Ithangi Lokugcina Iqhwa Lesikhungo Sedatha: Ukugcina Ukushisa Ngeqhwa Ne-PCM
Kwadalwa ngo Ngokwamukisa
Ithangi Lokugcina Iqhwa Lesikhungo Sedatha: Ukugcinwa Kwe-Thermal Ngeqhwa Ne-PCM
Ithangi lokugcina iqhwa lesikhungo sedatha iyisitsha sokugcina amandla okushisa esigcina ukupholisa njengokushisa okufihlekile eqhweni noma entweni eshintsha isigaba (PCM), futhi ikhipha lokho ngesikhathi sokudingeka okuphezulu kukagesi noma ukukhuphuka kokubanda ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo futhi kwehliswe izindleko. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokugcinwa kokushisa kwamanzi apholile, iqhwa ne-PCM kugcina ukupholisa okuningi kakhulu ngeyunithi yevolumu ngoba zisebenzisa ukushisa okufihlekile kokuncibilika, kodwa zisebenza ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi futhi zibeka umthwalo omkhulu esitshalweni sokupholisa. Ithangi iyisitsha esakhiwe noma esihlanganisiwe esinezingqimba esibhekiswa ku-AWWA D103-09 ne-ISO 28765, esiqukethe amabhola eqhwa avaliwe, uhlelo lwamapuleti eqhwa, noma i-PCM slurry — okukhethwa umgomo wendawo wokunciphisa umthwalo kanye nezinga lokushisa elingamukelwa umjikelezo wokupholisa.
Ukugcinwa kwamandla okushisa kuvumela isikhungo sedatha ukuthi senze ukupholisa lapho kushibhile noma kuningi futhi kusisebenzise lapho kubiza noma kunomkhawulo. Ukugcinwa kwamanzi apholile kuyindlela ejwayelekile, kodwa kudinga umthamo omkhulu ngoba kugcina ukushisa okuzwakalayo kuphela. Ukuqina kanye nokugcinwa koshintsho lwesigaba kunciphisa lowo mthamo kakhulu ngokugcina ukushisa okucashile, ngezindleko zomjikelezo wokupholisa obandayo futhi osebenza kanzima. Esikhungweni sedatha esifuna ukunciphisa iziqongo, ukunciphisa izindleko zezidingo noma indawo encane, iqhwa noma i-PCM kungaba ukuhweba okungcono. Amaphutha ukucacisa iqhwa lapho amanzi apholile enganele, ukunganaki umphumela wezinga lokushisa eliphansi ekukhuliseni kwesitshalo, noma ukwakha ithangi elingakwazi ukubekezelela ukugxuma nokuncibilika kanye nomsebenzi we-slurry.
Le mhlahlandlela isebenza ithangi lokugcina iqhwa lesikhungo sedatha kusukela kuzinketho zeqhwa/PCM kuya ekuqhathanisweni kwamanzi abandayo kuya ekulinganiseni nasekwenziweni kwempahla.
Izinketho Zokugcina Iqhwa Ne-PCM
Ukugcinwa kweqhwa ne-PCM kuza ngezindlela ezimbalwa zomzimba, futhi ukwakheka kwethangi kulandela indlela ekhethiwe. Izindlela ezintathu ezijwayelekile ziyahluka endleleni iqhwa elenziwa ngayo, ligcinwe futhi lincibilike ngayo.
1. Iqhwa elivalelwe. Amabhola avalekile noma ama-pods agcwele isisombululo esincishisiwe sezinga lokubanda ahlala ethangini lamanzi; isitshalo sokupholisa siwabandisa ebusuku futhi amanzi ajikelezayo awancibilikisa emini. Ithangi liyingxenye elula equkethe ama-pods namanzi.
2. Iqhwa lamapuleti noma elinganyakazi. Iqhwa lakheka kumapuleti noma kumakhoyili ngaphakathi kwethangi; isihlanzi noma i-brine yakha futhi ikhiphe iqhwa ngokuqondile. Ithangi ligcina inqwaba yamapuleti kanye nesekethe yamanzi ancibilikayo.
3. Into yokushintsha isimo (PCM). Into eyakhiwe enezinga lokuncibilika elilungisiwe igcina ukushisa okufihlekile endaweni encane kunomkhiqizo weqhwa lamanzi, okuvumela ithangi elakhelwe ububanzi bokushisa okusetshenziswayo besikhungo sedatha esikhundleni sika-0 °C.
Uhlobo ngalunye lushintsha ingaphakathi lethangi, indlela yokuncibilika/yokukhipha kanye nezinga lokushisa okulethwa ngalo ukupholisa okugciniwe.
