Izinga le-NFPA 22 Lezitsha Zamanzi Omlilo: Izidingo Zokumboza, Ukuzamazama Komhlaba Nokuhlola
Kwadalwa ngo Ngokwamukisa
I-NFPA 22 Indinganiso Yethangi Lamanzi Omlilo: Izimfuneko Zesembozo, Ukuzamazama Komhlaba Nokuhlola
I-NFPA 22 iyindinganiso yamathangi amanzi okuzivikela komlilo wangasese, futhi Isahluko sayo se-14 (amathangi ensimbi ashiselwe) sibeka imithetho yokwakha, yokugcoba kanye nokuhlola okufanele kuhlangatshezwane nayo yithangi lomlilo lasendaweni, kuyilapho ukuhlolwa kokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nesisekelo kususelwa kukhodi yendawo (i-ASCE 7 eMelika; i-EN 1998 eYurophu). Indinganiso ayibeki ukwakheka okukodwa kokugcoba — idinga isembozo esivikelayo esigunyaziwe esihambisana namanzi agciniwe, yingakho amathangi omlilo ehlinzekwa ngezindlela ezigalvanishiwe, i-epoxy ehlanganiswe ngokuncibilika (FBE) noma insimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS), ngayinye yamukelekile uma kubhalwe phansi. Ukucacisa nge-NFPA 22 kusho ukuchaza uhlobo lwethangi, ukwamukelwa kwesembozo salo (i-NSF/ANSI 61 noma i-WRAS lapho kuseduze namanzi okuphuza), isisekelo sokuzamazama komhlaba, kanye nohlelo lokuhlola njengephakethe elilodwa.
Idatha-yesikhungo noma uhlelo lokuvikela umlilo ezimbonini lungathembeka kuphela ngokulingana namanzi akhona ngemuva kwalo, futhi i-NFPA 22 iyindinganiso enquma ukuthi lawo manzi agcinwa ngokuphephile yini. Ngokungafani nethangi lenqubo noma lamanzi okuphuza, ithangi lomlilo lingahlala lingasetshenziswanga iminyaka bese kuthi ngokushesha kudingeke ukuthi likhiphe umthamo walo wonke ngemizuzu embalwa, ngakho-ke ukwakhiwa kwalo, ukumbozwa kanye nokuhlolwa kwalo kubhalelwe lowo msebenzi wokulinda bese uba ngowokubaluleka okukhulu. Abanikazi abathi "ithangi lomlilo" ngaphandle kokusho i-NFPA 22 bashiya izidingo zokumboza, zokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nokuhlolwa zingacacisiwe — yizo kanye izikhala ezivela njengokugqwala noma ukungahambisani nemithetho ngesikhathi esibi kakhulu. Le ndatshana ichaza lokho i-NFPA 22 ekudingayo, lapho Isahluko 14 sisebenza khona, nokuthi izinhlobo zamathangi ezijwayelekile zihambisana kanjani.
I-NFPA 22 Ilawula Amathangi Okuvikela Umlilo Wangasese Endaweni
I-NFPA 22 iyindinganiso yamathangi amanzi asebenza ezinhlelweni zokuvikela umlilo zangasese, ehlanganisa ithangi, izisekelo zalo, izixhumanisi kanye nezimo okufanele abambe futhi alethe ngazo amanzi omlilo. Kuwumbhalo iziphathimandla nabashicileli bezinhlangano abawubhekisayo lapho bebuza ukuthi ithangi lomlilo lamukelekile yini.
· Izinhlobo zamathangi. Indinganiso ibhekana namathangi aphakeme, angaphansi komhlaba kanye namathangi angaphezulu komhlaba, kuhlanganise namathangi ensimbi ashiselwe amachibi omlilo asezingeni lomhlaba amaningi awasebenzisayo.
· Umthamo nesikhathi. Umthamo ubonisa isidingo sokuvikela umlilo nesikhathi esidingekayo, okusekwa wumklamo wokufafaza noma wehydranti osebenza ngethangi.
· Ukuxhumana. Izikhala zokungena zokudonsa, ukuchichima, ukugcwalisa, izinga nemisele kuchazwa ngokuningiliziwe ukuze ithangi lihlangane nepompo ye-NFPA 20 nohlelo lokufafaza.
· Ukwehlukanisa. Indawo yokugcina yomlilo igcinwa ihlukile kwezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa ukuze itholakale lapho idingeka.
I-NFPA 22 iwumthetho wethangi lomlilo; isahluko esithile sokwakha (njengesahluko 14 sensimbi edayiwe) sibe sichaza ukuthi lelo thangi lakhiwa kanjani.
