ISO 28765: Ukuklanywa Kwamathangi Okugcina Anezingubo Ze-Vitreous-Enamel (GFS)
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ISO 28765: Ukuklanywa Kwamathangi Okugcina Anezingubo Ze-Vitreous-Enamel (GFS)
I-ISO 28765 iyindinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe elawula ngqo ukuklanywa kwamathangi ahlanganisiwe ane-vitreous-enamel-coated (insimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi, i-GFS) okugcinwa kuwo amanzi noketshezi olunamanzi — okuyindinganiso enikeza uhlelo lwe-GFS lwamaphaneli ne-enamel isisekelo salo sobunjiniyela. Ibeka imingcele yokhuko lwe-enamel ngokwalo (ukubambelela, ukujiya, ukuhlolwa kwe-spark, ukumelana ne-asidi/ne-alkali), ukuziphatha kwegobolondo nomhlangano ngaphansi komthwalo we-hydrostatic nowe-thermal, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuzamazama komhlaba nesisekelo okufanele kuhlangatshezwe yithangi le-enamel elihlanganisiwe. Isebenza kanye, hhayi esikhundleni, neminye imithetho ebanzi yamathangi ahlanganisiwe kanye nokwenziwa kwezakhiwo (AWWA D103, EN 1090) kanye nemithetho yokuzamazama komhlaba nesisekelo eyamukelwa endaweni.
Ithangi lensimbi elihlanganiswe nengilazi akusona isitsha esivamile esishiselwe noma esiboshelwe ngamabhawodi esifakwe ingubo kamuva. I-vitreous enamel ishiselwa ensimbi ku-820–930 °C, yakhe into ehlanganisiwe lapho ulwelwesi nesakhiwo kuyisistimu yezinto eyodwa, futhi leyo sistimu idinga izinga layo lokuklama esikhundleni sokuboshelwa emthethweni wethangi ojwayelekile. I-ISO 28765 iyilo lelo zinga lamathangi afakwe i-enamel. Abaklami abathatha ithangi le-GFS njenge "elinye nje ithangi eliboshelwe ngamabhawodi" bayehluleka ukuhlola ubuqotho bengubo, ukusebenzisana kokushisa namanzi, kanye nezinhlinzeko zokuzamazama komhlaba ezidingwa yilelo zinga. Le ndatshana ichaza ukuthi i-ISO 28765 ihlanganisa ini, iphela kuphi, futhi ixhumana kanjani namanye amazinga okufanele ahlangatshezwe iphrojekthi yethangi le-GFS.
Ububanzi: Lokho ISO 28765 Elawula Ngempela
I-ISO 28765 iyindinganiso yokuklanywa yamathangi ensimbi aboshiwe anezingubo ze-vitreous-enamel agcina amanzi noketshezi olunamanzi, ehlukile kundinganiso evamile yamathangi aboshiwe. Ikhona ngoba ingxube ye-enamel nensimbi iziphatha ngendlela ehlukile ensimbini engenalutho noma ensimbini ene-epoxy, futhi ukuklanywa kufanele kubhekane nalokho.
· Ingubo ye-enamel njengento yesakhiwo nesivikelo. Indinganiso ithatha ungqimba lwe-enamel olushisiwe — ukunamathela kwalo, ukuqhubeka nokumelana namakhemikhali — njengempahla eklanyelwe, hhayi ukuqedwa kwangemuva kwemakethe.
· Ukuziphatha kwegobolondo nokuhlangana. Ukujiya kwephaneli, umthamo wokuhlangana okuboshiwe kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-enamel nensimbi ngaphansi komthwalo kuyabhekwa ohlelweni oluyinhlanganisela.
· Ukulayisha kwe-hydrostatic, thermal kanye ne-seismic. Ithangi lihlolwa ngengcindezi eliyibambayo, ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kuyo yonke i-enamel, kanye nemithwalo ye-inertia evela ezenzakalweni ze-seismic.
· Amanzi kanye noketshezi olunamanzi. Ububanzi ukugcinwa kwamanzi noketshezi olunamanzi; umsebenzi onolaka noma ongewona owamanzi uthathwa ngaphandle kwesikhwama esizenzakalelayo futhi usingathwa ngokucacisa ikhemistri.
Umsebenzi walo mthetho ukwenza ubunjiniyela bethangi le-GFS bucace futhi buhlolwe, ukuze umhloli abone ukuthi i-enamel negobolondo zakhelwe ndawonye.
