I-Silo Structural, Foundation And Seismic Design: Imithwalo, Ugqinsi Lwezindonga Nomoya
Kwadalwa ngo Ngokwamukisa
Ukuklanywa Kwesakhiwo SeSilo, Isisekelo Nokuzamazama Komhlaba: Imithwalo, Ukujiya Kodonga Nomoya
Ukuklanywa kwesakhiwo se-silo ukuxazululwa okuhlelekile kwemindeni emithathu yemithwalo — isisindo sezinto ezibheke phezulu, izingcindezi ezingaqondile ezivela ezintweni eziqinile ezisetshenzisiwe, kanye nemithwalo ye-eccentric noma engalingani evela ekugcwaliseni nasekukhipheni — kusetshenziswa indlela yakwa-Janssen yengcindezi yodonga esikhundleni semicabango ye-hydrostatic yoketshezi. Ukujiya kodonga neziqinisi bese kukalwa ngokulingana nalezo zingcindezi kanye nomoya nokuzamazama komhlaba, kanti isisekelo sithwala umthwalo ohlangene oqondile kanye nomthwalo wokugingqika uyise emhlabathini. Isisekelo somthetho siyahluka ngezimakethe (i-ASCE 7 ne-EN 1998 yokuzamazama komhlaba, i-ASCE 7 ne-EN 1991 yomoya), futhi i-silo eklanyelwe isisekelo esisodwa ayivumelekile ngokuzenzakalela ngaphansi kwesinye.
I-silo ibukeka njenge-cylinder elula, kodwa imithwalo engaphakathi kuyo ayifani namanzi. Izinto eziqinile eziningi zisebenzisa ingcindezi evundlile encike ekukhuhlwaneni kwento kanye nokukhuhlwana kodonga, zicindezela kakhulu eduze phansi, futhi ziyashintsha lapho into iphuma ngokungalingani. Onjiniyela abalinganisa udonga lwe-silo ngamafomula e-hydrostatic oketshezi bathola udonga olungalungile — ngokuvamile oluncane kakhulu lapho kubaluleke kakhulu. Lo mhlahlandlela uchaza ukuthi ukuklanywa kwesakhiwo se-silo, isisekelo kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba kuqhubeka kanjani ngempela, kusukela kumodeli yengcindezi kuya kuma-stiffener kanye nomhlabathi ongaphansi.
Izindlela Zomthwalo: Okuqondile, Okuvundlile Nokungajwayelekile
Isinyathelo esichazayo ekuklanyweni kwesilo ukushintsha ukucabanga kwe-hydrostatic nge-Janssen pressure model yezinto ezisabalalayo ezibophezelayo nezihlikihlayo. I-Janssen ibheka iqiniso lokuthi ingxenye yesisindo esiqondile ithwalwa ukuhlikihla kodonga, ngakho ingcindezi evundlile ikhula ngokujula kodwa i-asymptote kunokuba inyuke ngomugqa oqondile.
1. Umthwalo oqondile. Isisindo esifile sogobolondo, uphahla kanye nempahla egciniwe, kanye nengxenye yempahla esatshalaliswa ngokuhlikihla kodonga kunokuba ithwalwe ngokuphelele isisekelo.
2. Ingcindezi evundlile. Kusuka ku-Janssen, kulungiswe kabusha ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezingcindezi eziphakeme ezikhula ngesikhathi sokukhipha (i-"switch" noma ukwanda kwengcindezi yokugeleza), okuvame ukulawula ukujiya kodonga.
3. Imithwalo ye-eccentric kanye ne-patch. Ukugcwaliswa okungalingani noma umgodi owodwa osebenzayo kudala izingcindezi ezingafani kanye nokugoba okungekho esimweni se-axisymmetric; lokhu kubhekwa ngokusobala kuma-hopper nasekukhipheni okungahambisani.
Umphumela walesi sinyathelo uyiprofayela yengcindezi, hhayi inombolo eyodwa, futhi udonga lukalwa ngokumelene nephuzu elibi kakhulu kuleyo profayela.
