Izitsha Zokugcina Amanzi E-Frac: Izixazululo zobunjiniyela zokuphathwa kwamanzi e-hydraulic fracturing
Kwadalwa ngo 2024.03.23
Amathangi Okugcina Amanzi Okugcoba: Izixazululo zobunjiniyela zokuphathwa kwamanzi okugcoba ngamandla
Eziqinisweni zokusebenza kwe-hydraulic fracturing, ukuhanjiswa kwezinsiza kubaluleke kakhulu ezindlekweni zokugcwalisa umgodi. Amathangi okugcina amanzi we-frac asebenza njengesisekelo esibalulekile esidingekayo ukuphatha imiqulu emikhulu yamanzi edingekayo ku-hydraulic fracturing enomthamo omkhulu (HVHF), kanye namanzi okugeleza emuva namanzi akhiqizwayo. Ukuphathwa kwamanzi kwesimanje emikhakheni kawoyela kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwamasu okubamba okunamandla aphezulu endaweni, ukusetshenziswa okusheshayo, nokumelana nokugqwala okuthuthukisiwe ukuze kubhekwane kahle nangempumelelo namanzi anamakhemikhali, anamanzi anosawoti amaningi.
1. Izindima Ezibalulekile Zokugcina Amanzi Ekugcobeni
Ukuphathwa kwamanzi embonini kawoyela negesi kuhlanganiswe ezigabeni ezimbili ezihlukene zokusebenza, ngayinye idinga ubunjiniyela bamathangi athile:
● Ukugcinwa Kwamanzi Ahlanzekile/Amanzi Okugcoba Ngaphambi Kokugcoba: Ngaphambi kokujova, izigidi zamagaloni amanzi ahlanzekile, amanzi anosawoti, noma amanzi akhiqiziwe aphindekayo kufanele aqoqwe eduze kwendawo yomthombo. Izinhlelo zokugcina kufanele ziphathe amavolumu amakhulu futhi zivumela ukumpompa okusheshayo ngesivinini esikhulu kumayunithi okuhlanganisa.
● Ukubuyisa Amanzi Ngemuva Kokuqhekeka Nokugcinwa Kwamanzi Akhiqizwayo: Ngemuva kokuthi umthombo uqhekekile, uketshezi olubuyayo (flowback) namanzi esizinda esikhathini eside (amanzi akhiqizwayo) ayakhiwa. Lokhu uketshezi lunamandla okubola, ngokuvamile lugcwele izinto eziyingozi eziguquguqukayo (VOCs), amatshe asindayo, i-hydrogen sulfide (H2S), kanye namanzi aphelele ancibilikile (TDS) adlula u-100,000 mg/L. Izitsha zokugcina kumele zibe nezendlalelo ezikhethekile noma izivikelo ukuze kuvinjwe ukuvuza kwemvelo nokukhipha umoya emoyeni.
2. Izinhlobo zezinhlelo zokugcina amanzi okuqhekeka
Ngokuya ngendawo yesikhululo somthombo, isikhathi sokusebenza, kanye nezidingo zevolumu, abasebenzisi basebenzisa izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zamathangi okugcina:
Amathangi okuqhekeka ahambayo afakwe ku-axle
I-tank yensimbi yesintu engu-500-barrel (bbl) ephathekayo iyisisekelo sezinto zokuhambisa uwoyela. Inamasondo ahlanganisiwe, la mabhodlela ensimbi anezimbotshana adonswa ngama-semi-trucks. Ahlinzeka ngokuhamba okungafani nokusetshenziswa ngokushesha kodwa adinga indawo enkulu lapho ehlanganiswa ndawonye ukuze kutholwe isitoreji esikhulu.
Amathangi Okugcina Angaphezulu Aphathekayo (ASTs)
Kumapads amakhulu adinga amathani ezigidi amanzi, kulula ukusebenzisa imicibisholo yokugcina amanzi engaphezulu noma amathangi ayisikwele. Ahlanganiswa endaweni kusuka kumaphaneli ensimbi (njenge-Glass-Fused-to-Steel noma amaphaneli aphelile nge-epoxy) futhi afakwe izendlalelo zangaphakathi eziqinile, i-AST eyodwa ingafaka amathangi amaningi eselula. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu indawo ye-well pad, kunciphisa ubunzima bokufaka imibhobho, futhi kunciphisa izindawo ezingaba nokuqhekeka.
Amathangi Okugcina Izinto Ezimile
Ezikhungweni zamanzi ezihlangene noma ezindaweni zokulahla amanzi anesawoti (SWD) ezihlala njalo, abasebenzisi basebenzisa amathangi ahlala njalo ahlanganiswe ngezikulufu noma ashwelwe. Lezi zinhlelo zakhelwe izimpilo zeminyaka eminingi futhi zinezendlalelo zangaphakathi zokuhlanganisa ingilazi noma izendlalelo ze-polymer ezakhelwe ukubekezelela ukuhlukumezeka okukhulu kwamakhemikhali.
