Indlela Yokukhetha Nokucacisa Ithangi Lokugcina Amanzi Omlilo
Kwadalwa ngo Ngokwamukisa
Indlela Yokukhetha Nokucacisa Ithangi Lokugcina Amanzi Omlilo
Incazelo inquma intengo ngokunquma ukuklama. Shono isisekelo somthamo, indlela yokwakha, uhlelo lokumboza, isisekelo somthwalo, izinto ezisetshenziswayo, uhlelo lokuhlola kanye nohlu lokuthunyelwa, bese uyeka umhlinzeki axazulule konke okungaphansi kwalezo zinqumo. Uma uzishiya zivulekile, izilinganiso zentengo ngeke ziqhathaniseke, ngoba ngayinye ichaza ithangi elihlukile.
Isingeniso
Incazelo yokucaciswa kwethangi lamanzi omlilo iyidokhumenti yesivumelwano ngaphambi kokuba ibe yedokhumenti yezobuchwepheshe. Ichaza ukuthi yini ezokwakhiwa, ichaza ukuthi yini ezokotshwa, futhi inquma ukuthi ingakanani ingozi yokuklama esegameni lomhlinzeki nokuthi ingakanani esegameni lakho. Incazelo yokucaciswa eshiya izinqumo ezibalulekile zivulekile ikhiqiza izilinganiso ezingenakulinganiswa, ngoba umhlinzeki ngamunye ukhokhise ithangi elihlukile.
Ukwehluleka akuvamisile ukuba kube okumangalisayo. Kuyisistimu yokumboza ebizwa ngokuthi i-material ejwayelekile, umthamo oshiwo njengenombolo ye-nominal engenawo umgogodla, isisekelo esishiywe ngaphandle kobubanzi kuze kube yilapho ithangi lisemhlabathini, kanye nokuhlolwa kokwamukelwa okungakuhlelwanga muntu. Ngakunye kwalokhu kuyalungiseka, futhi ngakunye kubiza kakhulu ukulungisa kunalokho obekuzobiza ukukubhala phansi.
Qala ngesistimu, hhayi ithangi
Ikhasi lokuqala lencazelo yethangi lamanzi omlilo kufanele lichaze uhlelo, hhayi ithangi. Kuze kube umfundi azi ukuhamba kwedizayini, isikhathi esidingekayo, uhlobo lohlelo lokuvikela, uhlelo lomthetho olulawulayo kanye nokuchayeka komhlaba ekuzamazameni nasekuphepheni komoya, akukho okufanele kucaciswe. Incazelo eqala ngobubanzi besigobongo nokujiya kwepuleti isivele yeqe ingxenye enquma ukuthi lezo zinombolo zilungile yini.
Kunezinto ezine okufanele zixazululwe ngaphambi kokuba uphenyo luphume, futhi ngayinye yazo ingeyomunye umuntu ngaphandle komhlinzeki wamathangi. Ukuhamba nokuthatha isikhathi kwedizayini kuvela kudizayini yohlelo lokuvikela umlilo. Isiphathimandla esinegunya kufanele samukele isisekelo. Idatha yendawo, okuhlanganisa isigaba sedizayini yokuzamazama komhlaba, ijubane lomoya eliyisisekelo kanye namanani okuthwala komhlabathi, ivela kunjiniyela womphakathi. Futhi indlela yokwakha, eboshiwe noma edayisiwe, kufanele ikhethwe ngokuqhathaniswa namandla okumisa, uhlelo lwezikhathi kanye nomzila wokulethwa endaweni.
Uma ungeke ukwazi ukukusho njengenombolo enereferensi ngemuva kwayo, kufanele kube umbuzo ku-injiniya obhalisiwe, hhayi encazelweni yethangi.