Isahluko 14 Sihlanganisa I-Coating Nokwakhiwa Kwensimbi Eshiselwe
Isahluko 14 se-NFPA 22 siyisigaba esilawula amathangi ensimbi ashiselwe okuvikela umlilo wangasese, futhi yilapho kuchazwa khona ukumbozwa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle, izinga lensimbi kanye nokwamukelwa kokwakhiwa. Lona yisahluko amathangi omlilo ashiselwe angaphezulu komhlaba amaningi ahlolwa ngawo.
Isihloko sesahluko 14 se-NFPA 22 | Lokho okukhulunywa ngakho | Isenzo somthengi |
Ukumbozwa kwangaphakathi | Isembozo esivikelayo esigunyaziwe sendawo emanzi | Cacisa i-epoxy/FBE/GFS nokwamukelwa |
Isembozo sangaphandle | Ukuvikelwa kokugqwala komoya | Cacisa uhlelo lokumboza lwephrojekthi |
Insimbi namajoyinti | Izinga lezinto zokwakha kanye nokushisela/ukwakhiwa | Qinisekisa izitifiketi ze-mill kanye nenqubo yokushisela |
Isisekelo nezisekelo | Ukudluliswa komthwalo emhlabathini | Dizayina isisekelo ngokukhambisana nomthetho wendawo we-geotech |
Isahluko asiphogi ukumbozwa okukodwa; sidinga umugqa wangaphakathi ogunyaziwe ofanele umsebenzi. Lokho kuguquguquka yingakho amathangi omlilo evela ngezindlela eziningi zezinto, ngayinye yamukelekile lapho umugqa wayo wangaphakathi ubhalwe njengogunyaziwe womsebenzi.
Izinketho Zokumboza: I-Galvanized, FBE Ne-GFS Zonke Ziyavumelana
I-NFPA 22 idinga ukumbozwa okuvikelayo okugunyaziwe hhayi ikhemistri ethile, ngakho amathangi omlilo anikezwa njenge-galvanized, i-fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) noma i-glass-fused-to-steel (GFS) — ngayinye iyavumelana lapho umugqa wangaphakathi ubhalwe njengofanele amanzi nomsebenzi. Ukukhethwa kuqhutshwa umjikelezo wempilo, ikhemistri yamanzi kanye nezidingo zokuqinisekisa.
1. I-Galvanized. Ukufakwa kwe-zinc ngokushisa okuphezulu kunikeza indawo yensimbi engagqwali engenalo uphawu lwamanzi angaphakathi olungahluleka; kuvamile emathangini ensimbi asetshenziselwa umlilo ngqo.
2. I-FBE (i-fusion-bonded epoxy). I-epoxy powder coating efakwa efektri eboshelwe ensimbini; iyisinqumo esivamile lapho kufunwa isembozo sangaphakathi esibushelelezi nesihlala isikhathi eside.
3. I-GFS (ingilazi ehlanganiswe nensimbi). I-vitreous enamel ishiselwa ensimbi ku-820–930 °C, yakhelwe nge-ISO 28765, ngobukhulu be-enamel obungu-0.25–0.45 mm, ukunamathela okungaphezu kuka-3,450 N/cm² kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1,500 V DC kuphanele ngayinye — uhlelo oluyinhlanganisela lokufaka nokwakheka.
4. Ukwamukelwa okuseduze namanzi okuphuza. Lapho amanzi okuqeda umlilo engase axhunywe ngokungafanele noma ephuma emthonjeni wamanzi okuphuza, ukwamukelwa kokufaka okufana ne-NSF/ANSI 61 noma i-WRAS kuyacaciswa nakuba umsebenzi womlilo wedwa kungase kungakudingi ngokuqinile.
Iphuzu: I-NFPA 22 isho imfuneko (ukufaka okugunyaziwe); umthengi ukhetha ikhemistri futhi ayibhale phansi.
Ukuhlolwa Kokuzamazama Komhlaba Kanye Nesisekelo Kuncike Kumthetho Wendawo
I-NFPA 22 idinga ukuthi ithangi lomlilo lihlolwe ngomthwalo wokuzamazama komhlaba nomthwalo womoya, kodwa i-spectrum yokufaka yokuzamazama komhlaba ivela kukhodi yendawo — i-ASCE 7 emazweni aseMelika kanye ne-EN 1998 (kanye ne-EN 1998-4 yamathangi) eYurophu — futhi isisekelo sakhiwe ngemithetho ye-geotechnical yendawo. Istandardi ibeka imfuneko yohlangothi lwethangi; ikhodi ihlinzeka ngomthwalo.
