Ukuklanywa Kwethangi Lokugcina Amanzi Okucisha Umlilo kanye Nokubalwa Komthamo
Kwadalwa ngo Ngokwamukisa
Ukuklanywa Kwethangi Lokugcina Amanzi Okucisha Umlilo Nokubalwa Komthamo
Ithangi lokugcina amanzi okucisha umlilo lingaphezu nje kwenombolo ekushidini ledatha; liyisakhiwo esibonakalayo okwakheka kwaso, indawo yaso kanye nesisekelo saso kunquma ukuthi ingqikithi ebaliwe ingakhiwa yini ngempela, ihlolwe futhi idonswe phansi. Le ndatshana ihlanganisa ukuklanywa nokuhlelwa kwamathangi okugcina amanzi okucisha umlilo — angaphezulu komhlaba, angaphansi komhlaba kanye naphakeme; ithangi elilodwa ngokuqhathanisa namathangi amaningi; izisekelo, ukuvikelwa ekubandeni kanye nokubekwa — futhi ixhumanisa ukukhetha ngakunye nokubalwa komthamo okuhlonipha ukwakheka kwezinto.
Le ndatshana ibhalwe njengesiqondiso sobunjiniyela, hhayi njengokucaphuna kwephrojekthi. Izibalo zomthamo ezisetshenziswe ngezansi ziyizibonelo zokubonisa ubudlelwano be-geometry-to-volume; ukuklanywa kwangempela kusebenzisa umthamo odingekayo we-NFPA 22 wesiza kanye nobukhulu bethangi.
Amathangi Aphezulu Komhlaba, Ngaphansi Komhlaba Naphakeme Ahlala Ezinhlotsheni Ezihlukene Zokuklanywa
Isinqumo sokuqala somklamo ukuthi ithangi lihlala kuphi uma liqhathaniswa nezinga lomhlabathi, ngoba lokho kukhetha kuqondisa uhlobo lwesisekelo, ukufinyelela kokuhlola, nokuthi amanzi afinyelela kanjani kupompo yomlilo. Amathangi angaphezulu komhlabathi ayisisekelo semvamisa yezinqolobane ezinkulu zomlilo; amathangi angaphansi komhlabathi abuyisela indawo yobuso kodwa adinga ukulayishwa kwesakhiwo sophahla nokulawulwa kokukhukhuleka kwamanzi angaphansi komhlabathi; amathangi aphakeme engeza ikhanda elimile kodwa aletha umbhoshongo wokusekela kanye nesisindo esikhulu sokuzamazama komhlaba.
Amathangi angaphezulu komhlabathi aboshiwe anikeza isilinganiso esingcono kakhulu somthamo kuya kwezindleko, kuyilapho izinhlobo ezingaphansi komhlabathi neziphakeme zishintsha izindleko ngendawo yobuso noma ikhanda. Ukukhethwa kuqhutshwa yizingqinamba zesiza — indawo etholakalayo, ukufinyelela kwezimoto, nokuthi ingabe ipompo yomlilo idinga ikhanda lokudonsa amanzi ngamandla adonsela phansi — hhayi umthamo kuphela.
Ukuhlelwa | Ukusetshenziswa Okuvamile | Isisekelo | Ukufinyelela Kokuhlola |
Phezulu komhlaba (elevini yomhlaba) | Izinqolobane ezinkulu, ukufinyelela okulula | Iringi noma i-slab phezu kwelevini | Ngqo, ngaphandle |
Ngaphansi komhlaba | Izindawo eziminyene isikhala | I-slab elawulwa yi-buoyancy | Ukungena endaweni evaliwe |
Ephakeme | Ikhanda lamandla adonsela phansi eliya ohlelweni | Umbhoshongo noma isisekelo | Ngendlela yokufinyelela, ingozi ephezulu |
Ukuhlelwa Kwethangi Elilodwa Uma Kuqhathaniswa Namathangi Amaningi Kushintsha Isisekelo Kanye Nokuhamba Kwamanzi
Igobolondo elilodwa elikhulu iwukwakhiwa okulula kakhulu kwethangi lokugcina amanzi okucisha umlilo, kodwa izindawo ezinemikhawulo yezokuthutha, inhlabathi ebuthakathaka, noma ukwakhiwa okwenziwa ngezigaba zivame ukusebenzisa amathangi amabili noma ngaphezulu amancane. Ukuhlelwa kufanele kugcine ukudonsa kwepompo yomlilo kuvamile ukuze isitoreji sisebenze njengevolumu eyodwa phakathi nokuncipha.