Izigaba zencazelo ezinquma intengo
Iningi lemali esethangini lamanzi omlilo linqunywa emigqeni eyisithupha, futhi isilinganiso asikwazi ukuqhathaniswa kuze kube yilapho yonke imibuzo eyisithupha iphendulwa ngendlela efanayo kuwo wonke amaphepha okubhida. Isisekelo somthamo sinquma uqweqwe. Umzila wokwakha unquma ukwenziwa kanye nomsebenzi wasesizeni. Uhlelo lokugcoba lunquma ukulungiswa kwendawo kanye nesibopho sokulungisa phakathi namashumi eminyaka. Isisekelo somthwalo sinquma ukujiya kwepuleti. Isethi yezinto ezisetshenziswayo inquma ama-nozzle, ama-valve kanye namathuluzi. Futhi uhlelo lokuhlola kanye namadokhumenti lunquma ukuthi ingakanani imisebenzi eqediwe ngaphambi kokuba ithangi liphume efektri.
Kubili kwalokhu kuvame ukuchazwa ngokungaphelele. Isisekelo somthwalo sivame ukubhalwa ngokuthi hlanganisa nje nekhodi esebenzayo, okushiya abahlinzeki ababili befunda amakhodi amabili ahlukene futhi kwenza ukujiya kwepuleti kube umbono esikhundleni sokubalwa. Uhlelo lwemibhalo luvame ukubhalwa ngokuthi thumela amarekhodi, okusho ukuthi uhlu lokuthunyelwa lunqunywa ngemuva kwentengo.
Izigaba ezisetafuleni elingezansi yizo okufanele zibhalwe ngokuqinile. Konke okunye kungashiywa kuvulekile ngaphandle komphumela omkhulu.
Isigaba sokwakha nempahla
Isigaba sokwakha kufanele sisho uhlobo kanye nezinga, futhi akufanele sisho ubukhulu umklami angakabeki. Ethangini lensimbi ye-carbon steel eboshwe ngamabhawudi ehlanganiswe efektri, iSahluko 6 se-NFPA 22 sihambisa ukuklama, ukwakhiwa nokufakwa ku-AWWA D103. Ethangini lensimbi ye-carbon steel elishiselwe, iSahluko 5 siyasebenza futhi i-AWWA D100 ilawula ukuklama, kanti i-AWWA D102 ihlanganisa ukugcotshwa.
I-AWWA D103 ivumela izinhlelo ezine zokumboza zasefektri: i-galvanized, ingilazi ehlanganiswe nensimbi, i-thermoset liquid suspension kanye ne-thermoset powder. Ukusho uhlobo lwethangi kanye nezinga elisebenzayo, nokuvumela umhlinzeki ukuthi aphakamise uhlelo lokumboza olusuka kulolo hlu lwemikhiqizo kanye nedatha yakhe yokweseka, ngokuvamile kuyisimo esingcono kunokuqamba uhlelo lokumboza ongaluhlolisisanga ngokumelene namanzi agciniwe.
Ngokwezinto ezisetshenziswayo, incazelo kufanele ibeke into yokwakha yegobolondo kanye nokusebenza kwesembozo noma kokumboza okudingekayo, futhi kufanele isho ukuthi ngubani umnikazi wento yokugcwalisa uma ithangi lingelikakhonkrithi. Kufanele futhi isho umkhawulo wokuma, noma ngabe umbhoshongo ophakeme noma ithangi lokudonsa elisezingeni lomhlaba, ngoba lokho kushintsha ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kanye nesisekelo.
Isigaba sokumboza nokufaka isembozo
Isigatshana sokumboza yilapho incazelo yevame ukuphenduka inxoxiswano ngemva kwe-oda. Ukumboza okushiwo njengento ejwayelekile, ithangi eline-epoxy elingaphakathi, akutsheli umhlinzeki lutho mayelana nohlelo, ukulungiswa kwendawo, ukujiya kwefilimu noma ukuhlolwa kwama-holiday, futhi akutsheli umhloli lutho. Bhala izinga, uhlelo kanye nendlela yokuqinisekisa ndawonye.
