Ithangi Lokugaywa Kabusha Kwamanzi Angcolile Esikhungweni Sedatha: Imijikelezo Yokwelashwa Nokusetshenziswa Kabusha
Kwadalwa ngo 10.29
Ithangi Lokugaywa Kabusha Kwamanzi Ampunga Esikhungweni Sedatha: Imijikelezo Yokwelashwa Nokusetshenziswa Kabusha
Ithangi lokugaywa kabusha kwamanzi angcolile asetshenzisiwe lesikhungo sedatha libamba imifudlana yokungcola okuphansi evela ezindlini zangasese nasezikhungweni ezisekelayo, iwaphatha ngezitimela ze-membrane bioreactor (MBR) noma ze-ultrafiltration (UF), bese igcina amanzi ahlanjululwe njengendawo yokugcina ezinikezelwe yokungaphuzwa ukuze kusetshenziswe ekugcwaliseni umbhoshongo wokupholisa nasekuhlanjululweni kwendlu yangasese. Ithangi liyisivikelo phakathi komkhiqizo wokwelashwa ongapheli noma oguquguqukayo kanye nesidingo sokusetshenziswa kabusha esiqhubekayo; alikaze lixhunywe ngokunqamulelayo ekunikezelweni kwamanzi aphuzwayo ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa kwethangi lokuphula elivikelwe ekubuyeleni kwamanzi. Ukulinganisa ubukhulu kulandela ukulingana komfudlana oselashiwe kanye nesidingo sokusetshenziswa kabusha, hhayi iluphu yamanzi abandayo, futhi ukuqedwa kwangaphakathi kufanele kumelane nokukhula kwezinto eziphilayo ngoba ithangi lingahlala ligcwele kancane phakathi kwamaqoqo okwelashwa.
Ama-data center asebenzisa amanzi ikakhulukazi ngezindonga zokupholisa, kodwa izakhiwo ezisetshenziswayo ezisekela i-campus — amahhovisi, izindawo zokusebenzela, izindlu zangasese — nazo zikhiqiza umfudlana wamanzi angcolile kancane olindelekile, othunyelwa ngokujwayelekile emseleni kamasipala. Ukuhlanza nokusebenzisa kabusha lawo manzi ampunga endaweni efanayo kuvala umjikelezo obekuzoba yilahleko ephelele. Iphutha abasebenzi abalenzayo ukucabanga ukuthi "amanzi agaywe kabusha" adinga ukuhlanza okufana namanzi okuphuza, noma ukulinganisa isitoreji ngokwesilinganiso sokupholisa esikhundleni sokulinganisa ngokwesilinganiso sokuhlanza nokusebenzisa kabusha. Uma uhluleka kulezi zinto ezimbili, ithangi lingaba likhulu ngokweqile noma lingcoliswe ngamagciwane phakathi nesizini eyodwa.
Le mhlahlandlela isebenza ithangi lokugaywa kabusha kwamanzi ampunga edatha yesikhungo kusukela ekuhlukaniseni umthombo kuya ekwelashweni kuze kufike ekusetshenzisweni kabusha, futhi ibeka izinto ezikhethiwe kanye nosayizi ogcina indawo yokugcina ihlanzekile, ihlukanisiwe futhi iwusizo ngempela.
Ukuhlukaniswa Komthombo: Yini Ebhekwa Njengamanzi Ampunqa
Amanzi ampunqa ayingxenye yokukhishwa kwesakhiwo okungewona amanzi amnyama, futhi yingxenye echaziwe kuphela efanele ukuthunjwa ekhampasini yesikhungo sedatha. Amanzi amnyama (indlu yangasese kanye nemfucuza yezempilo) awafakiwe; umfudlana othunjiwe uyingxenye ehlanzekile kakhulu, enamagciwane aphansi ongaphathwa endaweni ngaphandle kwengqalasizinda ephelele yemishini yendle.
1. Amanzi omshini wokugeza izandla endlini yangasese kanye namanzi okushower. Umthombo oyinhloko wamanzi ampunqa ekhampasini enezakhiwo ezihlala abantu; anezinto eziqinile eziphansi futhi kulula ukuwahlanza kuqala.