Ukujiya Kodonga Neziqinisi
Ubukhulu bodonga bulandela ingcindezi ephezulu kuphrofayela, futhi iziqinisi zithwala ukugoba phakathi kwazo ukuze igobolondo lingaqhekeki endaweni. Ama-silo ensimbi aboshiwe asebenzisa ubukhulu bamaphaneli ahlukene kanye neziqinisi eziyindilinga esikhundleni sodonga olushintshayo ngokuqhubekayo.
· Ubukhulu obulawulwa yingcindezi. Amakhosi aphansi athatha ingcindezi ephezulu yokukhipha; amakhosi aphezulu angaba mancane, yingakho ama-silo aboshiwe esebenzisa uhlelo lwamaphaneli anezinyathelo.
· Iziqinisi eziyindilinga. Iziqinisi ezivundlile emihlanganweni yamakhosi zimelana nokugoba kwe-hoop ne-meridional okuvela emithwalweni engalingani nokugoba komoya.
· I-Hopper kanye ne-transition. I-hopper ehlangene ithwala umthwalo ophilayo ogxilile oya endaweni yokuphuma futhi ngokuvamile iyingxenye yomklamo ecindezelwe kakhulu.
Kwi-silo ehlanganisiwe yengilazi-kuya-insimbi (GFS) eboshiwe, ukuqina kwephaneli kuvela ensimbini ehlanganiswe nge-enamel kanye nokuxhumana okuboshiwe; umklamo kufanele uhloniphe kokubili ukuvunywa kwephaneli kanye nomthamo wokuhlangana.
Umthwalo Womoya: I-ASCE 7 Ne-EN 1991
Umoya uyicala lokuzinza komhlaba wonke kanye nokugoqa kwegobolondo, futhi isisekelo sekhodi sishintsha izinombolo. E-North America i-ASCE 7 inikeza ingcindezi yesivinini kanye nezici zokushaya umoya; e-Europe i-EN 1991-1-4 inikeza isenzo somoya ngezici zezithasiselo zikazwelonke.
Into | ASCE 7 (US / Americas) | EN 1991-1-4 (Europe) |
Isisekelo somfutho womoya | Umfutho wejubane, umphumela womoya | Umfutho wejubane eliphezulu, isiyaluyalu |
Ukuhlolwa okulawulayo | Ukuqhekeka kwegobolondo, ukugingqika, ukushelela | Okufanayo, ngezici ze-annex kazwelonke |
Ukuxhumana nesisekelo | Ukugingqika + ukuphakama ngenxa yomoya | Ukugingqika + ukuphakama ngenxa yomoya |
Isenzo somchazi | Shono indawo yomoya, isigaba sokuchayeka | Shono i-annex kazwelonke, isigaba sendawo |
Isilo esincane endaweni evezile sibuswa umoya ngisho noma umthwalo wezinto ulinganiselwe, ngakho-ke icala lomoya lesimo esingenalutho kufanele lihlolwe, hhayi nje icala eligcwele.
Ukuklanywa Kokuzamazama Komhlaba: ASCE 7 Ne-EN 1998
I-Seismic yengeza umthwalo we-inertia ovundlile kukho kokubili igobolondo kanye nesisindo esigciniwe, futhi ingcindezi ye-dynamic odongeni ikhuphuka kanye nayo. I-ASCE 7-16 (enemibandela ye-silo futhi, lapho kusebenza khona, indlela yangaphambili ye-7-05 bin) kanye ne-EN 1998-4 (ama-silo namathangi) zichaza ukuthi i-bulk solid egciniwe ibamba iqhaza kanjani.
· Ingcindezi yodonga eyengeziwe. Ukugqugquzela kwe-Seismic kukhulisa ingcindezi evundlile odongeni nase-hopper; lokhu kwengeza esimweni se-Janssen static.
· Ukugingqika nokushibilika. Isisekelo kufanele simelane ne-base shear kanye nomzuzu wokugingqika, kanti kokubili isimo esingenalutho nesigcwele kufanele kuhlolwe.