Ethangini lensimbi ukusebenza kokumboza kufanele kuvezwe ngezici ezilinganisekayo kunokuba kuchazwe. Ukulungiswa kwendawo ngokuhambisana ne-SSPC-SP 10, ukujiya kwefilimu ngokuhambisana ne-SSPC-PA 2, nokutholwa kwama-holiday ngokuhambisana ne-ASTM D5162 yizindlela ezamukelekayo, futhi ukuzibiza ngamagama kususa ingxabano mayelana nokuthi ukuhlolwa kufakazelani ngempela. Lapho kucaciswa ukumboza kwengilazi encibilikisiwe, i-ISO 28765 ihlanganisa ukwakheka kwe-vitreous enamel kanye nohlelo lokuhlola.
Kunemigatsha emibili okufanele yengezwe ngoba iyakhohlakala. Shono inqubo yokulungisa umphakeli azoyisebenzisa ekulungiseni i-coating eyonakele, nokuthi ubani oyigunyazayo. Futhi shono ukufinyelela kokuhlola okudingwa umnikazi, ngoba ithangi elingeke lihlolwe ngaphakathi yithangi isimo salo sangaphakathi esingaziwa isikhathi sayo sonke sokusebenza.
Isigaba sesakhiwo, sokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nesisekelo
Isigaba sesakhiwo kufanele sicacise isisekelo somthwalo, hhayi ukujiya kwepuleti. Ukujiya kwepuleti kuwumphumela wokuklama, futhi ukukucacisa ngqo kungase kuvimbe umhlinzeki ngokweqile noma, ngokuvamile, kuphikisane nokubalwa okudingeka umhlinzeki akuthumele. Lokho okukucacisayo idatha yesiza: isigaba sokuklama kokuzamazama komhlaba, isivinini somoya oyisisekelo kanye nesigaba saso sokuvezwa, umthwalo weqhwa wokuklama lapho usebenza khona, kanye namandla okuthwala omhlabathi nezimo zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. I-IBC 2021 kanye nezinhlinzeko ze-ASCE/SEI 7 ezibhekiselwe kuzo zinikeza uhlaka lwesakhiwo.
Umsebenzi wesisekelo ulawulwa yi-NFPA 22 Isahluko 12, esihlanganisa amathangi nemibhoshongo ezisekelweni emhlabathini, futhi leso sahluko yilapho kuvela khona ukubekezelelwa kwezinga lokulingana kodonga lweringi noma isisekelo. Ukulingana akusona imininingwane encane. Igobolondo elingalingani lithwala imithwalo elingaklanyelwe yona, futhi ukubekezelelwa kufanele kube umbandela wokwamukela oshiwoyo onendlela yokulinganisa eshiwoyo.
Isabelo esihlanzekile kakhulu ukuthi umhlinzeki wethangi aklame ithangi futhi akhiphe imininingwane yemithwalo yesisekelo, ukusabela kanye nemininingwane yokubopha, kanti usonkontileka wezokwakha kufanele akhe ngokwalezi zindinganiso ezikhishiwe. Lapho umkhakha wezokwakha ungaphansi kwethangi, kusho lokho futhi udinge ukuthi umhlinzeki wethangi abuyekeze umdwebo wesisekelo ngaphambi kokukhiqiza, ngoba isisekelo esithululwe ezingeni elingalungile asikwazi ukulungiseka.
Izingxenye, izinsiza kanye nesigaba sokufinyelela
Izinsiza zicaciswa ngaphansi kwe-NFPA 22 Isahluko 14, esihlanganisa ukuxhumana kwamapayipi nezingxenye, futhi yilapho ithangi, iphampu kanye nayo yonke ingxenye yohlelo lokuvikela umlilo kuxhunywa khona ndawonye. Ipayipi lokukhipha lilinganiswa ngomthamo wethangi, i-elbow yesisekelo sethangi lokudonsa ithatha isiphetho se-bell, ukuhlelwa kuthwala i-valve yokuhlola ebhalisiwe, kanti indawo yokukhipha ithatha i-anti-vortex plate assembly. Lezo zinto ezine ziyindawo yokuxhumana, futhi kufanele zibhalwe esicacisweni.
