugcina eqondisiwe; ukugeleza kwepompo amahora angu-2-4; amapayipi ahlala njalo |
Ukwengeza / inqubo | Ukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo kombhoshongo nesifuthi + umkhawulo wokugeza |
Ibhafa elipholile | 3-15 min chiller run at design delta-T (rho x cp x delta-T) |
Thermal energy storage | Stratified chilled water; ~9-12 kWh per m3 per 8-10 deg C swing |
Izinto zokwakha | GFS / FBE / insimbi engagqwali / i-galvanized / i-welded; NSF/ANSI 61 uma iseduze namanzi okuphuza |
Isakhiwo | I-Bolted AWWA D103-09; i-welded AWWA D100; i-ASME VIII uma icindezelwe |
Uphahla | I-dome ye-aluminium geodesic inciphisa ulwelwe, isusa ukupenda kabusha ngaphakathi kwethangi |
Izindinganiso | NFPA 22, AWWA D103-09/D100, NSF/ANSI 61, ASME VIII, EN 1090/CE, ISO 9001/45001 |
Isifundo Sombandela Wephrojekthi
I-Center Enamel ihlinzeke ngamathangi okugcina amanzi okuzivikela emlilweni emaphrojekthi emazweni angaphezu kwe-100, akhiwe ngokwe-NFPA 22 ngobuchwepheshe obufanayo be-GFS obuboshiwe obusebenza ekuvikelweni komlilo kwesikhungo sedatha. Iphrojekthi engezansi iwukufakwa kwangempela kokuvikela umlilo okwethuliwe; ifakiwe ngoba inqubo yokuklama - indawo yokugcina eyabelwe, ukugcwaliswa okuthembekile kanye nesakhiwo esiqinisekisiwe - iyinqubo efanayo elandelwa uhlelo lomlilo lwesikhungo sedatha.
Iphrojekthi Yethangi Lamanzi Okuzivikela Emlilweni
Indawo yephrojekthi | Ukusetshenziswa | Umthamo | Uhlobo lwethangi | Ubuningi x ubukhulu | Uphahla | Kuqediwe |
India | Fire protection (NFPA 22) | 12,261 m3 | Ithangi le-GFS eliboshiwe | 3 x Ø19.86 m x 13.2 m | Akucacisiwe | 2024 |
Ubungcweti Benkampani
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd.), umkhiqizi wamathangi okugcina izinto aboshiwe futhi ashiselwe owasungulwa ngo-2008, ukhiqiza amathangi e-Glass-Fused-to-Steel (GFS), i-epoxy ehlanganiswe ngokushisa, insimbi engagqwali, insimbi egayiwe kanye namathangi ashiselwe kanye nophahla lwedome le-geodesic le-aluminium kanye nemikhumbi yengcindezi ye-ASME. Imikhiqizo yamathangi ayo iqinisekisiwe nge-ISO 9001, ISO 45001, NSF/ANSI 61, EN 1090/CE, WRAS kanye ne-FM, futhi isidluliselwe emaphrojekthi emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Ohlelweni lwedatha yesikhungo, iphuzu elisebenzayo ukuqinisekisa izitifiketi, amaphrojekthi okubhekiselwa kuwo kanye nokwesekwa kobunjiniyela ngaphambi kokunikezwa - amandla, hhayi intengo kuphela, avikela impilo yesikhungo yeminyaka eyi-10-15. Umkhiqizi ofanayo angakwazi ukubhekana nemisebenzi yokuvikela umlilo, yokwengeza kanye namanzi abandayo, kanye nophahla lwedome le-geodesic le-aluminium kanye nemikhumbi yengcindezi ye-ASME lapho umklamo udinga khona.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo: Yimaphi amathangi amanzi adingwa isikhungo sedatha?
Impendulo: Izindima ezintathu: isinqolobane sokuvikela umlilo ngaphansi kwe-NFPA 22, ithangi lokugcwalisa/ lokucubungula lamathawa okupholisa kanye nokufaka umswakama, kanye nebhafa lamanzi apholile noma ithangi lokugcina amandla ashisayo. Ngayinye icaciswa ngokwehlukile ngokwezinga nomsebenzi.
Umbuzo: Iyiphi into yethangi engcono kakhulu yesikhungo sedatha?