I-Enamel Coating: Ingxenye Izinga Elijwayelekile Elingayihlanganisi
Isidingo esichazayo i-ISO 28765 esibhekana naso i-enamel ngokwayo — ukunamathela, ukuqhubeka, ukujiya nokumelana namakhemikhali — ngoba asikho izinga lethangi elijwayelekile elichaza lezo zinto zokugqoka okushisiwe. Yilapho ukuklanywa kwe-GFS kuhluka khona ensimbini engenalutho noma egcotshwe ngoketshezi.
Impahla | Izinga elibhekana nakho | Kungani kubalulekile ku-GFS |
Ukunamathela | Amandla okubopha phakathi kwe-enamel nensimbi | Kulawula ukuthi ingubo ihlala inamathele yini ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokushisa ne-hydrostatic |
Ukuqhubeka | Ukungabi nazinkinga, okuqinisekiswa ukuhlolwa kwe-spark | I-pinhole iyindlela yokugqwala eqonde ngqo ensimbi |
Ubukhulu | Ubuncane nokufana kwengqimba eshisiwe | Izindawo ezincane zihluleka kuqala; ukufana kuvikela impilo yesevisi |
Ukumelana namakhemikhali | Ukuziphatha kuwo wonke ama-pH kanye nomsebenzi wamanzi | Kusetha ukuthi ithangi lifanele yini amanzi okuphuza, inqubo noma amanzi angcolile |
Ngokomkhuba imboni yenza uqweqwe lwangaphakathi (enamel) lube ngubukhulu obuchaziwe (ngokuvamile 0.25–0.45 mm), iqinisekisa ukunamathela ngaphezu komkhawulo othile, futhi ibonisa ukuqhubeka ngokuhlolwa kwenhlansi yamandla kagesi aphezulu (ngokuvamile 1,500 V DC) kupanele ngayinye. Lokho kuyizivivinyo ezingqondile ithangi le-GFS eliziletha ithangi elijwayelekile eliboshiwe elingazilethi.
Ugobolondo, Ukusebenzisana Kwe-Hydrostatic Ne-Thermal
Ithangi le-GFS lihlolwa ngamanzi eliwagcinayo kanye nezinga lokushisa elibonayo, nokuziphatha koqweqwe lwangaphakathi ngaphansi kwakho kokubili kucaciswa. Idizayini yogobolondo ilandela ingcindezi ye-hydrostatic ekhula ngokujula, futhi uhlelo lwamaphaneli aboshiwe lushintsha ugqinsi ukuze luhambisane.
1. I-Hydrostatic. Njenganoma yiliphi ithangi, izigaba eziphansi zithwala ingcindezi enkulu kakhulu; ukujiya kwephaneli nezinga lebhawudi kusethwa ukuze igobolondo elihlanganisiwe lihlale ngaphakathi kwemingcele yengcindezi esisekelweni.
2. I-Thermal. I-enamel nensimbi zikhula ngezinga elihlukile; izinhlinzeko ze-thermal zomthetho zigcina lokho kwehluka kungaqhephuzi ungqimba olushisiwe ngesikhathi sokugcwalisa, ukukhipha kanye nokuthola kwelanga.
3. Umthamo wamajoyinti. Amajoyinti aboshiwe kufanele athwale amandla egobolondo ngaphandle kokuphula i-enamel emaphethelweni, yingakho ukulungiswa komphetho wephaneli namaphethini amabhawudi kuyingxenye yomklamo hhayi isinqumo sasendaweni.
Iphuzu ukuthi isembozo nesakhiwo kuklanywe njengento eyodwa, okuyinto ngqo umgomo obhalelwe uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe oyivumelayo futhi umgomo ojwayelekile ongayivumeli.
Ukuhlolwa Kokuzamazama Komhlaba Nesisekelo
I-ISO 28765 idinga ukuthi ithangi le-GFS lihlolwe mayelana nomthwalo wokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nomthwalo wesisekelo, futhi lezo zivivinyo zincike kumakhodi okuzamazama komhlaba kanye ne-geotechnical amukelwe endaweni. Umbhalo ubeka izidingo zohlangothi lwethangi; izidingo zohlangothi lomhlabathi zivela kukhodi yendawo.
· I-inertia yokuzamazama komhlaba. Isisindo esigciniwe kanye nogobolondo kudonsa umthwalo wokuzamazama komhlaba ovundlile noweqile; ithangi kufanele lihlale ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yokucindezeleka nokuzinza ngaphansi kwesibonakaliso sokuklama.
· Ukuxhumana kwesisekelo. Ukusabela kwesisekelo, ukuphakama nokushibilika okuvela ezimweni ze-hydrostatic kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba kuphela esisekelweni, esiklanyelwe ikhodi yendawo ye-geotechnical kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba.