Iqhwa Ne-PCM Uma Kuqhathaniswa Ne-Chilled-Water TES
Iqhwa ne-PCM kugcina cishe ngokuphindwe kayishumi umthamo wokupholisa nge-cubic metre ngayinye kunamanzi apholile, kodwa ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi kanye nokuphakanyiswa kwesitshalo okuphezulu. Ukuqhathanisa umbuzo oyinhloko wokukhetha.
· Ukuminyana kokugcina. Amanzi apholile agcina ukushisa okuzwakalayo phakathi kwamadigri ambalwa okuphakama; iqhwa ligcina ukushisa okucashile kokuncibilika, ngakho umthamo wokupholisa onikeziwe udinga umthamo wethangi omncane kakhulu.
· Inhlawulo yezinga lokushisa. Iqhwa ne-PCM kukhipha okubandayo kunokugcina kwamanzi apholile kwe-TES, ngakho isitshalo sokupholisa sisebenza kanzima (ukuphakama okukhulu) ukwenza iqhwa, kuhweba umthamo ngamandla nosayizi wemishini.
· Ukulingana kwe-peak-shaving. Lapho umgomo kuwukunciphisa intengo yezidingo noma ukuhambisa ukupholisa ngaphandle kwewindi eliphezulu, isitolo esincane se-ice/PCM ngokuvamile sibuyisela imali naphezu kwesijeziso.
· Lapho amanzi abandayo anqoba khona. Lapho umthamo ungavinjelwe futhi izinga lokushisa lomjikelezo lilingene, i-chilled-water TES igwema ukuphakama kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi futhi ilula.
Isinqumo siwukuhweba kwe-footprint ne-lift, hhayi ukuzenzakalela kukhetho oluminyana.
Isici | I-Chilled-water TES | Isitoreji seqhwa / i-PCM |
Indlela yokugcina | Ukushisa okuzwakalayo | Ukushisa okucashile (ukuncibilika) |
Ivolumu ngeyunithi yokupholisa | Phezulu | Phansi (kuminyene kakhulu) |
Izinga lokushisa lokukhipha | Lilinganiselwe (isb. 4–7 °C) | Phansi (cishe 0 °C noma iphoyinti le-PCM) |
Ukuphakama kwesitshalo | Phansi | Phezulu |
Ukusetshenziswa okungcono kakhulu | Izindawo ezinendawo ekhona | Ukunciphisa isidingo esiphezulu, umkhawulo wendawo |
Impahla Yethangi Nomsebenzi Wokufriza Nokuncibilika
Ithangi lokugcina iqhwa noma i-PCM kufanele limelane nokuqandusela nokuncibilika okuqhubekayo futhi, ezinhlotsheni ze-slurry, nokuhuzuka, ngakho umgqomo kanye negobolondo kucaciselwa lowo msebenzi. Lokhu kunzima kakhulu kunokugcina amanzi angaguquki.
· I-GFS (ingilazi ehlanganiswe nensimbi). I-enamel eshiselwa ku-820–930 °C inikeza isikhumba esibushelelezi, esiqinile (Ra < 0.8 µm, ukunamathela okungaphezu kuka-3,450 N/cm²) esimelana nokuqandusela nokuncibilika kanye nokuhuzuka kwe-pod/slurry; yonke iphaneli ihlolwa nge-spark ku-1,500 V DC.
· I-FBE-lined bolted. I-epoxy lining ebhaliwe (isitayela se-AWWA C550) eqinisekisiwe yokuqandusela nokuncibilika kanye nebhendi lokushisa.
· Imikhumbi eyakhiwe. Kuma-plate-ice noma amayunithi e-PCM ahlangene, amathangi ensimbi engagqwali noma e-FBE-lined eyakhiwe afanele i-coil yangaphakathi noma isitaki samapulangwe.
· Isikhumba sokushisa. Ngoba isitolo siyabanda, ukufakwa kwezinto zangaphandle nophahla oluvaliwe kunciphisa ukungena kokushisa okungase kuncibilikise impahla ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Umgogodla ukhethwa ukuze ukuqandisa okuphindaphindiwe kanye nokuhuzuka kwe-pod/slurry kungonakalisi isitsha phakathi namashumi eminyaka isitshalo sisebenza.
Ifomu | Izinto zangaphakathi kwithangi | Izinga lokushisa lokukhipha |
Iqhwa elivaliwe | Amaphodi emanzini | Ukuncibilika eduze kuka-0 °C |
Iqhwa lamapuleti / elinganyakazi | Inqwaba yekhoyili noma yamapuleti | Ukuncibilika eduze kuka-0 °C |
PCM | Into yokuncibilika elungisiwe | Iphuzu lokuncibilika le-PCM |
Ukulinganisa Kokunciphisa Izinga Eliphezulu
Ithangi lokugcina iqhwa likalwa ngokwamandla okupholisa okufanele kushintshwe kanye newindi lokukhipha, okuboniswa njengomthamo wokugcina ocashile kunamathani azwakalayo. Okokufaka okuthathu kusetha umthamo.