Ikhwalithi kufanele futhi ibale konke okunye okufanele kube setankini: ukuphuphuma, izikhala zomoya, umsele wokudonsa amanzi, indlela yokungena, ileli yokufinyelela kanye nekheji yayo, izinsimbi zokulinganisa izinga lamanzi, ama-nozzle okudonsa iphampu yomlilo kanye nama-nozzle omugqa wokugcwalisa. Izinsimbi zokulinganisa izinga lamanzi zifanele zibe nomugqa wayo wokubala. Isahluko 14 sidinga izinzwa emazingeni amabili abalulekile amanzi kanye namazinga amabili abalulekile okushisa kwamanzi, futhi lezo zimpawu yizo ezifundwa isilawuli sephampu yomlilo.
Qedela ngemfuneko yokusebenza yokuthi itanki ligcinwe ligcwele ngaphakathi kuka-4 in. (102 mm) wezinga lomlilo, kanye nelungiselelo lokugcwalisa elibuyisela umthamo odonsiwe ngaphakathi kwamahora angu-8.
Isigaba semibhalo nokuhlolwa
Isigatshana semibhalo nokuhlolwa yisona esiguqula ithangi elethiwe libe ithangi elivunyelwe, futhi kufanele sibhalwe njengohlu kunokuba sibe yimfuneko evamile. Isahluko 17 sibeka izimfuneko zokuhlolwa kokwamukelwa, kuhlanganise nokuhlolwa ngokuhlanganyela kwemishini eqediwe usonkontileka kanye nommeleli womnikazi ngokwaziswa kwesiphathimandla, kanye nemibiko ebhaliwe esayinwe yilabo bantu.
Okungenani uhlu lokuthunyelwa kufanele luhlanganise izibalo zokuklama zogobolondo nophahla, umdwebo wokuhlelwa jikelele onesheduli yama-nozzle nezesengezo, ukuklanywa kwesisekelo nemithwalo nokusabela, uhlelo lokumboza nezinga lalo lokulungiselela, ukujiya kwefilimu namarekhodi okuhlolwa kwama-holiday, izitifiketi zezinto zogobolondo nophahla, irekhodi lokwakha, kanye nencwadi yokunakekela ebhalelwe i-NFPA 25 mayelana nohlelo lokuhlola okubhekiselwa kulo Isahluko 18.
Uhlelo lokuhlola ukwamukelwa ngokwalo kufanele kuvunyelwane ngalo ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa, hhayi ngemva kokulethwa. Ithangi kufanele ligcwaliswe, amapayipi axhunywe futhi uhlelo lube sesimweni lapho ukuhlolwa kungaqhutshwa khona, futhi lokho kuwumbuzo wesheduli kanye nombuzo wobuchwepheshe. Cacisa ukulandelana, shono ukuthi ubani ozoba khona, futhi udinge imibiko.
Izidingo zokuthunyelwa komhlinzeki
Izidingo zokuthunyelwa komhlinzeki yizona ezigcina ukucaciswa kuphoqeleka ngemva kokuba i-oda selifakiwe. Shono uhlu lokuthunyelwa, isikhathi sokubuyekezwa kwento ngayinye, nokuthi ubani oyibuyekezayo. Uhlelo lokuthunyelwa olubeka umnqamulajuqu wavo wonke amadokhumenti yilona oluvimbela idatha yokugcoba ukuthi ingafiki ngemva kokuba amaphaneli esegcotshiwe.
Izigaba ezimbili zokuthunyelwa zithwala ingxenye enkulu yobungozi. Ukuthunyelwa kwangaphambi kokwenziwa, okuyizibalo, umdwebo wokuhleleka jikelele, imithwalo yesisekelo kanye nohlelo lokugcoba, kudinga isango lokugunyazwa elichaziwe ngaphambi kokuba ukwenziwa kuqale. Ukuthunyelwa okulandela ukwakhiwa, okuyimibiko yokuhlolwa, izitifiketi ze-mill kanye nerekhodi lokumiswa, kungokwephakethe lokudlulisela futhi kufanele kufakwe ohlwini namadokhumenti ezikuqedayo.