· I-inertia yokuzamazama komhlaba. Isisindo esigciniwe kanye nogobolondo kudonsa umthwalo wokuzamazama komhlaba ovundlile noweqile; ithangi lihlala ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yengcindezi nokuzinza ngaphansi kwe-spectrum yokuklama.
· Umoya nokuzinza. Amathangi angenalutho noma agcwele kancane ahlolwa ngokumelene nomoya wokuklama ukuze angagobi noma angaphakami.
· Ukuxhumana kwesisekelo. Ukusabela kwe-hydrostatic nokuzamazama komhlaba kuphela esisekelweni, esakhiwe ngokwekhodi ye-geotechnical neyokuzamazama komhlaba yendawo.
· Ukusetshenziswa kwaseYurophu. Lapho ukumakwa kwe-CE kusebenza khona, ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo kulandela i-EN 1090 kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lwethangi.
Ithangi lomlilo "ngokwe-NFPA 22" liphelele kuphela uma lezi zivivinyo zangaphandle zenziwe futhi zibhalwe phansi kanye nokwakhiwa kwethangi.
Uhlelo Lokuhlola Nokunakekela
I-NFPA 22 ibeka ukuthi amathangi omlilo ahlolwa futhi ahlolwe ngohlelo, ngoba ithangi eliphumelela ukwakhiwa kodwa elingaphinde lihlolwe lingase lihluleke ngokuthula phakathi neminyaka lihlezi lingasetshenziswa. Uhlelo lokuhlola luyingxenye yokuhambisana nemithetho, hhayi into eyengeziwe ozikhethela yona.
· Ukuhlolwa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle. Ingaphakathi lethangi, i-coating kanye nesimo sesakhiwo kuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kutholakale ukugqwala, ukulahleka kwe-coating noma ukuguqulwa kwesimo.
· Isimo se-coating. Ubuqotho be-lining buqinisekiswa ukuze isici esifihlekile singaphuli insimbi ngaphambi kwesidingo esilandelayo.
· Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza. Izinga, ukuchichima, ukudonsa kanye nokusebenza koxhumano kuqinisekiswa ukuze ithangi lihambise lapho libizwa.
· Imibhalo. Okutholakele ekuhlolweni kanye nanoma yikuphi ukulungiswa kuyarekhodwa ukuze kuboniswe ukuhambisana okuqhubekayo.
Kumpahla elele njengethangi lomlilo, lokhu kuqinisekiswa okuphindaphindiwe yikho okuxhumanisa igebe phakathi kokuthi "kwakhiwe ngokwezinga" nokuthi "kulungele ukuhambisa."
Ukuhambisana Nezinga kanye Nekhono LeNkampani
Leli sihloko siwumhlahlandlela wamazinga hhayi isicaphuno sephrojekthi; akukho cala eliqanjiwe elivezwayo. I-Center Enamel ihlinzeka ngamathangi okugcina amanzi okuqeda umlilo okubhekiselwe ku-NFPA 22, anamathangi ahlanganisiwe kanye ne-glass-fused-to-steel (GFS) aklanyelwe i-AWWA D103-09 ne-ISO 28765 kanye nokwenziwa kwesakhiwo okubhekiselwe ku-EN 1090 ukuze kutholakale uphawu lwe-CE. Izindwangu zangaphakathi zine-NSF/ANSI 61 kanye nokwamukelwa kwe-WRAS kanye nokuqashelwa kwe-FM lapho uhlelo lufuna khona, futhi amathangi aklanyelwe isisekelo sokuzamazama komhlaba nomoya sendawo (ASCE 7 noma EN 1991/EN 1998). Imibhalo yokumboza yenkampani — ukujiya kwe-enamel, ukunamathela kanye namarekhodi okuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1,500 V DC ye-GFS, noma isitifiketi sokumboza esilinganayo se-FBE/galvanized — isekela imfuneko yokumboza yeSahluko 14 se-NFPA 22. I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) ikhiqiza amathangi ahlanganisiwe kusukela ngo-2008, inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, iqeda amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000, futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi angawodwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³ ngaphansi kokukhiqizwa kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001.
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela be-Center Enamel
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina anezibophezelo kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ehlanganiswe ne-enamel angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukukhulisa umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukwakhiwa kubhekiselwa ku-NFPA 22, AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550, ASCE 7, EN 1090 ne-ISO 28765 lapho uhlelo lokusebenza lukudinga khona.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Ingabe i-NFPA 22 idinga i-coating ethile yethangi?
A1: Cha. Kudinga isembozo esivikelayo esigunyaziwe esifanele umsebenzi; amathangi omlilo anikezwa njenge-galvanized, FBE noma GFS, ngayinye ihambisana lapho isembozo sibhalwe njengesigunyaziwe.
