Izinga le-NFPA 20 Lomshini Wokucisha Umlilo: Indlela Ithangi Lamanzi Okucisha Umlilo Elixhumana Ngayo Nomshini
Kwadalwa ngo Ngokwamukisa
I-NFPA 20 Fire Pump Standard: Indlela Ithangi Lamanzi Omlilo Elixhumana Ngayo Nephampu
Iphampu nethangi kuyisistimu eyodwa ye-hydraulic echazwe ngamazinga amabili. Ithangi kufanele linikeze i-suction ezinzile ezingeni eliphansi elisebenzisekayo, hhayi ezingeni eligcwele, futhi ukuhlelwa kokuphuma kufanele kulethe ukugeleza kokuhlolwa kokwamukelwa ngaphandle kwe-vortex noma ukungena komoya. Xhumanisa i-geometry ye-suction, izinga eliphansi, ukuphuma nokugeleza kokuhlolwa ngaphambi kokuba noma yiliphi iphakethe likhishwe.
Isingeniso
Iphampu yomlilo iyathengwa futhi ifakwe njengephakethe, kodwa iphakelwa umkhumbi ongenye indawo yomsebenzi. I-NFPA 20 ilawula ukufakwa kwephampu: izinto eziyishayelayo, isilawuli, iphampu ye-jockey kanye nokuhlolwa kokwamukelwa. I-NFPA 22 ilawula ithangi eliyinikezelayo. Lezi zimbili zihlangana lapho kudonswa khona.
Ukungavumelani akuvamisile ukuba mayelana nephampu. Kumayelana nesimo ithangi eliveza ngaso phansi kokudonswa, nangomthamo ongalethwa ukuhlelwa kokuphuma ezingeni iphampu ezodonsa kulo.
Le ndatshana ichaza ukuthi lezi zindinganiso ezimbili zihlukanisa kanjani umsebenzi, ukuthi ithangi kufanele liveze ini endaweni yokudonsa, ukuthi ukungqubuzana kwendawo yokuphuma kwenza ini emthonjeni wamanzi osetshenziswayo, ukuthi ukuhlolwa kokwamukelwa kudinga ini kunhlanganisela, nokuthi yiziphi izici zethangi iphakethe lephampu elincike kuzo.
Ukuthi i-NFPA 20 ilawula ini
I-NFPA 20 iyindinganiso yokufakwa kwamaphampu angashintshi okulwa nomlilo, futhi ihlanganisa iphakethe lephampu hhayi ukunikezwa kwamanzi: iphampu yomlilo kanye nomshayeli wayo, kungaba kagesi, idizili noma i-turbine, isilawuli esiyiqalayo, imisebenzi yokuqondisa nokuxwayisa, iphampu ye-jockey egcina ingcindezi yohlelo phakathi kwezidingo, kanye nokuhlolwa kokwamukelwa.
Iphakethe liphinda lilungise isimo sokudonsa umpompo osebenza ngaphansi kwaso, ngoba umpompo okhuphula usuka ethangini elikude ngomugqa omude uwukukhetha okuhlukile kunalowo odonsa ethangini elingaphansi kwawo. Umbhalo awuklama ithangi, kodwa uthatha ukuthi ukunikezwa kwamanzi kunikeza ukudonsa okusebenzisekayo ezingeni elibi kakhulu.
Leso sisekelo yilapho lezi zicaciso ezimbili zihlangana khona. I-NFPA 22 idinga ukuthi ithangi kanye nezinto ezihambisana nalo zifake ukuhlelwa kokukhipha okucacisiwe kanye nezinga eliphansi, futhi i-NFPA 20 idinga ukuthi iphampu ifakwe futhi ihlolwe ngokumelene nesimo sokudonsa esishiwo.
Ithangi nephampu njengohlelo olulodwa
Ukwelapha ithangi nebhampu njengohlelo olulodwa kuqala ngomzila wokugeleza bese kusetshenzwa ngemuva. Amanzi adonswa ngembobo yokukhipha, ngapha kwepayipi lokudonsa, angena esihlwini sebhampu, bese ephushwa angene ohlelweni. Kuyo yonke indawo izinto ezimbili zibalulekile: ukuthi ingakanani i-head etholakalayo, nokuthi ukugeleza kuhlanzekile yini. I-head etholakalayo iyi-static head esuka ebusweni bamanzi iya ebhampini, kukhishwe ukulahleka kwengxabano epayipini nasezintweni zokuxhuma. Ukuhlanzeka kokugeleza ukungabikho komoya, i-vortex nokugeleza okuyindilinga endaweni yokudonsa.