Ukuhlelwa kwamathangi amaningi kuhlukanisa umthwalo wesisekelo kodwa kufanele kugcine isitoreji esisodwa se-hydraulic. Amathangi amabili axhumene ngokunqamula ancipha ndawonye; amathangi amabili ahlukene awanciphi ndawonye, futhi umthamo osebenzayo uwa kwelincane kulawo mabili ngaphandle uma ukuxhumana kuchazwe kahle.
Ukuhlelwa | Ukuphathwa Komthamo | Inothi Lokuklama |
Igobolondo elilodwa | Ivolumu eyodwa, ukudonsa okukodwa | Ubunkimbinkimbi obuphansi kakhulu |
Amabili alinganayo, axhumene ngokunqamula | Ingxenye yesibili ngayinye, ukudonsa okuvamile | Qinisekisa ukuncipha okulinganayo |
Izigaba eziningi | Ukulethwa ngezigaba | Ngayinye iboshelwe kunhloko evamile |
Isisekelo Nomhlabathi Kuchaza Ukuthi Iphi Ububanzi Obungakhiwa
Isisekelo yilapho umklamo wethangi uhlangana khona nomhlabathi. Ithangi elingaphezulu komhlabathi eliboshwe ngamabhawudi lifaka umthwalo olinganayo oyindilinga, ngakho-ke umhlabathi ongaphansi kufanele uqinisekiswe ngokugingqwa futhi i-slab iklanyelwe isisindo esigcwalisiwe; umhlabathi othambile noma oguquguqukayo udinga indilinga esekelwe ngamapayipi noma i-raft eshinyeneyo. Amathangi angaphansi komhlabathi engeza i-hydrostatic uplift, edinga i-ballast noma ama-anchor noma nini lapho izinga lamanzi lingeqa isisindo se-buoyant sethangi.
Ububanzi obakhekayo bunqunywa umhlabathi, hhayi ikhathalogi. Isiza esingakwazi ukuthwala igobolondo eligcwalisiwe elingamamitha angu-30 ezingeni lomhlabathi sizocindezela ukuthi kube nethangi elilodwa elincane, ukuhlukaniswa kwamathangi amaningi, noma isisekelo esinezinguzo — ngakunye kushintsha ukubalwa komthamo.
Umhlabathi / Isimo Sesiza | Ukusabela Kwesisekelo | Umthelela Ekuklameni |
Umhlabathi oqinile, olinganayo | I-slab esezingeni lomhlabathi | Khulisa ububanzi |
Othambile noma oguquguqukayo | I-raft noma izinguzo | Amathangi amancane noma ahlukanisiwe |
Izinga lamanzi eliphezulu | I-buoyancy ballast/ama-anchor | Okungaphansi komhlabathi kudinga ukunakekelwa |
Indawo yokuzamazama komhlaba | Isisekelo se-ASCE 7 / EN 1998-4 | Amajoyinti okubopha kanye nemininingwane |
Ukuvikelwa Ekubandeni Nokubekwa Kugcina Isitoreji Sitholakala
Amathangi omlilo ahlala engasebenzi phakathi nobusika, ngakho-ke ukuvikelwa ekubandeni kuyisidingo sokuklama ezindaweni ezibandayo, hhayi ukuzikhethela. Amathangi angaphezulu komhlaba asebenzisa ukushisisa okuhlanganisiwe, amajakhethi afakwe izinto zokuvikela ukushisa, noma amapayipi okudonsa agqitshwe ngaphansi; amathangi angaphansi komhlaba athola ukuvikelwa okungasebenzi ngokuzimela okuvela ekumbozweni komhlaba. Ukubekwa futhi kubeka umzila wamapayipi okudonsa kanye nebanga eliya kupompo yomlilo ye-NFPA 20, okuthinta ukulahlekelwa kwengxabano kanye nephuzu lezinga eliphansi.
Ukuvikelwa ekubandeni nokubekwa kunquma ukuthi umthamo obaliwe uyatholakala ngempela yini ebusika. Ithangi elilinganiswe ngendlela efanele kodwa eliqandisiwe endaweni yokudonsa ngosuku olubandayo lehluleka ngendlela efanayo nethangi elingalingani kahle.