Ekugcineni, cela ubufakazi bokufaneleka obungena esicelweni hhayi enkulumweni yomlomo. Amaphrojekthi afanayo emndenini ofanayo wekhodi, izinhlelo zekhodi umhlinzeki aziklama, kanye nezinhlelo ezijwayelekile zokumboza zasefekthri azinikezayo. Umhlinzeki okufanele ahlanganise lezi zimpendulo ngemva kokuvalwa kwesicelo usitshela okuthile mayelana nesicelo osibhalile.
Izigaba Zokucaciswa Kwethangi Lamanzi Omlilo Ezinquma Intengo
Isigaba Sokucaciswa | Lokho Okushoyo | Lokho Umhlinzeki Akuxazululayo | Uma Kushiywe Kuvulekile |
Isisekelo somthamo | Umthamo wangempela kanye nedatha yawo, kanye nokugeleza komklamo nesikhathi esivela kukho | Ububanzi, ukuphakama kanye nokuhlelwa kwegobolondo okukufeza lokho | Umphakeli ngamunye unikeza intengo yomthamo wethangi ohlukile |
Indlela yokwakha | Kuboshwe ku-AWWA D103 ngaphansi kwe-NFPA 22 Isahluko 6, noma kushiselwe ngaphansi kweSahluko 5 kanye ne-AWWA D100 | Osayizi bamaphaneli, ukuhlelwa kweziqinisi kanye nokuhlelwa kwamajoyinti | Izilinganiso azikwazi ukuqhathaniswa phakathi kwemizila |
Uhlelo lokugcoba | Izinga, uhlelo olusuka kuzinketho ezinga elizivumayo, kanye nendlela yokuqinisekisa | Umkhiqizo wokugcoba ngaphakathi kohlelo oluvunyelwe kanye nokulungiselelwa kwawo | Ukugcoba kuba ukuxoxisana kwangemva kwe-oda |
Isisekelo somthwalo wesakhiwo | Isigaba sokuzamazama komhlaba, isivinini somoya nesigaba sokuchayeka, umthwalo weqhwa, inhlabathi namanzi angaphansi komhlaba | Ubukhulu bepuleti, ibanga leziqinisi kanye nokubalwa kokubophelela | Abahlinzeki ababili baklama ngemibhalo emibili ehlukene |
Isisekelo | Ukubekezelelana kwezinga lesahluko 12, ukuhlukaniswa kobubanzi kanye nesibopho sokubuyekeza | Idizayini yodonga lwendandatho noma yesisekelo ngokumelene nemithwalo ekhishiwe | Isisekelo esithelwe ezingeni elingalungile |
Izithasiselo nokufinyelela | Ilungiselelo lokukhipha lesahluko 14, i-valve yokuhlola, ipuleti elilwa ne-vortex, ukuchichima, izindawo zokuphefumula, umsele wamanzi, ukufinyelela kanye nezinsimbi zezinga | Ubukhulu bama-nozzle kanye nemininingwane yokwakhiwa kwento ngayinye | Ithangi neyimpompo yomlilo azixhumani kahle |
Ukugcwalisa nezinga | Kugcinwa kugcwele phakathi kuka-4 in. (102 mm) wezinga lenkonzo yomlilo, umthamo ubuyiselwa phakathi namahora angu-8 | Ukuhlelwa kokugcwalisa namaphoyinti okusetha izinga | Indawo yokugcina ayitholakali ngokuthembekile |
Ukuhlola nokuthunyelwa | Ukuhlolwa kokwamukelwa kweSahluko 17, ukuhlolwa ngokuhlanganyela, kanye nohlu lokuthunyelwa olunezinsuku zokubuyekezwa | Akukho lutho okuvele kuchazwe isipesifikheshini | Amarekhodi nokuhlolwa kuthengwa kabusha ngemuva kwentengo |
Uhlelo Lokuthunyelwa Komhlinzeki Lwethangi Lamanzi Omlilo
Ukuthunyelwa | Okuqukethwe | Isigaba | Amabhulokhi |
Izibalo zokuklama, igobolondo nophahla | Ubukhulu bepuleti, ukuhlelwa kweziqinisi kanye nezinhlanganisela zomthwalo ezisetshenzisiwe | Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa | Ukuthengwa kwamapuleti kanye nokumbozwa kwegobolondo |
Umdwebo wokuhlelwa jikelele | Ububanzi, ukuphakama, uhlu lwama-nozzle nezinto ezisetshenziswayo, idatha yezinga | Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa | Ukuklanywa kwesisekelo kanye nokuhlelwa kwamapayipi |