Ijika lepompo lichaza lokho ipompo engakuletha ngokumelene nekhanda elinikeziwe; isistimu ithola ukuhlangana kwalelo jika nokumelana kwepayipi. Ithangi lithinta izinhlangothi zombili: libeka ikhanda kuwo wonke amazinga, futhi ukuhlelwa kokuphuma kwalo kubeka ukuthi ukulahleka kokungqubuzana okungagwenywayo kungakanani. Ngakho-ke, lezi ezimbili azikwazi ukukhethwa ngokuzimela; izinga eliphansi elisebenzisekayo kanye nokuhlelwa kokuphuma kokubili kunomthelela epompeni.
Ukudonsa: ukuphakamisa, ukucwiliswa kanye nokuvimbela i-vortex
Ukuphakamisa kokudonsa yibude ipompo okufanele iphakamise amanzi ukuze afinyelele esihlwini sayo, futhi kuhlukanisa ukufakwa kwethangi lokudonsa nokufakwa okugcwele amanzi. Lapho umphezulu wamanzi uhlala ngaphezu kwepompo, ukudonsa kugcwele amanzi futhi ipompo inekhanda elihle elikhona. Lapho ipompo ihlala ngaphansi komphezulu, ukudonsa kusekuphakamiseni, futhi ikhanda ipompo okufanele ilidale ukuze ikhuphule amanzi lisuswa ekhanda elingaletha.
I-Submergence ukujula kwamanzi ngaphezu kwembobo yokudonsa, futhi ilawula ukuthi iphampu idonsa kahle yini. Uma i-submergence incane kakhulu, ukugeleza okungena endaweni yokudonsa kuyazungeza, kwakhe i-vortex edonsa umoya kungene kuphampu futhi yehlise ukusebenza kwayo kanye nokuphila kwayo. I-anti-vortex plate assembly endaweni yokuphuma edingwa yi-NFPA 22 Isahluko 14 iyikhambi elijwayelekile, futhi iyisici sethangi.
Ethangini lokudonsa, Isahluko 14 futhi sidinga i-bell end ku-base elbow kanye ne-check valve ukuze ithangi lingakwazi ukukhipha amanzi libuyela emuva ngephampu. Kokubili kuyizinto ezilethwa yithangi, ezihambisana nosayizi wokudonsa.
Ukulahleka ngenxa yokungqubuzana nokukwenzayo endaweni egciniwe esetshenziswayo
Ukulahleka kwengxabano emugqeni wokudonsa kunciphisa ikhanda iphampu enalo, ngokulingana nesikwele sokugeleza. Ekugelezeni iphampu edonsa ngayo ngesikhathi somlilo, lokho kulahleka kukhulu kakhulu, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ikhanda elimile elivela ethangini lincane kakhulu, ngoba izinga lisezansi kwebhendi esebenzisekayo. Le miphumela ifika endaweni efanayo emcimbini, yingakho ilungiselelo lokudonsa lihlolwa ekugelezeni kokuklama nasezingeni elincane ndawonye.
Umphumela wethangi ukuncipha komthamo osebenzisekayo. Umthamo osebenzisekayo ulinganiswa endaweni yokudonsa kwepompo kuye phansi kwesimo sokunqamuka kwezinga eliphansi; konke okungaphansi kwalokho kuyisitoreji esingasebenziseki. Uma ukulahleka kwengxabano kuphezulu ngokwanele ukuthi ipompo ayikwazi ukubamba ukugeleza okudingekayo ezingeni eliphansi elivunyelwe, lelo zinga kufanele likhushulwe, kuncishiswe umthamo osebenzisekayo futhi kwandiswe umthamo ophelele wegobolondo. Yingakho ipayipi lokudonsa lilinganiswa ngomthamo wethangi ngaphansi kweSahluko 14, futhi kungani ibanga elide phakathi kwethangi nepompo kuyinkinga yokuklama kunemininingwane yokufaka.