Indlela Yokuvikela | Ukusetshenziswa | Umthelela Wokuklama |
Isishisisi esihlanganisiwe | Isimo sezulu esibandayo esingaphezulu komhlaba | Amandla nezilawuli ziyadingeka |
Ijakhethi evikela ukushisa | Ngaphezulu komhlaba | Yengeza umgogodla, yenza ukushisa kube lula |
Isembozo somhlaba | Ngaphansi komhlaba | Okungasebenzi, kunciphisa ukufinyelela |
Ukudonsa okugqitshiwe | Zonke izinhlobo | Ivikele umugqa wokudonsa |
Ukubalwa Komthamo Kulandela Ijometri, Hhayi Okunye
Ukubalwa komthamo wokuklama ithangi lokugcina amanzi okucisha umlilo kuqala kumthamo odingekayo we-NFPA 22, bese kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhambisana nejometri ekhethiwe. Ethangini eliyisilinda elingaphezulu komhlaba, umthamo ojwayelekile = π × (ububanzi/2)² × ukuphakama kwegobolondo; umthamo osebenzisekayo ususa isikhala esingagcwalisiwe kanye nokugcinwa okungasebenzi ngaphansi kokudonsa. Umklami uphinda kabusha ububanzi nokuphakama kuze kube umthamo osebenzisekayo uhlangabezana nesidingo esisekelweni esingakhiwa.
Ijiyometri nomthamo kuxazululwa ndawonye: ububanzi nokuphakama okwanelisa umthamo osebenzisekayo kufanele futhi kusekelwe esisekelweni. Esimweni esiyisibonelo, umthamo osebenzisekayo odingekayo ongaba ama-gallon angu-200,000 anephesenti angu-6 esitoreji esingasebenzi udinga cishe ama-gallon angu-213,000 egama. Igobolondo elingububanzi obungu-24 m elinokuphakama okugcwalisiwe okungaba ngu-5.0 m likhiqiza cishe lowo mthamo; uma inhlabathi ingakwazi ukuthwala u-24 m, umklami wehla waya emathangini amabili angu-17 m axhunywe ndawonye ku-suction efanayo.
Okokufaka Kwejiyometri | Iqhaza Ekubalweni | Inani Elisibonelo |
Umthamo osebenzisekayo odingekayo | Kusuka kwimfuno ye-NFPA 22 | ~200,000 gal |
Ingxenye yokugcina engasebenzi | Isikhala esingenalutho + isiphuzi | ~6% |
Umthamo wezilinganiso odingekayo | Osebenzisekayo ÷ (1 − okungasebenziseki) | ~213,000 gal |
Ububanzi × ukuphakama | Umthamo wesilinda | 24 m × 5.0 m |
Ukuhlukaniswa okunye | Amabili axhumene ngokunqamula | 2 × 17 m |
Icala leProjekthi
Leli sihloko sibhalwe njengomhlahlandlela wobunjiniyela wokugcinwa kwamanzi okuvikela umlilo, hhayi njengokucaphuna kwephrojekthi. Ikhono le-Center Enamel lokuhlinzeka ngamathangi amakhulu aboshiwe okusebenza komlilo likhonjiswa yizinhlelo esezilethiwe ezifana ne-India GFS fire-protection reservoir (amathangi angu-3, 12,261 m³, 2024-06) kanye ne-Singapore GFS fire-water installation (amathangi angu-2, 1,666 m³, 2026-01), ezakhiwe ngamazinga afanayo amathangi aboshiwe okubhekiselwa kuwo lapha. Lezo ziyizinkomba zokuvikela umlilo ezicashunwe njengomongo wekhono, hhayi njengokufakwa okuyisihloko salo mhlahlandlela.
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela Be-Center Enamel
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina anezibophezelo kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi angu-300,000 ahlanganiswe ne-enamel ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kuka-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukukhulisa umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukwakheka kubhekiselwa ku-NFPA 22, NFPA 20, AWWA D103-09, ASCE 7, EN 1998-4 ne-ISO 28765 lapho isicelo sidinga khona.
Amapharamitha e-GFS asebenzisekayo: i-enamel ishiswe ku-820–930 °C; i-Ra < 0.8 µm; i-enamel 0.25–0.45 mm; ukunamathela > 3,450 N/cm²; ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1,500 V DC.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Yiziphi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamathangi amanzi okucisha umlilo?