2. Amanzi okugeza nokuhlanza ezakhiweni ezisekelayo. Ukugeleza okulindelekile okuvela ezindaweni zokukhanda nokulungisa, kuhlolwa izihlanzi zokugeza kanye nesihlabathi.
3. Ukukhishwa ngokucacile kwamanzi angcolile. Ukukhishwa kwendlu yangasese nanoma yimaphi amanzi ezinqubo angcolile kuhlala emseleni wendle yezempilo; ukuwahlanganisa kuphinda kuhlukanise umfudlana futhi kuphoqelele izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokwelashwa.
Uma umthombo ohlukanisiwe uhlanzekile kakhulu, umugqa wokwelashwa olandelayo uba mncane futhi ushibhe kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukudonswa kwamanzi esakhiweni kufanele kuhlukaniswe endaweni yokukhiqiza kunokuba kuphinde kuhlelwe ngemuva kokuqoqwa.
Ukulashwa: Ama-MBR Nezitimela ze-UF Zamanzi Asezingeni Lokusetshenziswa Kabusha
Ukulashwa kwamanzi ampunga ukuze afinyelele izinga lokusetshenziswa kabusha kusho ukususa izinto eziqinile ezilengayo, izinto eziphilayo kanye namagciwane afinyelela ezingeni elifunwa ukusetshenziswa kabusha — hhayi ezingeni lokuphuza. Izindlela ezimbili zamamembrane zibusa ukugaywa kabusha endaweni.
· I-Membrane bioreactor (MBR). Isigaba se-activated-sludge esixhunywe kumamembrane e-microfiltration noma e-ultrafiltration; sikhiqiza i-effluent ene-turbidity ephansi efanele ukusetshenziswa kwe-cooling-tower kanye nokuhlanza indlu yangasese, enendawo ehlangene uma iqhathaniswa nokucaciswa okujwayelekile.
· I-Ultrafiltration (UF). Isithiyo esibonakalayo (isilinganiso sokujwayelekile se-pore cishe esingu-0.01–0.1 µm) esisusa izinto eziqinile ezilengayo, ama-colloid kanye namagciwane amaningi ngemuva kwesigaba sokuqala sokwelashwa; ngokuvamile kuhlotshaniswa nokubulala amagciwane okulandelayo ukuze kusetshenziswe kabusha okukhipha ama-aerosol.
· Ukubulala amagciwane lapho kudingeka khona. I-UV noma i-chlorination elawulwayo isetshenziswa ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kabusha okungadala ama-aerosol (ukugobhoza kwesakhiwo sokupholisa, inkungu yokuhlanza indlu yangasese) ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi ye-legionella.
I-effluent ehlanjululwe iyona egcwalisa ithangi lokugaywa kabusha, ngakho-ke umthamo wethangi ulinganiswa ngokulingana kokugeleza okulashwayo kanye nesidingo sokusetshenziswa kabusha — hhayi ngezinhlelo zesiphepho noma zamanzi abandayo.
Indlela yokwelashwa | Ukususwa okujwayelekile | Ukufaneleka kokusetshenziswa kabusha okungcono kakhulu | Inothi lendawo |
MBR | BOD, TSS, amabhaktheriya, ezinye izakhamzimba | Ukugcwalisa umbhoshongo wokupholisa, ukuhlanza indlu yangasese | Ibhayoloji ehlangene, ehlangene + imembrane |
UF + ukwelashwa kwangaphambili | Izinhlayiya ezilengayo, ama-colloid, amabhaktheriya | Ukuhlanza indlu yangasese, ukunisela | Idinga isigaba esihlukile sebhayoloji noma samakhemikhali |
I-UF + i-UV/yokubulala amagciwane | Njengoba kungenhla + ama-pathogen | Ukusetshenziswa kabusha ngokufafaza (umbhoshongo, ukugcwalisa indlu yangasese) | Kufakwe i-disinfection skid |
Imijikelezo Yokusetshenziswa Kabusha: Aphi Amanzi Agaywe Kabusha
Ithangi lokugaywa kabusha lithola indawo yalo kuphela lapho ukusetshenziswa kabusha okuchaziwe kusebenzisa umthamo oseluliwe ngokushesha kunokuba lihlale lingasebenzi. Izindlela ezimbili zokusetshenziswa kabusha zibusa ikhampasi yesikhungo sedatha.