Ukugeleza kokuhlola kanye nokugijima kokwamukela
Ukuhlolwa kokwamukela yilapho ithangi nephampu kufakazelwa khona ndawonye, futhi ukuphela kokuhlola okusebenzisa inhlanganisela ngaphansi kwezimo ezibalulekile. I-NFPA 20 idinga ukuthi iphampu ihlolwe ngemva kokufakwa ekugelezeni okungaphezu komthamo wayo okalisiwe, ngokukhipha okuvaliwe nokuvuliwe, futhi ibonise ukuthi iletha ukugeleza nengcindezi okalisiwe futhi ayithuthukisi isimo esingayimisa ukusebenza kwayo emsebenzini.
Kuthangi, ukuhlolwa kunemithelela emibili. Ithangi kufanele libambe umthamo owanele osebenzisekayo ukuze linikeze ukugeleza kokuhlola isikhathi salo sonke, futhi libe sezingeni elidingwa ukuhlolwa, okusetha ukunqanyulwa kwezinga eliphansi kanye nomthamo ongaphezulu kwalo.
Ireserve kufanele ibuyiselwe futhi ngemuva kwalokho. I-NFPA 22 idinga ukuthi umthamo okhishiwe ubuyiselwe phakathi nesikhathi esivunyelwe sokugcwalisa futhi ithangi ligcinwe ezingeni lalo lenkonzo yomlilo, ngakho-ke ilungiselelo lokugcwalisa kufanele lifakazelwe ngepompo. Uhlelo lokuqalisa olusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwepompo bese lushiya ithangi liphansi alwenelisi noma yisiphi isilinganiso.
Izici zethangi ipompo elincike kuzo
Iqembu lokuqala lezici zethangi okuncike kulo iphampu ukuhlelwa ngokomzimba endaweni yokukhipha. Isahluko 14 sikhuluma ngokuxhumana kwamapayipi nezingxenye zokuxhuma, futhi ethangini lokudonsa lokho kusho ipayipi lokukhipha elilinganiswe ngomthamo wethangi, isiphetho esingumbhoshongo endaweni ekhonjwe ngomentshisi, i-valve yokuhlola ekuhlelweni, kanye neqembu lepuleti elivimbela umoya ojikelezayo endaweni yokukhipha. Usayizi womlomo wokuxhuma nowepayipi lokudonsa kufanele kuhambisane: umlomo wokuxhuma omncane kakhulu unciphisa ukugeleza iphampu engakudonsa, omkhulu kakhulu ukhuthaza umoya ojikelezayo emajubane aphezulu.
Iqembu lesibili izinga kanye nokuma kobuso bamanzi. Izinga eliphansi lokusebenza kufanele linikeze ukucwiliswa okwanele endaweni ephansi esetshenziswayo, futhi ithangi kufanele lihlale licaba futhi libanzi ngokwanele lapho. Ithangi elimincane phansi, noma elinekhoni elijulile elibeka indawo yokuphuma eduze naphansi, lingehluleka ukunikeza ukudonsa okuzinzile lapho ithangi elingajulile lomthamo ofanayo lingaphatha khona.
Iqembu lesithathu ukufinyelela kanye nezinsimbi zokusebenza: iphampu kufanele ikwazi ukulungiseka, ithangi likwazi ukuhlolwa ngaphakathi, futhi Isahluko 14 sidinga izinsimbi zokulinganisa izinga nesimo ethangini ukuze isimo sokugcina sibikwe kuphaneli yokulawula kanye nohlelo olubhekele ukwengamela.
Izibopho zokuxhumana nokuthi ubani ungumnikazi wani
Izinga lesibili lokuxhumana yilokho umuntu ngamunye angumnikazi wakho, futhi yinto evame ukushiywa inganakiwe. Umhlinzeki wephampu udinga idatha yomthamo wethangi, ukuphakama kwendawo yokuphuma ngaphezu kwesisekelo, izinga eliphansi lokusebenza, izici zokungqubuzana zomugqa wokudonsa kanye namaphoyinti okusetha ensimbi yezinga. Ngaphandle kwalokho iphampu ikhethwa ngokusekelwe ekuqageleni, futhi ukuqagela okuvame ukungalungi yilokho okuphathelene nezinga lamanzi.
Umhlinzeki wethangi ungumnikazi wohlelo lokukhipha ngaphansi kweSahluko 14, isitatimende somthamo wangempela kanye nedathamu yaso, imininingwane yohlelo lokudonsa okuhlanganisa nepuleti elivimbela i-vortex kanye nokuphela kwensimbi, izinga eliphansi lokusebenza, kanye nokuphakama kokuphuma ngaphezu kwesisekelo esiqediwe. Umnikazi ungumnikazi wohlelo lokugcwalisa nokuvikelwa kokuhlehla emugqeni wokugcwalisa, futhi unjiniyela oqoshiwe ungumnikazi wesisekelo nokubopha ngaphansi kweSahluko 12.