Phezulu komhlaba ezingeni (okumisiwe komthamo), ngaphansi komhlaba (konga indawo, kunzima ukuhlola), kanye nokuphakeme (kunezela ikhanda lamandla adonsela phansi kodwa kudinga umbhoshongo). Ukukhetha kulandela umhlaba wendawo, ukufinyelela kanye nezidingo zekhanda lepompo.
Umbuzo 2: Kunini lapho ithangi lomlilo kufanele lihlukaniswe libe amagobolondo amaningi?
Lapho ukuthutha kukhawulela, inhlabathi ibuthakathaka, noma ukwakhiwa okwezigaba kuvimbela igobolondo elilodwa elikhulu. Ukuhlukaniswa kusebenza kuphela uma wonke amathangi abelana ngokudonsa okufanayo ukuze anciphe njengendawo yokugcina eyodwa.
Umbuzo 3: Ingabe isisekelo sithinta kanjani ukuklanywa kwethangi?
Isisekelo sibeka ububanzi obungakhiwa. Inhlabathi eqinile ivumela igobolondo elikhulu le-slab-on-grade; inhlabathi ethambile idinga i-raft noma amapile; izinga lamanzi eliphakeme lidinga ukulawulwa kokuntanta, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi komhlaba.
Umbuzo 4: Yikuphi ukuvikelwa ekubandeni okusebenza kumathangi omlilo?
Amathangi angaphezulu komhlaba asebenzisa izifudumezi ezihlanganisiwe, amajakethe afakwe i-insulation noma amapayipi okudonsa angcwatshwe; amathangi angaphansi komhlaba athola ukuvikelwa okungasebenzi ngokuzimela okuvela ekugqunyweni komhlaba. Ukuvikelwa kugcina ukudonsa kukwazi ukulethwa ebusika.
Umbuzo 5: Ingabe umthamo ubalwa kanjani kusuka kujiyometri?
Umthamo wezilinganiso ungu-π × irediyasi² × ukuphakama kwesilinda; umthamo osebenzisekayo ususa isikhala esingenalutho kanye nesitoreji esingasebenziseki ngaphansi kwesiphuzi. Ububanzi nokuphakama kuphindaphindwa kuze kube umthamo osebenzisekayo uhlangabezana nesidingo se-NFPA 22 esisekelweni esisekelwayo.
Umbuzo 6: Ingabe indawo yokubeka ithinta iphampu yomlilo?
Yebo. Indawo yokubeka ibeka ubude bepayipi lokudonsa kanye nebanga eliya kuphampu ye-NFPA 20, okushintsha ukulahleka kwengxabano kanye nephuzu lokudonsa eliphansi elichaza umthamo osebenzisekayo.
Umbuzo 7: Ingabe izinombolo zomthamo kulesi sihloko ziyidatha yephrojekthi yangempela?
Cha. Ububanzi, ukuphakama kanye nezibalo zamagaloni ziyizibonelo zokukhombisa ubudlelwano bejometri nomthamo. Idizayini yangempela isebenzisa umthamo we-NFPA 22 odingekayo wesiza kanye nezimo zenhlabathi ezihloliwe.
Ukuklanywa kwethangi lokugcina amanzi okucisha umlilo kuwumkhakha wokunikeza ivolumu ebaliwe isimo esakhekayo. Izakhiwo ezingaphezulu komhlaba, ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye neziphakeme zishintshana ngendawo emileyo, ikhanda kanye nezindleko; ukuhlelwa kwethangi elilodwa uma kuqhathaniswa namathangi amaningi kushintshana ngomthwalo wesisekelo uma kuqhathaniswa nokulula kwe-hydraulic; futhi ukubalwa komthamo kufanele kulandele ububanzi obukhethiwe, ukuphakama, i-freeboard kanye ne-drawdown kunokuba kubekwe ngaphambili. Yenza i-geometry kanye nesisekelo kube ngokulungile, futhi ivolumu ye-NFPA 22 iba ithangi ongakwazi ukulimisa futhi ukhiphe amanzi kulo ngempela.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Onjiniyela bezinhlelo zokusebenza bakwa-Center Enamel bangathatha umthamo wakho we-NFPA 22 odingekayo kanye nombiko wenhlabathi yesiza bese bebuyisela idizayini yethangi lokugcina amanzi okucima umlilo — ukuhlelwa, isisekelo sesisekelo, ukuvikelwa ekubandeni kanye nokubalwa komthamo okuhambisana nejometri — okulungele ukucaciswa kwakho kanye nokubuyekezwa kwe-AHJ.
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