4. Ukupholisa okufanele kushintshwe. Umthamo wokupholisa wesidingo esiphezulu noma okuhlosiwe okungekho esigabeni esiphakeme, ngamathani okupholisa noma nge-kWh, indawo efuna ukugcinwa kunokukhiqizwa esigabeni esiphakeme.
5. Iwindi lokukhipha. Amahora okufanele isitolo sikhiphe ngawo phakathi nesikhathi esiphakeme, okusetha izinga lokugcina elidingekayo kanye nomthamo ophelele.
6. Umkhawulo wokushisa nokuphakama. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi eliwusizo lokukhipha kanye nokuphakama kokupholisa okungasetshenziswa yisitshalo, okubeka umkhawulo wokuthi iqhwa noma i-PCM yezinga lokushisa eliphezulu iyisinqumo esifanele.
Umphumela uyisitolo esincane esifihlekile esilinganiswe nomthwalo oshunthiwe kanye newindi, kubhekiselwa emikhawulweni yezinga lokushisa yomjikelezo — hhayi umthamo wamanzi abandayo osetshenziswe kabi emsebenzini weqhwa.
Ukuhlanganiswa NeSikhungo Sokupholisa
Isitolo seqhwa noma se-PCM sixhuma esikhungweni sokupholisa sedatha ngomjikelezo wokushaja/ukukhipha okuhlelwa uhlelo lokulawula ngesikhathi se-window ephezulu. Ukuqiniseka kokuhlanganiswa kubalulekile.
· Shaja ngesikhathi esingesona esiphakeme. Isikhungo sokupholisa siqandisa isitolo (noma sisetha i-PCM) lapho ugesi ushibhile noma isikhungo esimaphakathi sinamandla engeziwe.
· Khipha ngesikhathi esiphakeme. Ngesikhathi se-window ephezulu isitolo sidla umjikelezo wokupholisa, sinciphisa umthwalo we-chiller nezindleko zokudingeka.
· Hlanganisa namanzi abandayo. Amasayithi amaningi asebenzisa indlela exubile: i-TES yamanzi abandayo yokushintsha okulinganiselwe kanye neqhwa/i-PCM yokugqama okukhulu kakhulu, okuhlelwa ndawonye.
Lokhu kuhlela kuguqula isitoreji esiminyene sibe ukuncipha okulinganisekayo kwesidingo sikagesi esiphezulu.
Icala Lomsebenzi
Isithenjwa esizinikezelwe sedatha yesitoreji seqhwa lesikhungo sedatha asikakabi yingxenye yephothifoliyo elethiwe, ngakho-ke le ndatshana ibhalwe njengomhlahlandlela wobunjiniyela hhayi njengesicaphuno sephrojekthi. Ikhono lenkampani lokuhlinzeka ngamathangi amakhulu e-thermal kanye nokugcina amanzi aboshiwe likhonjiswa emikhakheni eseduze: izinhlelo zokuvikela umlilo zaphesheya ziye zahlinzeka ngamathangi e-GFS afinyelela ku-12,261 m³ (India, amathangi ama-3, 2024-06) kanye no-1,666 m³ (Singapore, amathangi ama-2, 2026-01), akhiwe ngokwezindinganiso ezifanayo zamathangi aboshiwe. Lezo zithenjwa zifakazela ukuhlinzekwa kwamathangi amakhulu aboshiwe kanye ne-QA yezinto zokugcina ezikwazi ukumelana nokugxilisa nokuncibilika; zingamaphrojekthi okuvikela umlilo, hhayi ukufakwa kwesitoreji seqhwa lesikhungo sedatha, futhi zicashunwa lapha kuphela njengomongo wekhono.
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela le-Center Enamel
I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isihlele futhi yakha amathangi okugcina anezibophezelo kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukukhulisa umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukwakhiwa kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550, ISO 28765 ne-NSF/ANSI 61 lapho uhlelo ludinga khona.
Ekugeineni iqhwa ne-PCM, inkampani ihlinzeka ngamathangi ahlanganisiwe e-GFS ne-FBE anezinto zokugqoka ezimelana nokugxuma nokuhlanjululwa, uphahla oluvikelwe olugxilile, kanye nemibhalo yokugqoka/yokuhlola inhlansi ukuze ibuyekezwe.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Iqhwa ligcine ukuhluka kanjani ku-TES yamanzi abandayo?