Imithwalo yezisekelo kanye nokusabela | Imithwalo kusosekelo ngasinye, amandla okubopha kanye nemfuneko yezinga lokulingana | Ngaphambi kokwenziwa | Ukwakhiwa komhlaba kanye ne-oda lebhawodi lokubopha |
Uhlelo lokumboza kanye nohlelo lwekhwalithi | Uhlelo, izinga lokulungiselela indawo, ukujiya kwefilimu kanye nendlela yokuthola ama-holiday | Ngaphambi kwekhothi | Ukusetshenziswa kwekhothi kanye nohlelo lokuhlola |
Izitifiketi zezinto zokwakha | Izitifiketi zamapuleti egobolondo nophahla ezingeni elishiwo | Nokulethwa | Imibhalo yokudlulisela kanye namarekhodi omshuwalense |
Isitatimende sendlela yokwakha | Ukulandelana, amaphoyinti okuphakamisa, ukuqinisa kwesikhashana kanye nemfuneko yokugrouta | Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa | Ukuhlela indawo yokusebenza kanye nohlelo lokwakhiwa |
Uhlelo lokuhlola kokwamukelwa | Ukulandelana kokuhlolwa kweSahluko 17, izinhlangano ezikhona kanye nefomethi yombiko | Ngaphambi kokusebenza | Ukugunyazwa kanye nokwamukelwa kwesiphathimandla |
Imibiko yokuhlolwa kokwamukelwa | Amarekhodi ahloliwe okuhlolwa kwamalunga kanye nemibiko ebhaliwe | Ngesikhathi sokunikezwa | Ukwamukelwa kokugcina kanye nokuqala kwerekhodi lokunakekela |
Inkomba Yephrojekthi
Akukho rekhodi eqinisekisiwe yephrojekthi yamanzi omlilo emtatsheni wamaphrojekthi ehambisana nobubanzi balo mhlahlandlela wokucacisa, ngakho-ke i-athikili yethulwa ngaphandle kwesibonelo sephrojekthi. Esikhundleni salokho, okuthwelwayo yingxenye engahlolwa: ukwakheka kwesigatshana ngesigatshana komthetho wokucacisa, okufanele kushiwo yisigaba ngasinye nokufanele kushiye kumhlinzeki, izigatshana ezinquma intengo, kanye nohlelo lokuthumela olugcina umklamo ulawuleka ngemuva kwe-oda. Ngakunye kushiwo ngokuhambisana nezinga noma isigatshana esivela kuso, ukuze kuhlolwe esikhundleni sokuthathwa ngokuthembela.
Mayelana ne-Center Enamel
I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd.) iklama futhi yakha amathangi okugcina insimbi eboliwe, amathangi ensimbi ashiselelwe, amathangi e-epoxy ahlanganiswe ngokuncibilika, amathangi ane-zinc, izitsha zensimbi engagqwali, izitsha zengcindezi, uphahla lwedome le-aluminium le-geodesic kanye nophahla oluntantayo. Inkampani inolwazi lokukhiqiza olungaphezu kweminyaka engama-30 futhi isihlinzeke ngemishini kumaphrojekthi emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Uphahla lwedome le-aluminium le-geodesic luklanywa futhi lwakhiwe ngokwe-API 650 Appendix G, AWWA D108, i-Aluminum Design Manual, i-ASCE 7 kanye ne-IBC, futhi inkampani yathuthukisa yathumela kwamanye amazwe uphahla lwedome le-aluminium olungububanzi obungamamitha angama-72 ngo-2023. Ubunjiniyela, ukwakhiwa, ukumboza, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nensizakalo yasendaweni kusingathwa njengomsebenzi owodwa, yingakho imidwebo, isisekelo sokubala kanye nezingxenyekazi ezilethiwe kungahlanganiswa ndawonye.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Yini okufanele ihlanganiswe encazelweni yethangi lamanzi omlilo?