Umgomo okufanele uqanjwe enkontilekeni ukuxhumanisa i-geometry yokudonsa kanye nezinga elincane. Uma ithangi nephampu zithengwa ngokwehlukana, umhlinzeki oyedwa kufanele anikezwe lowo msebenzi, noma i-interface iwela phakathi kwabo futhi itholakale kuphela ngesikhathi sokuqalisa, lapho iphampu ingakwazi ukubamba ukugeleza okulinganiselwe kusukela ezingeni ithangi elinikeza lona ngempela.
Amadokhumenti okufanele anikezwe nephakethe lephampu
Iphakethe lokunikezela lithwala uhlangothi lwethangi lwe-interface lingene kuphakethe lephampu. Kufanele libe nomdwebo wokuhlelwa jikelele kwethangi elinendawo yokuphuma, izinsimbi zezinga kanye namaphoyinti azo okusetha, isitatimende somthamo wangempela kanye nedatha yaso, imininingwane yokuhlelwa kokudonsa kufaka phakathi ipuleti elimelene ne-vortex kanye nokuphela kwensimbi, izinga elincane lokusebenza, kanye nokuphakama kokuphuma ngaphezu kwesisekelo esiqediwe.
Kufanele futhi kube nemibhalo eqopha ukuthi inhlanganisela iyasebenza: umbiko wokuhlolwa kokwamukelwa kwethangi odingwa yi-NFPA 22 Isahluko 17, irekhodi lokuhlolwa kokwamukelwa kwephampu edingwa yi-NFPA 20, amarekhodi okulinganiswa kwensimbi yezinga, ukuhlolwa kokuhlelwa kokugcwalisa okubonisa umthamo obuyiselwe phakathi nesikhathi esivunyelwe, kanye nencwadi yokulungisa ebhalwe ngokuhambisana ne-NFPA 25 yohlelo lokuhlola ukuze Isahluko 18 siyithumele kuso. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, umuntu olandelayo ozoshintsha uhlelo uzosebenza ngaphandle kolwazi oluxhumanisa lezi zingxenye ezimbili.
I-Interface Yethangi Eliphampu Nokuthi Ubani Ongumnikazi Wesici Ngasinye
Isici Se-Interface | Inkomba | Izidingo Zephampu | Kunikezwa Ngu |
Ipayipi lokukhipha | NFPA 22 Isahl.14 | Kufana nesilinganiso sephampu ekudonseni | Ithangi (elinophampu) |
Indololwane yesisekelo | NFPA 22 Isahl.14 | Ukungena okungaphazamisi | Ithangi |
Ivalvu yokuhlola | NFPA 22 Isahl.14 | Ivimbela ukuphindela emuva ngokusebenzisa iphampu | Ithangi |
Ipulethi elivimbela i-vortex | NFPA 22 Isahl.14 | Akukho vortex noma umoya ekuhambeni | Ithangi |
Izinga eliphansi lokusebenza | NFPA 22 Isahl.14 | Ukucwila ekwehleni kwamanzi | Ithangi (iphampu iyaqinisekisa) |
Amathuluzi ezinga | NFPA 22 Isahl.14 | Izimpawu ze-alamu/zokuqondisa | Ithangi (elinesilawuli) |
Ukugcwalisa kabusha | NFPA 22 Isahl.4 | Gcwalisa ngokugcwele phakathi kwezigameko | Umnikazi |
Ukungqubuzana kokudonsa | Imodeli ye-hydraulic | Ikhanda ekuhambeni/ezingeni eliphansi | Amapayipi (ahlanganisiwe) |
Amarekhodi okwamukela | NFPA 22 Isahl.17, NFPA 20 | Ubufakazi bokusebenza okulinganiselwe | Usonkontileka/umnikazi |
Izici Zejometri Yethangi Nokushintshayo Ephampini
Isici Sethangi | Umthelela Ephampini | Hlola | Inkomba |
Izinga eliphansi lokusebenza | Ukucwila, ikhanda eliphansi | Ukudonsa okuzinzile ekuhambeni kwamanzi? | NFPA 22 Isahl.14 |
Indawo yokuphuma | Khawulela ukuhamba, setha isivinini | Idlula ukuhamba okulinganiselwe? | NFPA 22 Isahluko 14 |
Ukuma eduze kokuphuma | Ubuso obuyisicaba ezingeni eliphansi | Ukudonsa okuzinzile kuze kufike ekunqamukeni? | Umdwebo wethangi |
Ipuleti elivimbela i-vortex | Akukho ukuzungeza noma umoya | Kulinganisiwe, ukuphakama okulungile? | NFPA 22 Isahl.14 |