· Ukubopha. Ama-hold-down anchors kanye ne-ring beam kufanele kuthwale i-uplift kanye ne-shear; kuma-silo aboshiwe idizayini ye-anchor iyingxenye yephakheji yesakhiwo, hhayi into ecatshangelwa kamuva.
I-silo eqinisekisiwe ku-EN 1998 ayisebenzi ngokuzenzakalela ku-ASCE 7, futhi okuphambene nalokho — ukuma kwe-spectral, isici sokubaluleka kanye nemithetho yokuhlanganisa kuyahluka.
Idizayini Yesisekelo
Isisekelo sithwala umthwalo oqondile, umzuzu wokugingqika kanye nokukhushulwa, futhi ukuqina kwaso kuthinta ukusabela kwesakhiwo sonke. Uhlobo lwesisekelo lulandela isisekelo se-silo kanye nomhlabathi.
· Isisekelo esiyisicaba phezu kwe-ring beam noma i-raft. Okujwayelekile kakhulu; i-ring beam noma i-raft isabalalisa ukusabela kodonga futhi imelana nokushibilika nokugingqika.
· Isisekelo se-hopper phezu kwamakholomu noma ama-pier. Imithwalo egxilile yokuphuma kanye nekholomu yezinto eziphilayo ithwalwa iya kuma-pier, kanti ukuhlelwa kokubuyisela kuchaza isakhiwo esingaphansi.
· Ukusebenzisana komhlabathi. Umthamo wokuthwala, ukuhlala phansi kanye nokuncibilika (ezindaweni zokuzamazama komhlaba) kubeka uhlobo lwesisekelo; isisekelo esiqinile sinciphisa ubunzima begobolondo phansi.
Ukubalwa kwesisekelo kuvala umjikelezo: izingcindezi ezivela emacaleni e-Janssen, umoya kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba ziyaphela emhlabathini, futhi isisekelo esingaklanywa kahle sibukela phansi igobolondo elifanele.
Icala Lomsebenzi
Akukho cala elisha lesakhiwo se-silo elisungulwe kule ndatshana. Ubunjiniyela be-silo ehlanganiswe ngamabhawudi benkampani buboniswa yizinkomba ze-dry-bulk ezilethiwe ezifana nokufakwa kwe-silo ehlanganiswe ngamabhawudi yase-Italy GFS (ama-silo angu-4, 1,082 m³, 2024-11), okushicilelwe eqenjini lokugcina okusanhlamvu, kanye namaphrojekthi angaphezu kuka-30,000 wamathangi ahlanganiswe ngamabhawudi afakiwe kuyo yonke imikhakha. Lezo zinkomba zifakazela ukuhlinzekwa kwesakhiwo samaphaneli ahlanganiswe ngamabhawudi kanye ne-QA; indlela yokwakha eshiwo ngenhla yethulwa njengomhlahlandlela wobunjiniyela, kanti noma yikuphi ukuklanywa okuqondene nephrojekthi kwenziwa ngokwesisekelo se-ASCE noma se-Eurocode esisebenzayo kanye nedatha yendawo yasendaweni.
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela Be-Center Enamel
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina anezibophezelo kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ane-enamel angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile imisebenzi efakiwe engaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukukhulisa umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kubhekiselwa ku-ASCE 7, EN 1991, EN 1998 ne-ISO 28765 lapho isicelo sidinga khona.
Ezakhiweni zamasilo aboshiwe, inkampani ihlinzeka ngohlu lwamaphaneli, iphakethe lokuqinisa kanye ne-anchor kanye nokuxhumana kwesisekelo kwemithwalo njengodizayini oxhumanisiwe, ngokwesisekelo somthetho ocaciswa iphrojekthi.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Kungani ungalingani udonga lwesilo njengethangi lamanzi?