· Ukugcwalisa umbhoshongo wokupholisa. Umthombo omkhulu ozinzile; amanzi ampunga agaywe kabusha anciphisa ukugcwalisa okuphuzwayo inqobo nje uma ukukala, ukuhamba kukagesi kanye nokungcola kwebhayoloji kulawulwa embhoshongweni ngokukhishwa kwamanzi nokufakwa kwemithi.
· Ukuhlanza indlu yangasese. Isidingo esizinzile esihambisana nesakhiwo ezakhiweni zokusekela ezinabantu esinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi aphuzwayo ngokuqondile nangendawo.
Isiza esinesidingo esikhulu sokupholisa kodwa indawo encane yaphansi esetshenziswayo sizosebenzisa kancane ithangi le-greywater elilinganiselwe ukugcwalisa indlu yangasese kuphela; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhampasi enabantu abaningi enomthwalo omncane wokupholisa idinga ithangi elimunca isidingo sokugcwalisa nokugeza ngaphandle kokuchichima ngezikhathi zokwelashwa okuphansi.
Isitoreji: Impahla, Ukuqedwa Nokulawulwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Ithangi lokugaywa kabusha kwe-greywater ligcina amanzi anezinto eziphilayo ezingahlala ngokwengxenye egcwele, ngakho ukuqedwa kwangaphakathi kufanele kumelane nokwakheka kwefilimu, iphunga nokukhula kwezinto eziphilayo. Insimbi ehlanganisiwe enomugqa obushelelezi nongasebenzi iyisinqumo esifanele.
· I-GFS (ingilazi ehlanganiswe nensimbi). I-enamel evuthwe ku-820–930 °C inikeza isikhumba sangaphakathi esingangenisi lutho (Ra < 0.8 µm) esihlala sihlanzekile ngezikhathi zokungenzi lutho futhi kulula ukusihlola — sihambisana kahle nesitoreji esigaywe kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile.
· I-FBE (i-epoxy ehlanganiswe ngokuncibilika). I-lining ebhalisiwe yezindawo ezidinga izinga elithile lokumboza kanye nokubekezelela i-pH okuchaziwe.
· Izilawuli zebhayoloji. Uphahla oluvaliwe, ukusatshalaliswa kokungena okugwema ukujikeleza okufushane, nokufinyelela kokuhlanza ngezikhathi ezithile kugcina indawo yokugcina isebenziseka; ukufakwa kuhlu kwe-NSF/ANSI 61 ne-WRAS kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-lining iyamukeleka ekuthintaneni namanzi ahloselwe ukusetshenziswa kabusha okungewona okuphuzwayo.
Ukulinganisa kusekelwe ekulinganisweni kwamanzi asetshenzisiwe kanye nesidingo sokusetshenziswa kabusha, kanti ithangi lisebenza njengesibambiso esivumela isitshalo sokwelapha ngamaqoqo ukuthi sinikeze ukusetshenziswa kabusha okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokushoda kwesitoreji.
Impahla | Ukuqedwa kwangaphakathi | Ukumelana nebhayoloji | Imibhalo yokumboza |
GFS eboshiwe | I-Enamel, Ra < 0.8 µm | Phezulu (ebushelezi, engasebenzi) | ISO 28765, ukuhlolwa kwe-spark 1,500 V DC |
FBE eboshiwe | Ukumboza nge-epoxy | Phezulu | I-AWWA C550-style lining spec |
I-Stainless (ilinganiselwe) | Insimbi ye-passivated | Phezulu | Isitifiketi sempahla kuphela |
Ukulinganisa Ithangi Ngokulingana Kokwelashwa Nokusetshenziswa Kabusha
Ithangi lokugaywa kabusha likalwa ngokuhambisana nephrofayili yokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi ahlanjululwe kanye nesidingo sokusetshenziswa kabusha, kanye nebhendi elingasebenzi ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kungasebenzi. Izinombolo ezintathu zisetha umthamo.
4. Isivuno esimaphakathi esilashwe. Umthamo wansuku zonke olethwa i-MBR noma umugqa we-UF, kufaka phakathi ukugezwa kwawo emuva kanye nesikhathi esivunyelwe sokungasebenzi.