Yini okufanele ibe semincazelweni yethangi lamanzi omlilo? Okungenani: isisekelo somthamo kanye nedatha yaso kanye nokugeleza kwedizayini nesikhathi esithathwa kukho; umzila wokwakha kanye nezinga okwakhiwe ngalo; uhlelo lokumboza kanye nendlela oluqinisekiswa ngayo; isisekelo somthwalo wesakhiwo kanye nedatha yendawo; uhlu lwezinsiza zokuhamba nokufinyelela okuhlanganisa nezinsimbi zokulinganisa izinga; izidingo zokugcwalisa nezinga; uhlelo lokuhlola ukwamukelwa; kanye nohlu lokuthunyelwa okuhlanganisa nezinsuku zokubuyekezwa. Konke lokho kuyisinqumo esishintsha intengo.
Ingakanani ingxenye yedizayini yethangi okufanele ichazwe umchazi?
Ingakanani ingxenye yedizayini yethangi okufanele ichazwe umchazi? Chaza imiphumela bese ushiya izindlela. Shono isisekelo somthamo, izinga elilawulayo, isisekelo somthwalo, ukusebenza kwekhothi kanye nesethi yezinsiza, bese ushiya ijiyometri yegobolondo, ukuhlelwa kweziqinisi, ukuhlelwa kwamajoyinti kanye nendlela yokwakha kumhlinzeki, ngaphansi kokubuyekezwa. Uma uchaza izindlela usuthathe idizayini, futhi uzocelwa ukuba uyithethelele.
Yiziphi izigatshana encazelweni yethangi ezibangela ukubambezeleka okukhulu?
Yiziphi izigaba encazelweni yethangi ezibangela ukubambezeleka okukhulu?Isisekelo somthwalo, ngoba ukubhekisela okungacacile kukhodi esebenzayo kushiya abahlinzeki ababili baklama imibhalo emibili ehlukene. Uhlelo lokumboza, ngoba indlela yokuqinisekisa kanye nesibopho sokulungisa ngokuvamile akushiwo futhi kufanele kuvunyelwane ngakho ngemva kwentengo. Futhi ukuhlolwa kokwamukelwa kanye nohlu lokuthunyelwa, ngoba ngokuvamile kubhalwa ngemva kokuba ukukhiqiza sekuqalile.
Yimuphi umbhalo okufanele umhlinzeki awuthumele?
Yimiphi imibhalo okufanele umhlinzeki ayithumele?Izibalo zokuklama zogobolondo nophahla; umdwebo wokuhleleka jikelele onohlu lwama-nozzle nezinto ezihambisana nawo; ukuklama kwesisekelo nemithwalo nokusabela; uhlelo lokumboza olunezinga lokulungiselela ingaphezulu, ukujiya kwefilimu namarekhodi okuhlolwa kwama-holiday; izitifiketi zezinto zokwakha zogobolondo nophahla; irekhodi lokwakhiwa; imibiko yokuhlolwa kokwamukelwa edingwa yiSahluko 17; kanye nencwadi yokunakekela ebhalwe ngokuhambisana ne-NFPA 25.
Kufanele kucaciswe kanjani uhlelo lokumboza?
Kufanele kucaciswe kanjani isistimu yokumboza?Ngokwezinga, isistimu kanye nendlela yokuqinisekisa ndawonye. Shono izinga ithangi elakhiwe ngaphansi kwalo, isistimu yokumboza enikezwayo kusukela kuzinketho ezivunyelwe yilelo zinga, kanye nezakhiwo ezilinganisekayo: ukulungiswa kwendawo ngokumelene ne-SSPC-SP 10, ukujiya kwefilimu ngokumelene ne-SSPC-PA 2 kanye nokutholwa kwama-holiday ngokumelene ne-ASTM D5162. Bese wengeza inqubo yokulungisa nokuthi ubani oyigunyazayo.