Impendulo 1: Izinto eziqinile eziningi aziziphathi njengoketshezi; indlela ye-Janssen ibala ukungqubuzana kodonga ngakho-ke ingcindezi evundlile iyakhula ngokujula kunokuba inyuke ngomugqa oqondile, futhi izingcindezi zokukhipha zidlula isimo esimile — amafomula oketshezi anikeza udonga olungalungile.
Umbuzo 2: Yini elawula ukujiya kodonga?
A2: Ingcindezi ephezulu kuphrofayela ye-Janssen, ngokuvamile ingcindezi ephezulu yokukhipha eduze namakhosi aphansi, kanye nokugoba komoya nokuzamazama komhlaba; ama-silo aboshiwe asebenzisa uhlelo lwamaphaneli anezinyathelo kanye neziqinisi eziyindilinga.
Q3: Ingabe i-silo eklanyelwe i-EN 1998 iyasebenza ngaphansi kwe-ASCE 7?
A3: Hhayi ngokuzenzakalela. Umumo we-spectral, isici sokubaluleka kanye nemithetho yokuhlanganisa umthwalo kuyahluka, ngakho-ke umklamo kufanele wenziwe kabusha ngokwesisekelo esifanele kanye nesijobelelo sendawo.
Q4: Iyiphi ikhodi yomoya esebenzayo?
A4: I-ASCE 7 eNyakatho Melika kanye nasezingxenyeni eziningi zaseMelika; i-EN 1991-1-4 kanye nesijobelelo sikazwelonke eYurophu. Kokubili kudinga ukuthi icala lomoya lesimo esingenalutho lihlolwe.
Q5: Yini isisekelo esiyithwalayo ngempela?
A5: Umthwalo wempahla mpo kanye nomthwalo wegobolondo, umzuzu wokugingqika kanye nokuphakama okuvela emoyeni nase-ukuzamazama komhlaba — izingcindezi ezivela kuzo zonke izimo ziphelela emhlabathini.
Q6: Kungani kuhlolwa isimo esingenalutho?
A6: I-silo elincane elingenalutho endaweni evulekile lilawulwa umoya; igobolondo lingagobeka noma isisekelo singaphakama ngaphandle kwesisindo sempahla esiza ekuzinzeni.
Q7: Yini enikezwa yinkampani ngokwesakhiwo?
A7: Uhlelo lwamaphaneli, iphakethe lokuqinisa kanye nezikhonkwane kanye nokuxhumana nesisekelo njengokuklanywa okuhlanganyelwe ngokwesisekelo esicacisiwe se-ASCE noma i-Eurocode.
Ukuklanywa kwesakhiwo se-silo, isisekelo kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba kuwukuxazululwa kwemithwalo yezinto zokwakha, umoya kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba ibe udonga, iqoqo leziqinisi kanye nesisekelo esivumelana ngakho konke. Sebenzisa imodeli yakwa-Janssen yemifutho, linganisa udonga neziqinisi ukuze kuhlangatshezwe nokuphezulu kokukhishwa, futhi kuhlangatshezwe umoya (ASCE 7 / EN 1991) kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba (ASCE 7 / EN 1998) ngokwesisekelo esidingwa yimakethe. Vala umjikelezo esisekelweni, futhi isilinda ebesibonakala silula empeleni siyisakhiwo esilawulwa ngokuphelele.
Khuluma nonjiniyela
Ngokwakhiwa kwesilo, isisekelo kanye nokuklanywa kokuzamazama komhlaba, sithumele izakhiwo zezinto ezigciniwe (i-engeli yokuphumula, ukuminyana kwenqwaba, ukungqubuzana kodonga), ububanzi nokuphakama kwesilo, indawo yomoya nendawo yokuzamazama komhlaba, kanye nesisekelo sekhodi edingekayo (ASCE 7 noma EN 1998 / EN 1991 ene-annex). Sizobuyisela iphrofayili yengcindezi ye-Janssen, uhlu lwedonga neziqinisi, isethi yemithwalo yokuxhumana nesisekelo, kanye nephakethe le-anchor elihlelwe njengokuklanywa okukodwa.
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