A1: Iqhwa ne-PCM kugcina ukushisa okufihlekile kokuncibilika, okunikeza ukuminyana kokupholisa okuphezulu kakhulu ngevolumu kunokushisa okuzwakalayo kwamanzi apholile, kodwa ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi lokuphuma kanye nokuphakama okuphezulu kokupholisa.
Q2: Yikuphi okungcono ekunciphiseni isidingo esiphezulu?
A2: Iqhwa noma i-PCM ifanele izindawo ezinomkhawulo wendawo kanye namawindi okudinga okuphezulu okubukhali lapho isitoreji esiminyene sibuyisela imali naphezu kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi nokuphakama okuphezulu; amanzi apholile afanele izindawo ezinendawo ekhona, ezinga lokushisa elilinganiselwe.
Q3: Yiziphi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zeqhwa/PCM?
A3: Iqhwa elivaliwe (amaphodi emanzini), iqhwa lephelethi noma elinganyakazi (iqhwa kumakhoyili/amaphelethi), kanye nento eshintsha isigaba elungiselelwe izinga lokushisa lokuncibilika eliwusizo; ngayinye ishintsha ingaphakathi lethangi kanye nendlela yokuphuma.
Q4: Ukufriza nokuncibilika kuthinta kanjani ithangi?
A4: Ukuqanduselwa okuphindaphindiwe kanye nanoma yikuphi ukuhuzuka kwe-pod/slurry kudinga umgqomo oqinile, ophikisayo; i-GFS enamel (Ra < 0.8 µm, 1,500 V DC spark test) noma izinga le-FBE elibhaliwe liyacaciswa, kanye nokufakwa kwe-insulation ukunciphisa ukushisa okungena.
Q5: Ithangi likalwa kanjani?
A5: Kusukela kumthamo wokupholisa okufanele ushintshwe, iwindi lokukhipha, kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphansi eliwusizo/ukuphakama okwamukelwa yisitshalo — kulinganiswa njengomthamo wokugcina okucashile, hhayi umthamo wamanzi abandayo.
Q6: Ingabe ukugcinwa kweqhwa kungahlangana ne-chilled-water TES?
A6: Yebo. Iziza eziningi zisebenzisa ingxubevange, zisebenzisa i-chilled-water TES ekushintsheni okulinganiselayo kanye neqhwa/PCM ekuphezuleni okubukhali, kuhlelwe ndawonye uhlelo lokulawula.
Q7: Yimiphi imigomo esebenzayo?
A7: I-AWWA D103-09 yokwakhiwa okuboshiwe kanye ne-ISO 28765 yedizayini ye-vitreous-enamelled lapho kudingeka khona; i-NSF/ANSI 61 ne-WRAS ziyasebenza lapho amanzi omjikelezo ehlangana nomgogodla oseduze namanzi okuphuza.
Ithangi lokugcina iqhwa lesikhungo sedatha lishintsha ukukhushulwa kwesitshalo ngenxa yokuminyana kokugcina, ligcina ukupholisa njengokushisa okufihlekile eqhweni noma ku-PCM ukuze kuncishiswe iziqongo futhi kwehliswe izindleko zesidingo lapho indawo encane noma iziqongo ezibukhali zenza amanzi apholile angasebenzi. Khetha uhlobo — olufakwe emabhokisini, amapuleti noma i-PCM — ngokulingana nemikhawulo yezinga lokushisa yesiza, cacisa i-GFS noma i-FBE lining emelana nokugxuma nokuhlehla nokuhuzuka, linganisa isitolo ngokomthwalo oshintshiwe kanye newindi, futhi khomba ukwenziwa kwayo ku-AWWA D103-09 kanye ne-ISO 28765. Ngale ndlela, ukugcinwa kokushisa kuzuza indawo yako encane ekusebenzeni kokupholisa.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Mayelana nethangi lokugcina iqhwa lesikhungo sedatha, sithumelele umthamo wokupholisa ofuna ukuwususa, isikhathi esiphakeme sokukhipha, izinga lokushisa eliphansi eliwusizo kakhulu kumjikelezo wakho kanye nomkhawulo wokuphakamisa kwesiqandisi, kanye nohlobo lweqhwa/PCM olukhethayo. Sizobuyisela isincomo sohlobo lokugcina, incazelo yethangi eliboshiwe le-GFS noma i-FBE elinengubo emelana nokugqwa nokuncibilika nophahla oluvikelwe, kanye nocwaningo lokulinganisa ukugcinwa okucashile okubhekiswe ku-AWWA D103-09 kanye ne-ISO 28765 nemibhalo yokumboza nokuhlola inhlansi.
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