Ingabe isisekelo kufanele sibe yingxenye yokuhlinzekwa kwethangi?
Ingabe isisekelo kufanele sibe yingxenye yokuhlinzekwa kwethangi? Kuncike endaweni, kodwa ukuxhumana kufanele kwabiwe encazelweni noma ngabe yikuphi. Ukuhlelwa okuhlanzekile kakhulu ukuthi umhlinzeki wethangi aklame ithangi futhi akhiphe imithwalo yesisekelo, ukusabela kanye nemininingwane yokubopha, futhi unkontileka wezokwakha akhe ngalezo zindinganiso ezikhishiwe, kanti umhlinzeki wethangi ubuyekeza umdwebo wesisekelo ngaphambi kokwenziwa. Isahluko 12 silawula isisekelo kanye nezinga lokulingana okufanele isigobongo sihlale kulo.
Yini eyenza incazelo yethangi yamukeleke ku-AHJ?
Yini eyenza ukucaciswa kwethangi kwamukeleke ku-AHJ? Izinto ezintathu: isitatimende somthamo esinikeza umthamo wangempela kanye nedatha yawo esekelwe kuyo esikhundleni senombolo yokulinganisa; isisekelo somklamo esisho izinhlelo zokushicilela amakhodi kanye nemigomo ethile umklamo oyigcwalisayo; kanye nohlelo lokuhlola ukwamukelwa ngaphansi kweSahluko 17 kanye nokuhlolwa ngokuhlanganyela kanye nemibiko ebhaliwe okuvunyelwene ngayo kusengaphambili. Isiphathimandla sibuyekeza ukuthi ithangi liletha umthamo odingekayo futhi limelana nokulayishwa kwesiza, ngakho leyo yimibuzo emibili okufanele ukuthunyelwa kwayo kuyiphendule.
Imininingwane yethangi lamanzi omlilo ibhalwa kanye futhi ifundwa izikhathi eziningi, ngonjiniyela, ngabahlinzeki, yisiphathimandla kanye nabantu abazogcina ithangi eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu. Imishwana ebalulekile akuzona lezo ezizwakala zibanzi. Yilezo ezivimbela abahlinzeki ababili ekuthengeni amanani amathangi amabili ahlukene.
Isisekelo somthamo, indlela yokwakha, uhlelo lokumboza, isisekelo somthwalo, izinto ezisetshenziswayo, ukuhlola kanye nokuthunyelwa. Lungisa lezo eziyisikhombisa bese izilinganiso ziyafaniswa, ukubuyekezwa kugxile kubunjiniyela esikhundleni sezingxabano zobubanzi, futhi ithangi elifikayo yilona elalikhokhelwe. Shiya noma yikuphi kwalokho kungacacile futhi usuthenge izingxoxo nomakhi wakho.
Sithumele ukuhamba nokuhamba kwesikhathi komklamo, isisekelo somthamo, idatha yomthwalo wesiza kanye nohlelo olulawulayo lokushicilelwa, futhi sizokubuyisela isifanekiso semininingwane esigcwalisiwe ngokusho kwalokho okokufaka, kanye nohlelo lokumboza, isisekelo sesakhiwo, uhlu lwezinto ezisetshenziswayo kanye nohlelo lokuthunyelwa okusetshenziwe.
Khuluma Nethimba Lethu Lobunjiniyela
Thumela umsebenzi, isisekelo somthamo, ikhodi elawulayo kanye nemikhawulo yesiza, futhi ithimba lethu lobunjiniyela lizobuya nencazelo yokucaciswa umhlinzeki angayikhokhisa kanye nomhloli angayivumela. Sizokutshela futhi ngokucacile lapho uhlobo oluhlukile lwethangi noma umkhakha ohlukile kuyimpendulo engcono.
WhatsApp