Umugqa wokudonsa | Ukungqubuzana kunciphisa ikhanda | Ikhanda elilahlekile ekugelezeni/ngomzuzu? | Imodeli ye-hydraulic |
Amathuluzi ezinga | Amasignali esilawuli | Ama-setpoint axhumanisiwe? | NFPA 22 Isahl.14 |
Umthamo wokugcwalisa | Buyisela isivinini | IbUyisela ngesikhathi esivunyelwe? | NFPA 22 Isahl.4 |
Ukuvikelwa kokuhlehla kwamanzi | Ihlukanisa okugciniwe | Igebe lomoya linemininingwane? | Ukuhlinzeka kwesizinda |
Mayelana ne-Center Enamel
I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd.) iklama futhi yakha amathangi okugcina insimbi eboliwe, amathangi ensimbi ashiselwe, amathangi e-epoxy ahlanganiswe ngokuncibilika, amathangi e-galvanized, izitsha zensimbi engagqwali, izitsha zengcindezi, uphahla lwedome le-aluminium le-geodesic kanye nophahla oluntantayo. Inkampani inolwazi lokukhiqiza olungaphezu kweminyaka engu-30 futhi isihlinzeke ngemishini emiklamweni emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Uphahla lwedome le-aluminium le-geodesic luklanywa futhi lwakhiwe ngokwe-API 650 Appendix G, AWWA D108, i-Aluminum Design Manual, i-ASCE 7 kanye ne-IBC, futhi inkampani yathuthukisa futhi yathumela ngaphandle uphahla lwedome le-aluminium olungububanzi obungu-72 m ngo-2023. Ubunjiniyela, ukwakhiwa, ukugcotshwa, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nensizakalo yasendaweni kusingathwa njengomsebenzi owodwa, okuyisizathu esenza imidwebo, isisekelo sokubala kanye nezingxenyekazi ezilethiwe kuhlanganiswe ndawonye.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Ingabe iphampu yomlilo idonsa kanjani ethangini lokugcina?
Ngokusebenzisa imbobo yokuphuma ethangini exhunywe ekudonseni kwephampu ngepayipi. I-NFPA 22 Isahluko 14 ilawula lokho kuxhumana: ipayipi lokuphuma likalwa ngokomthamo wethangi, ithangi lokudonsa lithatha isiphetho se-bell ku-elbow yesisekelo, ukuhlelwa kuthwala i-valve yokuhlola, futhi indawo yokuphuma ithatha i-anti-vortex plate assembly. I-NFPA 20 ilawula iphampu edonsa ngayo.
Ingabe usayizi wokuphuma kwethangi uthinta iphampu?
Yebo, kuzo zombili izinhlangothi. Umfula wokuphuma omncane kakhulu ukhawulela ukugeleza iphampu engakudonsa futhi uphoqa iphampu ukuthi isebenze ngaphandle kwebanga layo elilinganiselwe. Umfula wokuphuma omkhulu kakhulu ukhuphula isivinini endaweni yokuvula futhi ukhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-vortex nokungena komoya endaweni yokudonsa. Usayizi we-nozzle nosayizi wepayipi lokudonsa kufanele kuhambisane nokukhethwa kwephampu, hhayi ukuxazululwa ngokwehlukana.
Yimuphi umphumela wengxabano yokudonsa kumthamo osebenzisekayo?
Kunciphisa ikhanda elitholakalayo epompini ngokulingana nesikwele sokugeleza, futhi kubi kakhulu ekugeleni kokuklanywa lapho ithangi lisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu. Uma ukulahlekelwa kuphezulu ngokwanele kangangokuthi iphampu ayikwazi ukubamba ukugeleza okudingekayo ezingeni eliphansi elivunyelwe, lelo zinga kufanele liphakanyiswe, okunciphisa umthamo osebenzisekayo futhi kwandise umthamo wesikhumba esiphelele okufanele ithangi linikeze wona.
Yikuphi ukugeleza kokuhlolwa okudingekayo futhi kukalwa kanjani?
