Umhlahlandlela Wokulinganisa Ithangi Lamanzi Omlilo le-NFPA 22
Kwadalwa ngo Ngokwamukisa
Umhlahlandlela Wokulinganisa Ithangi Lamanzi Omlilo le-NFPA 22
Ukulinganisa kwe-NFPA 22 kuyisibalo sezinyathelo ezine — setha ukugeleza komlilo okudingekayo nesikhathi, guqula lokho kube yivolumu yesidingo esiphelele, susa isitoreji esingasebenziseki esifile ukuze uthole umthamo osebenzisekayo (osebenzayo), futhi uhlukanise phakathi kwamathangi kuphela uma ukudonsa okufanayo nokuxhumana kuqinisekisiwe — futhi isibonelo esisetshenzisiwe ngezansi silinganisa indawo yokugcina engu-210,000-gallon kusukela ezimisweni zokuqala.
I-NFPA 22, iStandard yamaThangi aManzi okuVikela umlilo wangasese*, ichaza ithangi njengomthombo wamanzi agciniwe lapho iphampu yomlilo idonsa khona ngesikhathi somcimbi wokuvikela umlilo. Ukulinganisa lelo thangi akusona isilinganiso somthengisi; kuyisibalo esisekelwe emanzini adingekayo omlilo, isikhathi esidingekayo, kanye nokuma kwendlela ithangi eliphuma ngayo ngempela. Lo mhlahlandlela uhamba ngesinyathelo ngesinyathelo ngendlela yokulinganisa ye-NFPA 22 futhi usebenzisa isibonelo esiphelele ukuze unjiniyela ocacisayo akwazi ukuphinda lezi zibalo kunoma yisiphi isiza.
Le ndatshana ibhalwe njengomhlahlandlela wobunjiniyela, hhayi njengombhalo wokucaphuna wephrojekthi. Izibalo ezisesibonelweni esisetshenzisiwe ziyizibonelo zokufaka ezisetshenziselwa ukukhombisa indlela; ukugeleza kwangempela nesikhathi sesiza sangempela kuvela ekwakhiweni kwe-NFPA 13 kanye nesiphathimandla esinesigunya.
I-NFPA 22 Ichaza Ukulinganisa Ngokugeleza Okudingekayo Kuphindaphindwe Ngesikhathi Esidingekayo
Ubudlelwano obuyisisekelo be-NFPA 22 buqondile: ithangi kufanele libambe okungenani umthamo ozosetshenziswa uhlelo lokuvikela umlilo esikhathini esidingekayo. Ukugeleza okudingekayo kukhulu kunesidingo se-sprinkler, isibonelelo se-hose-stream, noma isidingo sehlelo elihlangene; isikhathi esidingekayo sibekwa indawo yokuhlala kanye ne-NFPA 13 noma enye indinganiso yokuklama esebenzayo.
Umthamo wesidingo esiphelele ulingana nokugeleza kokuklama (amagaloni ngomzuzu) siphindwe ngesikhathi esidingekayo (imizuzu). Ohlelweni lwe-sprinkler lokhu kuyisidingo se-sprinkler kanye nesibonelelo se-hose-stream, ngasinye sithwalwa isikhathi saso esidingekayo, sihlanganiswe sibe yisigcinamgcini esisodwa esidingekayo.
Okokufaka | Isisekelo | Inani Lesibonelo |
Ukugeleza kokuklama kwesifafazi | Isibalo sokuminyana kwendawo se-NFPA 13 | 1,500 gpm |
Isikhathi esidingekayo sesifafazi | Indawo yokuhlala (umongo we-NFPA 13 / NFPA 22) | 120 min |
Imvume yokugeleza kwepayipi | Isidingo sepayipi langaphakathi/langaphandle le-NFPA 13 | 500 gpm |
Isikhathi esidingekayo sepayipi | Ngokuvamile imizuzu engu-60 phakathi nomcimbi | imizuzu engu-60 |
Umthamo ophelele odingekayo | (1,500 × 120) + (500 × 60) | 210,000 gal |
Isikhathi Esidingekayo Sivela Endaweni Yokuhlala, Hhayi Kumindinganiso Wethangi
I-NFPA 22 ikala ithangi ngokobude besikhathi esifunwa ukuklanywa kwesistimu; ayiqambi ubude besikhathi. Izindawo ezinobungozi obulula kanye nobungozi obujwayelekile zivame ukusebenzisa ubude besikhathi samaminithi angu-120 (amahora amabili) wesifutho, kuyilapho izindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu noma ezikhethekile zingadinga isikhathi eside. Isibonelelo somfudlana wethumbu kanye nobude baso sengezwa phezu kwevolumu yesifutho.