· Ukweqiwa kwekhodi yendawo. ENyakatho Melika isisekelo sokuzamazama komhlaba ngokuvamile yi-ASCE 7; eYurophu i-EN 1998 (kanye ne-EN 1998-4 yama-silo namathangi) iyasebenza, futhi isengezo sikazwelonke sibeka izici.
Ithangi le-GFS "elakhelwe i-ISO 28765" ngakho-ke liphelela kuphela lapho ukuhlolwa kokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nesisekelo ngokukhodi yendawo esebenzayo nakho kwenziwa futhi kubhalwe phansi.
I-ISO 28765 Ihlangana Kanjani Nezinye Izindinganiso
I-ISO 28765 iyadingeka kodwa ayanele — ihlezi phakathi kwenqwaba yezindinganiso, futhi iphrojekthi ethobelayo iyazanelisa zonke. Ukwazi lapho isindinganiso ngasinye siqala futhi siphela khona kuvimbela kokubili izikhala kanye nokuphindaphinda.
Isindinganiso | Indima yaso kuphrojekthi yethangi le-GFS | Ubudlelwano ne-ISO 28765 |
ISO 28765 | Ukuklanywa kwethangi elihlanganisiwe eline-enamel | Izinga eliyisisekelo lokuklanywa kwe-GFS |
AWWA D103 | Izinga elibanzi lethangi lensimbi elihlanganisiwe (elivame ukusetshenziswa eMelika) | Kuyahlangana mayelana nogobolondo/ukubhosha; i-ISO 28765 yengeza imininingwane ye-enamel |
EN 1090 | Ukwenza izakhiwo zensimbi (ukufakwa kwe-CE eYurophu) | Ilawula indlela isakhiwo esakhiwa futhi siqinisekiswe ngayo |
ASCE 7 / EN 1998 | Isisekelo sokulayisha kwenhlokomo yomhlaba | Kunikeza okokufaka kwenhlokomo yomhlaba i-ISO 28765 ehlola ngakho |
AWWA C550 / NSF61 / WRAS | Ukwamukelwa kokufakwa kwezingubo nokuthintana namanzi okuphuzwayo | Qinisekisa ukuthi i-enamel iyamukeleka kuketshezi olugciniwe |
Umthetho ongokoqobo: i-ISO 28765 ichaza ithangi le-GFS; amazinga okwenziwa, e-seismic kanye nokuxhumana namanzi okuphuzwayo ayasizungeza, futhi iphrojekthi iphelele kuphela uma wonke amanani enelisiwe futhi kubhalwe phansi.
Ukuhambisana Namazinga Kanye Nekhono Lenkampani
Le athikili iwumhlahlandlela wamazinga hhayi isicaphuno sephrojekthi; akukho cala eliqanjiwe elivezwayo. I-Center Enamel iklama futhi yakhe amathangi ensimbi ane-glass-fused-to-steel ngokwe-ISO 28765, ngokusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo okubhekiselwa ku-EN 1090 (ukufakwa kophawu lwe-CE) kanye nenqubo ye-shell/bolting ehambisana ne-AWWA D103 lapho iphrojekthi ikudinga khona. Umkhiqizo we-GFS wenkampani uhlinzekwa namadokhumenti e-coating okushiwo yizinga — amarekhodi wogqinsi lwe-enamel nokunamathela, ukuqinisekiswa kwe-spark-test ye-1,500 V DC, kanye nedatha yokumelana namakhemikhali — futhi uthwala ukwamukelwa kokuthintana namanzi okuphuzwayo (NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS) kanye nokuqashelwa kwe-FM lapho uhlelo kanye nemakethe kukudinga khona. I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) ikhiqiza amathangi ahlanganisiwe kusukela ngo-2008, inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, iqeda amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000, futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi angawodwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³ ngaphansi kokukhiqizwa kwe-ISO 9001 kanye ne-ISO 45001.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Ingabe i-ISO 28765 iyafana ne-AWWA D103?
Impendulo 1: Cha. I-AWWA D103 iyindinganiso ebanzi yamathangi ensimbi ekhabhoni aboshiwe; i-ISO 28765 ilawula ngqo amathangi ahlanganiswe nge-vitreous enamel (GFS), yengeza ukumbozwa kwe-enamel, izinhlinzeko zokushisa kanye nekhomposithi yegobolondo okungadalwanga yi-D103.
Umbuzo 2: Yini edingwa yi-ISO 28765 engadingwa yindinganiso evamile yethangi?