5. Isidingo esiphezulu sokusetshenziswa kabusha. Isidingo esiphezulu esihlangene sokupholisa nokugcwalisa kanye nokuhlanza phakathi nesikhathi sokuklama, esingadlula isivuno esimaphakathi ngezikhathi ezishisayo, ezinomthwalo ophezulu.
6. Ibhendi yebhafa. Ivolumu eletha isayithi kuyo yonke imisebenzi yokulungisa, ukuphazamiseka kwesiphepho noma ukukhuphuka kokusetshenziswa kabusha ngaphandle kokwehla ngaphansi kwe-alamu yezinga eliphansi.
Umphumela yithangi elilungisa umkhiqizo wokulungisa oguquguqukayo ube umthombo ozinzile wokusetshenziswa kabusha, olinganiswa ngamamitha ayikhubhu ngokulingana kwalokho hhayi ngezinhlelo zokupholisa noma zomlilo.
Icala Lomsebenzi
Isikhombo sokubhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwamanzi ampunga asendaweni yedatha asikakabi yingxenye yephothifoliyo elethiwe, ngakho-ke le ndatshana ibhalwe njengomhlahlandlela wobunjiniyela hhayi njengesicaphuno sephrojekthi. Ikhono lenkampani lokuhlinzeka ngamachibi amakhulu aboshiwe amanzi angewona awokuphuza kanye namanzi okusebenza likhonjiswa emikhakheni eseduze: izinhlelo zokuvikela umlilo zaphesheya ziye zaletha amathangi e-GFS afinyelela ku-12,261 m³ (India, amathangi ama-3, 2024-06) kanye no-1,666 m³ (Singapore, amathangi ama-2, 2026-01), akhiwe ngamazinga afanayo amathangi aboshiwe okwakhelwe ngawo ithangi lokusetshenziswa kabusha kwamanzi ampunga. Lezo zicaphuno zifakazela ukuhlinzekwa kwamathangi aboshiwe anomthamo omkhulu kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi; ziyiphrojekthi zokuvikela umlilo, hhayi ukufakwa kwamanzi ampunga endaweni yedatha, futhi zicashunwa lapha kuphela njengomongo wekhono.
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela le-Center Enamel
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) usungule futhi wakha amathangi okugcina anezikulufu kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi angu-300,000 ahlanganiswe ne-enamel ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka amathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukuze kunyuswe umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukuklama kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550, NSF/ANSI 61 ne-WRAS lapho uhlelo lokusebenza lukudinga khona.
Emsebenzini wamanzi ampunga nokusetshenziswa kabusha okungewona okuphuzwayo, inkampani ihlinzeka ngamathangi e-GFS ne-FBE aboshiwe anophahla oluvaliwe, ukusatshalaliswa kokungena nokufinyelela okucacisiwe kokugcinwa kwesikhashana, okusebenza ngokwebhayoloji, futhi ihlinzeka ngemibhalo yokumboza nokuhlolwa kwenhlansi edingekayo ukuze kubuyekezwe ukuthintana namanzi.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Yini ethathwa njengamanzi angcolile (greywater) ekhempasini yesikhungo sedatha?
Impendulo 1: Ingxenye engeyona yamanzi angcolile kakhulu (non-blackwater) — amanzi okugeza izandla ezindlini zangasese kanye namanzi okugeza, kanye namanzi okuhlanza indawo kanye namanzi okuhlanza avela ezakhiweni ezisekelayo. Amanzi avela endlini yangasese kanye namanzi ancolile ezinqubweni akafakiwe njengamanzi angcolile kakhulu (blackwater).
Umbuzo 2: Ingabe amanzi angcolile (greywater) adinga ukuhlanjululwa njengamanzi okuphuza?
Impendulo 2: Cha. Ahlanjululwa kuphela ezingeni elidingwa ukusetshenziswa kwawo kabusha, ngokuvamile nge-MBR noma i-UF kanye nokubulala amagciwane, hhayi ezingeni lamanzi okuphuza. Ukuhlanjulula ngokweqile kuwukuchitha imali namandla.
Umbuzo 3: Ithangi lokugaya lilinganiswa kanjani?