Ubude besikhathi kungukufakwa kwendawo okumele ithangi likwamukele, ngakho isinyathelo sokuqala sanoma yikuphi ukubala kwe-NFPA 22 ukufunda ubude besikhathi kusukela ekuklanyweni kwesistimu. Ukushintsha ubude besikhathi ukusuka kumaminithi angu-90 kuya kwangu-120 kukhulisa ivolumu yesifutho edingekayo ngengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ekuhambeni okungaguquki, yingakho ubude besikhathi kumele bunqunywe ngaphambi kokuba ithangi likhethwe.
Isigaba Sendawo | Umongo Wobude Besikhathi Sesifutho Esijwayelekile | Umthelela Kuthangi |
Ubungozi obulula | Ubude besikhathi obufushane bujwayelekile | Isigcino esincane |
Ubungozi obujwayelekile | Amaminithi angu-90–120 ajwayelekile | Isigcino esiphakathi nendawo |
Ubungozi obukhulu / okukhethekile | Ubude besikhathi obude buyadingeka | Indawo yokugcina enkulu, qinisekisa i-CAPEX |
Isifutho esihlanganisiwe + ithumbu | Ithumbu lengezwe phezulu | Izitaki zevolumu, hhayi izilinganiso |
Ivolumu esebenzisekayo iyisidingo esiphelele sikhishiwe indawo yokugcina engasebenzi
Ivolumu yesiqu esibizwa ngegama (noma ephelele) ayiyona yonke etholakala kupompo yomlilo. I-NFPA 22 idinga ukuthi ithangi lilethe amanzi aze afike endaweni ephansi ekungeneni kwepompo ngenkathi ligcina ukudonsa okuzinzile, ngakho-ke ivolumu engaphansi kokuxhumana kokudonsa, indawo yokugcina evimbela umoya ovunguzayo, kanye nanoma yisiphi isikhala esidingekayo esingenamsebenzi asisebenziseki. Umthamo osebenzayo (osebenzisekayo) yiwona okufanele uhlangabezane nevolumu edingekayo.
Umthamo osebenzisekayo, hhayi ivolumu yepuleti legama, yiwona okufanele uhlangabezane ne-NFPA 22. Ukucacisa ivolumu ebizwa ngegama ngaphandle kokubala ukudonsa kukhiqiza ithangi elibonakala lihambisana ephepheni kodwa elingakwazi ukuletha isikhathi esigcwele ekungeneni kwepompo.
Ingxenye Yevolumu | Indima | Umthelela Kwekusebenzisekayo |
Ivolumu ebizwa ngegama (ephelele) | Umthamo ophelele wegobolondo | Indawo yokuqala |
Isikhala esingenamsebenzi | Imvume yokugcwala / yokuchichima | Kunciphisa okusetshenziswayo |
Isikhala sokuvimbela i-vortex | Ukudonsa kwepompo okuzinzile | Kunciphisa okusetshenziswayo |
Isitoreji esingasebenzi ngaphansi kokudonsa | Akufinyeleleki ngepompo | Kunciphisa okusetshenziswayo |
Umthamo osebenzisekayo (osebenza ngempumelelo) | Kumele ≥ isidingo esidingekayo | Inhloso yokuhambisana |
Esibonelweni esisetshenzisiwe, cabanga ukuthi ukuma kwethangi kushiya cishe amaphesenti angu-6 womthamo omisiwe njenge-freeboard kanye nesitoreji esingasebenzi kuhlangene. Ukuze kulethwe ama-galoni angu-210,000 asebenzisekayo, igobolondo elinomthamo omisiwe kumele lilinganiswe cishe ku-210,000 ÷ 0.94 ≈ 223,400 amagaloni. Unjiniyela ocacisayo uqinisekisa ingxenye eqondile yokudonsa phansi kusukela kububanzi bethangi elikhethiwe kanye nokuhlelwa kokudonsa.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamathangi Amaningi Kudinga Ukudonsa Okufanayo Okuqinisekisiwe
Izinqolobane ezinkulu zivame ukuhlukaniswa zibe amathangi amabili noma ngaphezulu ukuze kulawulwe imithwalo yesisekelo, imikhawulo yezokuthutha, noma ukulethwa okuhlelwe ngezigaba. I-NFPA 22 ayikwenqabi ukusetshenziswa kwamathangi amaningi, kodwa ukuhlukaniswa kusebenza kuphela uma womabili amathangi ehlisa emugqeni wokudonsa owodwa ukuze iphampu yomlilo ibone ukunikezwa okungaguquki phakathi nokudonsa konke.