Umbuzo 2: Yini isahluko 14 se-NFPA 22?
A2: Isahluko 14 silawula amathangi ensimbi ashiselwe okuvikela umlilo wangasese — ukumbozwa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle, izinga lensimbi, amajoyinti nokwamukelwa kokwakhiwa — isahluko amathangi omlilo ashiselwe angaphezulu komhlaba amaningi ahlolwa ngawo.
Umbuzo 3: Ingabe i-NFPA 22 ihlanganisa ukuklanywa kwezinyikima ngokwayo?
A3: Kudinga ukuthi ithangi lihlolwe ngomthwalo wokuzamazama komhlaba nomoya, kodwa i-spectrum yokufaka yokuzamazama komhlaba ivela kukhodi yendawo (ASCE 7 noma EN 1998). Iphrojekthi ethobelayo yenza kokubili.
Umbuzo 4: Ingabe ithangi le-GFS lamukelekile ngaphansi kwe-NFPA 22?
Impendulo 4: Yebo, lapho ukufakwa kwayo kwezingqimba kubhalwe njengesembozo esivikelayo esigunyaziwe salowo msebenzi; i-GFS yakhelwe nge-ISO 28765 ngobukhulu be-enamel, ukunamathela namarekhodi okuhlolwa kwe-spark okusekela isidingo sezingqimba sesahluko 14.
Umbuzo 5: Kungani ukuhlolwa kuyingxenye yokuhambisana ne-NFPA 22?
A5: Ithangi lomlilo lingahlala lingasebenzi iminyaka eminingi, ngakho i-NFPA 22 ifuna ukuhlolwa okuhleliwe kwangaphakathi, kwangaphandle nokokusebenza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lisekhona ukuletha umthamo walo ogcwele lapho kudingeka.
Q6: I-NFPA 22 ihlobana kanjani ne-NFPA 20?
A6: I-NFPA 22 ilawula ithangi; i-NFPA 20 ilawula iphampu yomlilo futhi idinga ukuthi ithangi lokudonsa lihambisane ne-NFPA 22 — lezi zindinganiso ezimbili zichaza uhlelo olulodwa lokuhlinzeka ngamanzi.
Q7: Ngabe ukwamukelwa kokuxhumana namanzi okuphuzwayo kuyadingeka ethangini lomlilo?
A7: Akudingeki ngokuqinile emsebenzini womlilo kuphela, kodwa ukwamukelwa kwe-NSF/ANSI 61 noma kwe-WRAS lining kuvame ukucaciswa lapho amanzi omlilo evela emthonjeni wamanzi okuphuzwayo noma angase axhunywe ngokungafanele, ukuze izinketho zihlale zivulekile.
I-NFPA 22 ingumthetho wamathangi amanzi okuzivikela komlilo angasese, futhi Isahluko 14 sichaza ukwakhiwa ngensimbi ehlanganisiwe kanye nokunamathela kokuvikela okugunyaziwe okufanele ukuthi ithangi libe nakho. Ayigunyazi ikhemistri eyodwa — i-galvanized, i-FBE ne-GFS konke kuyavumelana uma kubhalisiwe — futhi idinga ukuhlolwa kokuzamazama komhlaba nomoya ngokuhambisana nomthetho wendawo (ASCE 7 / EN 1998) kanye nohlelo lokuhlola oluphindaphindiwe olufanele impahla elele ethule kodwa ebalulekile. Chaza uhlobo lwethangi, ukwamukelwa kokufakwa kwalo, isisekelo sokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nohlelo lokuhlola njengephakethe elilodwa le-NFPA 22, futhi indawo yokugcina yomlilo iyakhiwe, ibhalisiwe futhi ilungele ukunikezwa.
Khuluma noNjiniyela
Ukuze uthole ithangi lamanzi okuqeda umlilo elihambisana ne-NFPA 22, sithumelele umthamo wamanzi okuqeda umlilo odingekayo kanye nesikhathi esidingekayo, uhlobo lwethangi (i-galvanized, i-FBE noma i-GFS), imininingwane yokuzamazama komhlaba nokushaywa komoya endaweni, kanye nezitifiketi ezidingekayo (NFPA 22, NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS, FM, CE-EN1090). Sizokubuyisela incazelo yethangi enesahluko 14 sokumboza nokwakhiwa okuchaziwe, ukwamukelwa kwesembozo esingaphakathi okubhaliwe, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuzamazama komhlaba nesisekelo okwenziwe ngokwesisekelo se-ASCE 7 noma i-EN 1998 esebenzayo, okuxhumene nephakethe lakho lempompo le-NFPA 20.
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