Impendulo 3: Ngokwesimo sokuhlinzeka ngamanzi ahlanjululiwe kanye nenani lokusetshenziswa kabusha (ukugcwalisa umbhoshongo wokupholisa kanye nokugcwalisa indlu yangasese), kanye nebhendi yebhafa yokumisa kokuhlanjulula — hhayi ngamanzi abandayo noma izinhlelo zomlilo.
Umbuzo 4: Kungani ukhetha i-GFS yokugcina okugaywe kabusha?
Impendulo 4: Isikhumba esibushelelezi se-enamel (Ra < 0.8 µm, esishiswe ku-820–930 °C) simelana nokwakheka kwefilimu nokukhula kwama-microbe ngesikhathi eside sokungasebenzi futhi kulula ukusihlola, okufanele amanzi anomsebenzi webhayoloji ahlala egcwele ingxenye.
Umbuzo 5: Ingabe ithangi lingaxhumana nokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi aphuzwayo?
A5: Kuphela ngokuhlukaniswa kwethangi lokuphula elivikelwe ukuhlehla kwamanzi, hhayi ngokuxhumana okuqondile; indandatho yamanzi angaphuzwa kufanele ihlale ihlukile, ibhalwe futhi ikhonjiswe.
Umbuzo 6: Yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kabusha okonga amanzi amaningi kakhulu?
Impendulo 6: Ukugcwaliswa kwembhoshongo yokupholisa ngokuvamile kuwukudonsa okukhulu okungaguquki futhi kuwukudonsa okungcono kakhulu komthamo ogaywe kabusha; ukuhlanza indlu yangasese kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi aphuzwayo ezakhiweni ezinabantu futhi kunikeza isidingo sasendaweni esizinzile.
Umbuzo 7: Yikuphi isitifiketi esiqinisekisa ukuthi i-lining iphephile ekuthintaneni namanzi?
Impendulo 7: Ukufakwa kuhlu kwe-NSF/ANSI 61 ne-WRAS kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-lining yangaphakathi iyamukeleka ekuthintaneni namanzi ahloselwe ukusetshenziswa kabusha okungewona okuphuzwayo; amarekhodi okumboza nawokuhlola i-spark anikezwa ukuze abuyekezwe.
Ithangi lokugaywa kabusha kwamanzi ampunga esikhungo sedatha liguqula ukukhishwa kwamanzi esakhiwo okulindelekile kube yindawo yokugcina amanzi engasetshenziswanga ehlukanisiwe futhi elinganisiwe — kodwa kuphela uma ukuhlukaniswa komthombo, ukwelashwa nge-MBR noma i-UF kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha okuchaziwe kuklanywe ndawonye. Hlukanisa amanzi ampunga emthonjeni, uwelaphe ufinyelele izinga lokusetshenziswa kabusha, gcina ukusatshalaliswa kufakwe ilebula futhi kuvikelwe ekuhlehleni kwamanzi, futhi linganise ithangi ngokulingana kokwelashwa nokusetshenziswa kabusha hhayi ngomjikelezo wokupholisa. Ngale ndlela, indawo yokugcina inciphisa isidingo samanzi aphuzwayo ngaphandle kokuthi ike ithathwe njengawo.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Ukuze uthole ithangi lokugaywa kabusha kwamanzi ampunga esikhungweni sedatha, sithumele imithombo yamanzi ampunga kanye namavolumu awo ansuku zonke, indlela yokwelapha ohlela ukuyisebenzisa (i-MBR noma i-UF), izidingo zokusetshenziswa kabusha ofuna ukuzinikeza (ukugcwalisa umbhoshongo wokupholisa, ukuhlanza indlu yangasese), kanye nanoma yimaphi amaphuzu okuxhumana namanzi aphuzwayo. Sizobuyisela ukulinganiswa kwamanzi asetshenzisiwe nokusetshenziswa kabusha ngosayizi wethangi, incazelo yethangi le-GFS noma le-FBE elinconywayo elinophahla oluvaliwe nokufinyelela, kanye nokuhlelwa kokusabalalisa okuvikelwe ekuhlehleleni emuva ngemibhalo yokumboza nokuhlolwa kwenhlansi.
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