3. Ukuqhathaniswa Kobuchwepheshe Kwezinhlelo Zokugcina Izinsizakalo Zokugcwalisa
Ukuhlelwa Kwesitsha | Ububanzi Bokukwazi Okujwayelekile | Ukuhamba Nokulungiswa | Ukumelana Nokugqwala | Isicelo Esingcono Kakhulu |
Iphathekayo Ehlanganiswe Ngesondo | 500 bbl (~21,000 gal) | Kuphezulu Kakhulu (Amahora) | Kulinganiselwe (Kudinga izendlalelo zangaphakathi ngezikhathi ezithile) | Isitoreji sesikhashana, izindawo ezincane, ukungenelela okusheshayo emithonjeni. |
Izindandatho ze-AST Ezihlangene | 10,000 kuye ku-60,000+ bbl | Phezulu (Kuhlanganiswe emihleni emi-2-3) | Phezulu (Kuya ngemininingwane ye-liner/iphaneli) | Ukuhlelwa kwamanzi amaningi, ukuqedwa kwezindawo zokumba imithombo eminingi. |
Amathangi Ensini Azinzile (Isib. GFS) | 1,000 kuye ku-50,000+ bbl | Phansi (Ingqalasizinda Eqinisayo) | Okukhethekile (Ukubopha okungaguquki kwesakhiwo samakhemikhali esingahlanganiswa) | Izikhungo zamanzi ezihlangene, Izindawo Zokulahla Amanzi Anosawoti (SWD). |
4. Izinga Lobunjini Nezokuphathwa Kwemvelo
Ngoba izinsizakalo zamafutha zibeka izingozi ezinkulu zemvelo, ubunjiniyela bezitsha zokugcina amanzi okugcwalisa kufanele buhambisane nezinhlaka eziqinile zemithetho:
● I-API Specification 12P: Iphatha ukuklanywa, ukwenziwa, nokuhlolwa kwezitsha zepulasitiki eziqinisiwe nge-fiberglass zokugcina izinsizakalo zamafutha endaweni.
● Ukuhambisana kwe-EPA SPCC: Imithetho ye-Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) idinga ukugcinwa kahle kwesibili noma ubunjiniyela obunodonga oluphindwe kabili obukwazi ukubamba u-110% wevolumu yesitsha esikhulu kakhulu ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa komhlabathi namanzi angaphansi.
● Ukunciphisa Ukukhishwa (Umthetho Womoya Ongcolile): Ukugcinwa kwamanzi okugeleza kanye namanzi akhiqiziwe anama-hydrocarbon amaningi kuvame ukudinga izimbobo zedome ze-aluminium ezivala ngokuqinile noma izindwangu zangaphakathi ezikhethekile ezihlanganiswe namayunithi okuphinda kusetshenziswe umusi (ama-VRU) ukuze kuthunjwe ukukhishwa kwe-organic okuguquguqukayo.
5. Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (FAQ)
Q: Kungani ama-AST amamodular esikhundla samathangi okugcina amanzi esintu esikhulu emapuletini amakhulu?
A: I-tank eyodwa engaphezulu yomhlaba ingagcina amanzi afinyelela ku-60,000 barrels, esikhundla samathangi aphathekayo angaphezu kwe-100 angama-500-bbl. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphathwa koketshezi endaweni eyodwa, kunciphisa kakhulu ukuhamba kwamaloli adingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe, kwenza lula ukuxhuma amapayipi, futhi kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokuvuza kwamapayipi okusebenzayo.
Q: Abasebenzisi bavimbela kanjani amanzi akhiqiziwe ukuthi angadli amabhodlela ensimbi?
A: Ezitsheni zeselula zesikhashana, kufakwa izendlalelo ze-polymer eziqinile ezilahlwayo noma ezingasetshenziswa kabusha ngaphakathi. Ezokugcina ezindaweni ezinkulu, abasebenzisi basebenzisa izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezifana nezitsheni ze-Glass-Fused-to-Steel (GFS), lapho isendlalelo sengilazi esingasebenzi sihlanganiswa khona nezinsimbi zensimbi, sinikeza ukuvikeleka okuphelele ekuhlaselweni kwe-chloride nokuhlaselwa kwamakhemikhali e-H2S.
Q: Ingabe izitsheni zamanzi ezi-frac zingasetshenziswa ezimweni zasebusika ezibandayo?
A: Yebo. Ezindaweni ezibandayo (njenge-Bakken noma i-Marcellus), izinhlelo zokugcina amanzi ezi-frac kumele zakhiwe ngezendlalelo zokufakelwa ezihlanganisiwe futhi zihlanganiswe nezindilinga zokushisa amanzi angaphandle noma izinsimbi zangaphakathi ukuvimbela amanzi ukuba angabandi kanye nokwehluleka kwamavalvu.
Ukugcinwa kahle kwamanzi okusebenzayo kuyisisekelo sokuthuthukisa imisebenzi yamafutha yesimanje. Noma ngabe usebenzisa amathangi aphathekayo ashintshashintsha ezindaweni ezihambayo ukuze usetshenziswe ngokushesha noma amathangi amakhulu aphathekayo (ASTs) ukuze usekele izindawo eziningi zokumba imithombo eminingi, ukufanisa ingqalasizinda yakho yokugcina nekhemistri yoketshezi nezidingo zevolumu kubalulekile. Ngokugxila ekuvikelweni okuthuthukisiwe kokugqwala kanye nezinqubo eziqinile zokuhambisana nemithetho, abasebenzisi bangakwazi ukwandisa isikhathi sokusebenza koketshezi ngenkathi bevikela ngokuphepha imisebenzi yabo ezinkingeni zemvelo.
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