Impendulo 2: Icacisa i-enamel njengempahla eklanyelwe — ukunamathela, ukuqhubeka (ukuhlolwa kwe-spark), ubukhulu kanye nokumelana namakhemikhali — kanye nokuziphatha kokushisa kanye nekhomposithi yegobolondo yensimbi eshisiwe, okuyinto izindinganiso zensimbi ezingamboziwe noma ezimbozwe nguketshezi ezingakushiyi.
Umbuzo 3: Ingabe i-ISO 28765 ihlanganisa ukuklanywa kwezinkinga zomhlaba ngokwayo?
A3: Kudinga ukuthi ithangi lihlolwe ngomthwalo wokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nomthwalo wesisekelo, kodwa okokufaka kokuzamazama komhlaba kuvela kukhodi yendawo (ASCE 7 eMelika, EN 1998 eYurophu). Iphrojekthi ethobelayo yenza kokubili.
Q4: Kungani ukuhlolwa kwenhlansi kuyingxenye yedizayini ye-GFS?
A4: Ukuhlolwa kwe-spark yamandla aphezulu kufakazela ukuqhubeka kwe-enamel — ukuthi awekho izimbobo ezincane ezifinyelela ensimbi. Ukukhubazeka lapho kuyindlela eqondile yokugqwala, ngakho-ke ukuqinisekiswa kokuqhubeka kuyisheke lokwamukela eliyisisekelo, hhayi ukuhlolwa kokugcina okuzikhethelayo.
Q5: Ingabe i-ISO 28765 yanele yithangi le-GFS lamanzi aphuzwayo?
A5: Ngokwedizayini yethangi, ikakhulukazi yebo, kodwa ukuthintana namanzi aphuzwayo kudinga futhi ukwamukelwa kwe-lining njenge-NSF/ANSI 61 noma i-WRAS, kanye nesitifiketi sokwakhiwa njenge-EN 1090 sokumaka kwe-CE — lezo zihambisana nedizayini ye-ISO 28765.
Q6: Ingabe i-enamel ibhekana kanjani noshintsho lwezinga lokushisa?
A6: Izinhlinzeko zokushisa zomgomo zibheka ukwanda okuhlukene kwe-enamel nensimbi ngesikhathi sokugcwalisa, ukuthulula kanye nokuthola kwelanga, ukuze ungqimba olushisiwe lungaqhephuki phansi kwale mijikelezo.
Q7: Iyiphi imibhalo efakazela ukuhambisana ne-ISO 28765?
A7: Amarekhodi wogqinsi lwe-enamel nokunamathela, ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlolwa kwenhlansi ye-1,500 V DC iphaneli ngayinye, idatha yokumelana namakhemikhali, kanye nezibalo zegobolondo/ukubhosha kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba ezenziwe ngokukhodi yendawo esebenzayo.
I-ISO 28765 iyistandadi sokuklama esenza ithangi lensimbi elihlanganiswe nengilazi libe yinhlanganisela eyakhiwe ngobuchwepheshe esikhundleni somkhumbi oboshiwe ogcotshisiwe — ilawula i-enamel njengento yesakhiwo kanye nesithiyo, ugobolondo namajoyinti ngaphansi komthwalo we-hydrostatic kanye nowokushisa, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nesisekelo okufanele kudlule kukho uhlelo. Ingumongo wephrojekthi ye-GFS ehambisana nemithetho kodwa ihlezi ngaphakathi kwenqwaba efaka ne-AWWA D103, i-EN 1090, ikhodi yendawo yokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nokwamukelwa kokuthintana namanzi okuphuzwayo. Yanelisa imininingwane ye-enamel ngaphansi kwe-ISO 28765 bese usonga konke okunye kuyo, futhi ithangi liyaklanywa, libhalwe phansi futhi liyahlolwa.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Ngemithi ye-GFS eyakhelwe i-ISO 28765, sithumelele uketshezi olugciniwe kanye ne-pH/ikhemistri yalo, umthamo nobukhulu, indawo yokuzamazama komhlaba yesiza kanye nedatha yesisekelo, kanye nezidingo zokuqinisekisa zomakethe (NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS, FM, CE-EN1090). Sizokubuyisela ngomklamo we-ISO 28765 onobukhulu boqweqwe, ukunamathela kanye nemibhalo yokuhlolwa kwe-spark, uhlu lwamagobongo kanye nezinombolo zokubopha, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nesisekelo okwenziwe ngokwesisekelo se-ASCE 7 noma i-EN 1998 esebenzayo.
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