Isinqolobane samathangi amaningi sivumelekile kuphela uma ukuxhumana kuqinisekisa ukudonsa okulinganayo kuphampu. Uma amathangi engaxhunywanga ngokwanele, elilodwa lingadonsa kuyilapho elinye lihlala ligcwele, futhi isinqolobane esisebenzayo sehla ngaphansi kwevolumu edingekayo.
Inketho Yokuhlukanisa | Ukuhlelwa | Inothi Lokuhambisana |
Ithangi elilodwa | Igobolondo elilodwa, ukudonsa okukodwa | Indlela elula kakhulu ye-NFPA 22 |
Amathangi amabili alinganayo | Ukudonsa okuxhunyiwe okufanayo | Ngalinye lithwala ingxenye; qinisekisa ukudonsa okulinganayo |
Amathangi amabili angalingani | Okuhlukene kunomthelela | Linganisa ngalinye ngesabelo salo; qinisekisa ukuthi iphampu ibona ingqikithi |
Esibonelweni samagaloni angu-210,000, amathangi amabili axhumene anomthamo ocatshangelwayo wamagaloni angu-112,000 lilinye (≈ 223,400 ÷ 2) ayisabelo esijwayelekile, inqobo nje uma ukuxhumana nokulingana kwamazinga kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe kumklamo.
Isahluko 14 Se-NFPA 22 Kanye Nezindawo Zokuthinta Ukuzamazama Komhlaba Kuvala Ukucaciswa
Ngaphezu komthamo, iSahluko 14 se-NFPA 22 sikhuluma ngokumboza, izinto zokufaka ngaphakathi kanye nokulungiselela ingaphezulu lengaphakathi nangaphandle kwethangi, okuyilapho ukukhethwa kokumboza kwethangi eliboshiwe kufakazelwa khona. Ukuzinza kokuzamazama komhlaba nokomoya kuqinisekiswa ngokwesisekelo semithwalo yendawo (i-ASCE 7 noma uchungechunge olufanele lwe-EN 1991 / EN 1998) ukuze igobolondo likwazi ukumelana nesigameko okuhloswe ngalo ukuthi lisebenze.
Izidingo zokumboza nokuzamazama komhlaba ziguqula inombolo yomthamo ibe ithangi elingafakwa futhi elingagunyazwa. Ithangi elilinganiswe kahle elehluleka ekulindelweni kokumboza kweSahluko 14 noma esisekelweni sokuzamazama komhlaba ngeke lidlule ku-AHJ noma kumshuwalensi, ngakho kokubili kufanele kufakwe kwisicaciso esifanayo esibeka umthamo.
Indawo yokuxhumana | Inkomba ye-NFPA 22 | Isenzo Esicacisweni |
Ikhodi yangaphakathi/ngaphandle | NFPA 22 Isahluko 14 (izinto zokumboza) | Qamba uhlelo lokumboza kanye ne-QA |
Ukulungiswa kwendawo | NFPA 22 Chapter 14 | Cacisa izinga lokulungiselela |
Ukuzinza kokuzamazama komhlaba | Isisekelo somthwalo wendawo (ASCE 7 njll.) | Nikeza indawo nesisekelo sokuklama |
Ukudonsa / ukwehla kwamanzi | Ukuxhumana kwepompo ye-NFPA 22 | Lungisa izinga eliphansi nebhodi elikhululekile |
Icala Lomsebenzi
Leli sihloko sibhalwe njengomhlahlandlela wobunjiniyela wokugcinwa kwamanzi okuvikela umlilo, hhayi njengokucaphuna kwephrojekthi. Ikhono le-Center Enamel lokuhlinzeka ngamathangi amakhulu aboshiwe okusebenza komlilo likhonjiswa yizinhlelo esezilethiwe ezifana ne-India GFS fire-protection reservoir (amathangi angu-3, 12,261 m³, 2024-06) kanye ne-Singapore GFS fire-water installation (amathangi angu-2, 1,666 m³, 2026-01), ezakhiwe ngamazinga afanayo amathangi aboshiwe okubhekiselwa kuwo lapha. Lezo ziyizinkomba zokuvikela umlilo ezicashunwe njengomongo wekhono, hhayi njengokufakwa okuyisihloko salo mhlahlandlela.
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela le-Center Enamel
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina axhunywe ngamabhawodi kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingama-150,000 m² sengezwe ukukhulisa umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukuklama kubhekiselwa ku-NFPA 22, NFPA 20, AWWA D103-09 kanye ne-FM Global DS 1021 lapho uhlelo lokusebenza ludinga khona.
Amapharamitha e-GFS asebenzisekayo: i-enamel eshiselwe ku-820–930 °C; i-Ra < 0.8 µm; i-enamel engu-0.25–0.45 mm; ukunamathela > 3,450 N/cm²; ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1,500 V DC.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Iyiphi ifomula eyisisekelo yokulinganisa ithangi ye-NFPA 22?