Impendulo: Akukho okukodwa okungcono kakhulu. I-GFS eboshiwe kanye ne-epoxy ehlanganiswe nge-fusion-bonded zisebenza emsebenzini wokugcina kanye nomlilo ngokugunyazwa kwe-NSF/ANSI 61 kanye nokwakhiwa okusheshayo; insimbi ewelidiwe ilungele izitorelo ezinkulu kakhulu; imikhumbi ye-ASME isebenza kuphela uma inengcindezi. Khetha ngokwekhwalithi yamanzi, ingcindezi kanye nokuqina.
Umbuzo: Ingabe amathangi amanzi esikhungo sedatha adinga i-NSF/ANSI 61?
Impendulo: Yebo lapho amanzi ephuzwayo noma aseduze namanzi aphuzwayo (ukugcwalisa kombhoshongo wokupholisa ongathinta izinhlelo zamanzi aphuzwayo). Amanzi acwebile omjikelezo ovaliwe ngaphandle kokuthinta amanzi aphuzwayo awadingi ngokuqinile, kodwa umcacisi kanye nekhodi yendawo banquma.
Umbuzo: Ingabe amathangi e-TES esikhungo sedatha anengcindezi noma asemoyeni?
Impendulo: Iningi lawo lisemoyeni futhi lakhiwe ngokwemikhombandlela ye-AWWA; kuphela ibhafa elinengcindezi noma isitsha esidinga i-ASME BPVC Section VIII. Ukukhetha kulandela ingcindezi yomjikelezo, hhayi okuzenzakalelayo.
Umbuzo: Kufanele ithangi lamanzi okuvikelwa komlilo esikhungweni sedatha libambe isikhathi esingakanani?
Impendulo: Ngokujwayelekile amahora angu-2-4 okusebenza kwepompo yomlilo; amakhempasi amakhulu angabamba okwengeziwe ukuze kube nokuphendula ngokwezigaba. Ubude besikhathi, hhayi usayizi wethangi kuphela, okuqhubayo kube umthamo odingekayo.
Umbuzo: Kungani kufanele amanzi omlilo ahlukaniswe namanzi okupholisa?
Impendulo: Amanzi omlilo kufanele abe khona ngesikhathi somcimbi kungakhathalekile isimo senqubo; ukuwahlanganisa nomjikelezo wokupholisa kungabeka engcupheni ukungcola futhi kungaphazamisa indawo yokugcina eqondisiwe. Ukuhlukaniswa kudingwa yinhloso ye-NFPA 22.
Umbuzo: Yimiphi imigomo esebenzayo emathangini amanzi esikhungo sedatha?
Impendulo: NFPA 22 (umlilo), AWWA D103-09 (kuboshwe ngezibhola) kanye ne-D100 (kushishelwe) yesakhiwo, NSF/ANSI 61 / WRAS yokuxhumana namanzi okuphuza, ASME BPVC VIII yemikhumbi enomfutho, kanye ne-EN 1090/CE kanye ne-ISO 9001/45001 yokwakhiwa kanye nekhwalithi.
Umbuzo: Amathangi axhuma kanjani ezilawulweni zesikhungo sedatha?
Impendulo: Izinga, izinga lokushisa kanye nesimo sephampu kubikwa ku-BMS/EPMS; amathangi omlilo engeza izinga, izinga lokushisa kanye nezexwayiso zokugadla kuphaneli yomlilo. Ukuhlanganiswa kucaciswa kusenesikhathi, hhayi ukufakwa kamuva.
Ekugcinweni kwamanzi esikhungo sedatha, qala emsebenzini - izinga lekhwalithi yamanzi, ingcindezi, umthamo kanye nokuqina - bese uvumela i-NFPA 22, AWWA D103-09/D100, ASME BPVC VIII kanye ne-NSF/ANSI 61 ukuthi zinqume uhlobo lwethangi kanye nempahla. Kuyisinqumo sezinhlelo, hhayi ukuthenga kwempahla evamile; ukucacisa kahle kuvikela isikhathi sokusebenza kanye nempilo yeminyaka eyi-10-15 yesikhungo.
Xhumana nonjiniyela ukuze ahlele imisebenzi yakho yomlilo yesikhungo sedatha, yokwengeza kanye namanzi abandayo ohlobo lwethangi, umthamo kanye nokucaciswa kwempahla - kanye nezitifiketi kanye namaphrojekthi okubhekisela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhetha ngakunye.
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