I-NFPA 20 idinga ukuthi iphampu yomlilo efakiwe ihlolwe ngemva kokufakwa emanzini angaphezu komthamo wayo olinganisiwe, ngokuvalwa nokuvulwa kokuphuma, okufakazela ukuthi ihambisa umthamo nengcindezi elinganisiwe futhi ayivezi simo esingayivimba ekusebenzeni kwasevisini. Umthamo ulinganiswa lapho kuphuma khona iphampu, ithangi linikeza umthamo wokuhlola futhi izinga lethangi liqashwe ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Kungani ukucwiliswa emanzini lapho kuphuma khona ithangi kubalulekile?
Ngenxa yokungacwili ngokwanele kuvumela ukugeleza esikhaleni sokungena ukuthi kujike futhi kwakhe i-vortex, edonsa umoya ungene empompini. Umphumela uwukuthi iphampu isebenza ngaphansi kwejika layo futhi ilimale ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-NFPA 22 Isahluko 14 idinga ukuhlanganiswa kwepuleti elivimbela i-vortex endaweni yokuphuma ukuze kugwenywe lokho, futhi ukufakwa kwensimbi yensimbi (bell end) ekhoneni eliyisisekelo somthombo wamanzi okudonsa kwengeza esinye isivikelo.
Yiziphi izici zethangi iphampu yomlilo encike kuzo?
Amaqembu amane. Ukuhlelwa kokuphuma kwamanzi ngokoMthetho 14: ipayipi lokuphuma elilinganisiwe, umkhawulo wensimbi, i-valve yokuhlola kanye ne-anti-vortex plate assembly. I-geometry yendawo yamanzi, ukuze izinga eliphansi lokusebenza linikeze ukucwiliswa okwanele. Ukufinyelela kanye nezinsimbi, kuhlanganise nezinga kanye nezinsimbi zesimo ezidingwa nguMthetho 14. Futhi nezici zokusebenza: ukuhlelwa kokugcwalisa kabusha, ukuvikelwa kokugeleza emuva kulayini wokugcwalisa kanye nezimpawu zezinga ezifundwa isilawuli.
Yini edingwa iphakethe lephampu yomlilo kumhlinzeki wethangi?
Umdwebo wokuhlelwa jikelele kwethangi onendawo yokuphuma, izinsimbi zezinga kanye namaphoyinti azo okusetha, isitatimende somthamo wamanzi netheku laso, imininingwane yokuhlelwa kokudonsa, izinga eliphansi lokusebenza, ukuphakama kwendawo yokuphuma ngaphezu kwesisekelo esiqediwe, kanye nezici zokungqubuzana zomugqa wokudonsa. Ngaphandle kwalokho umpompo ukhethwa ngokusekelwe ezicabangweni, futhi isicabango esivame ukungalungi yileso esimayelana nezinga lamanzi.
Ipompo yomlilo kanye nethangi lamanzi omlilo kucaciswa ngamazinga amabili, kodwa bawuhlelo olulodwa lwe-hydraulic, futhi ukuhlangana kwayo i-suction. Ithangi kufanele lilethe i-suction ezinzile ezingeni eliphansi elisebenzisekayo, i-outlet kufanele ilethe ukugeleza ipompo elinganiselwe kukho ngaphandle kwe-vortexing, futhi kokubili kufanele kufakazelwe ndawonye esivivinyweni sokwamukela nangemuva kwalokho kwesivivinyo esiphindayo.
Sithumelele uhlobo lwepompo nokulinganisa kwayo, ukugeleza nokucindezela okudingekayo, ukuphakama okuhlobene kwethangi nepompo kanye nemikhawulo yesiza, futhi sizokubuyisela i-geometry yethangi, ukuhlelwa kokuphuma, izinga eliphansi kanye nesethi yezinsimbi zokulinganisa ezivumela ukuthi amaphakethe amabili aqalwe njengohlelo olulodwa.
Khuluma Nethimba Lethu Lobunjiniyela
Thumela umsebenzi, isisekelo somthamo, ikhodi elawulayo kanye nemikhawulo yesiza, futhi ithimba lethu lobunjiniyela lizobuya nencazelo yokucaciswa umhlinzeki angayikhokhisa kanye nomhloli angayigunyaza. Sizokutshela futhi ngokucacile lapho uhlobo oluhlukile lwethangi noma umkhakha ohlukile kuyimpendulo engcono.
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