Ithangi kufanele libambe okungenani ukugeleza komlilo okudingekayo (amagaloni ngomzuzu) kuphindwe ngesikhathi esidingekayo (imizuzu), kuhlanganiswe kuzo zombili izidingo ze-sprinkler kanye ne-hose-stream, bese kulungiswa isitoreji esingasebenziseki ukuze kufinyelelwe umthamo osebenzisekayo.
Umbuzo 2: Ingabe i-NFPA 22 ibeka isikhathi esidingekayo?
Cha. I-NFPA 22 ilinganisa ithangi ngobude besikhathi esimiswe ukuklanywa kwesistimu (ngokuvamile amathebula okuhlala e-NFPA 13). Izinga lethangi linikeza umthamo; indawo yokuhlala inikeza isikhathi.
Umbuzo 3: Kungani umthamo osebenzisekayo uhlukile kumthamo wokulinganisa?
Ipompo yomlilo ayikwazi ukudonsa amanzi ngaphansi koxhumano lokudonsa, indawo yokugwema i-vortex noma i-freeboard, ukuze isitoreji esingasebenzi singasetshenziswa. Umthamo osebenzisekayo (osebenza ngempumelelo) — oyisisekelo sikhishiwe isitoreji esingasebenzi — yiwona okufanele uhlangabezane nevolumu edingekayo.
Umbuzo 4: Ingabe indawo yokugcina yomlilo ingahlukaniswa ibe amathangi amabili?
Yebo, inqobo nje uma womabili amathangi enikeza umhubhe owodwa wokudonsa ukuze adonse kanyekanye futhi ipompo ibone ivolumu ephelele ehlanganisiwe. Ngaphandle kokuxhumana okuqinisekisiwe, indawo yokugcina esebenzayo yehla ngaphansi kwemfuneko.
Umbuzo 5: Isahluko 14 se-NFPA 22 sihlanganisa ini?
Isahluko 14 sikhuluma ngokumboza, izinto zokufaka ngaphakathi kanye nokulungiselela ingaphezulu lethangi, okuyilapho uhlelo lokuvikela ukugqwala kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwayo kwekhwalithi kucaciswa khona.
Umbuzo 6: Ukuzinza kokuzamazama komhlaba kusingathwa kanjani kusipesifikeshini yethangi le-NFPA 22?
Ukuqina kokuzamazama komhlaba nokomoya kuqinisekisiwe ngokuhambisana nesisekelo semithwalo yendawo njenge-ASCE 7 (noma uchungechunge olufanele lwe-EN 1991 / EN 1998), ngakho-ke igobolondo lihlala liphelele phakathi nesigameko elisisebenzelayo.
Umbuzo 7: Ingabe izinombolo zesibonelo esisetshenzisiwe ziyidatha yangempela yephrojekthi?
Cha. Izibalo zika-1,500 gpm, 500 gpm, imizuzu engu-120/60 kanye namalitha angu-210,000 ayizibonelo zokufakazela ezisetshenziswa kuphela ukukhombisa indlela yokulinganisa ye-NFPA 22; ithangi langempela lisebenzisa ukuhamba nesikhathi se-NFPA 13 sendawo uqobo.
Ukukalwa kwethangi lamanzi omlilo le-NFPA 22 kuyisibalo esiphindwayo esinezigaba ezine: lungisa ukugeleza okudingekayo nobude besikhathi kusukela ekwakhiweni kwesistimu, bala umthamo ophelele wesidingo, guqula ube umthamo osebenzisekayo ngokususa isitoreji esingasebenziseki, bese uhlukanisa phakathi kwamathangi kuphela ngokudonsa okufakazelwe okufanayo. Isibonelo esisetshenzisiwe sikhombisa indawo yokugcina esebenzisekayo yamalitha angu-210,000 eba cishe amalitha angu-223,400 oqweqwe lwegama — igebe elinyamalalayo kuphela lapho ukwehla kwamanzi kuklanywe khona, hhayi ukucatshangwa nje.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Onjiniyela bezinhlelo bakwa-Center Enamel bangasebenzisa uhlelo lokulinganisa lwe-NFPA 22 ngokuhambisana nokugeleza nesikhathi se-NFPA 13 yakho, baqinisekise igebe eliphakathi komthamo osebenzisekayo nowegama lomthamo wedayamitha ekhethiwe, futhi bachaze ngokuningiliziwe isisekelo sokumboza nesisekelo sokuzamazama komhlaba esihambisana nokucaciswa kwethangi lakho lamanzi okuvikela umlilo.
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