Uphahla Oluntantayo Lwamathangi Okugcina Uwoyela Ongahluziwe
Kwadalwa ngo Ngokwamukisa
Uphahla Oluntantayo Lwamathangi Okugcina Awoyela Ongahluziwe
Ukugcinwa kukawoyela ongahluziwe kuyimbangela enkulu kunazo zonke yokwamukelwa kophahla oluntantayo lwangaphandle ngenxa yokugeleza okuphezulu, ububanzi obukhulu kanye neziphetho ezilula eziguquguqukayo. Uphahla oluntantayo lwangaphandle lubusa kuwoyela ongahluziwe ngoba ububanzi bamathangi ngokuvamile budlula u-40 m futhi ukulawula ukukhishwa kwesikhala somugqa kubaluleke kakhulu kunezithiyo zokufakwa kwangaphakathi. Ukukhetha kufanele kulandele izimo zesevisi kanye nekhodi esebenzayo, hhayi ukuthanda okuzenzakalelayo.
Kungani Uphahla Oluntantayo Lusetshenziswa Kuwoyela Ongahluziwe
Ukugcinwa kwe-crude iyona nto eyinhloko eshukumisa ukusetshenziswa kophahla oluntantayo lwangaphandle ngenxa yokugeleza okuphezulu, ububanzi obukhulu kanye nokuguquguquka kwezinto ezilula eziphelayo. I-deck ihamba phezu koketshezi futhi isusa iningi lesikhala sekhanda esingashiywa uphahla olungaguquki phezu komkhiqizo, okuwumthombo omkhulu kakhulu wokulahleka komhwamuko nokuphepha kwe-Crude Oil.
Ukukhetha Uphahla Lwangaphakathi Nolwangaphandle
Uphahla oluntantayo lwangaphandle lubusa kwi-crude ngoba ububanzi bamathangi ngokuvamile budlula u-40 m futhi ukulawulwa kokukhishwa kwesikhala somugqa kubaluleke kakhulu kunezinkinga zokulingana kwangaphakathi. Kwi-Crude Oil iqokobhe osuvele unalo kanye nobubanzi bephrojekthi ngokuvamile kuyaxazulula lokhu ngaphambi kwengxabano yomkhiqizo; ukukhetha kushintsha uhlobo lwe-deck, isigaba se-seal, ukufinyelela kanye nesisekelo sokuhlola.
Amathangi e-crude ngokuvamile makhulu kakhulu etheminali, ngakho uhlobo lwe-deck (i-pontoon vs i-double-deck), i-wind girder kanye nesigaba se-rim-seal kukhethwa kukho kokubili ukulawulwa kokukhishwa kanye nokuzinza kwesakhiwo ngaphansi komthwalo womoya.
Imikhawulo Yesevisi Nezithiyo
I-oyela eline-sulphur ephezulu yengeza ingozi ye-H2S kanye ne-naphthenic-acid; ukuvikelwa komlilo kwepuleti eliphansi nendawo yomphetho kufanele kwakhelwe indawo yangempela yomhwamuko. Le mikhawulo ibeka uhlobo lwedeckhi, into yokufaka isivalo kanye nanoma yikuphi ukushisisa, ukugcoba noma ukufaka ulayini okudingwa yi-Oyela Eluhlaza; ukukusho kuqala kugwema uphahla olungeke lukwazi ukumelana nomsebenzi.
Isimo Sengozi
Umlilo wesikhala somphetho, ukuthungela kombani, kanye nokuchayeka kwe-H2S ngesikhathi sokungena yizingozi ezintathu ezinkulu. Ku-Crude Oil ingozi ngayinye ihambisana nokulawula okuthile - isigaba sokuvaleleka, ukubopha, ukuqapha isikhala somphetho noma inqubo yokungena - esikhundleni senothi ejwayelekile yezokuphepha.
Indlela Yokukhetha Nokuklama
Indlela ephindwayo igcina ukukhetha kuvikelekile kumathangi afanayo:
1. Gxila ekukhetheni ku-crude oil: qinisekisa ingcindezi yomhwamuko kanye nephuzu lokukhanya ezingeni lokushisa langempela lokugcina, hhayi ezimweni ezijwayelekile.
2. Linganisa uhlobo lwedekhi nokuhamba komlenze kusukela kububanzi bethangi, ukushintshwa kanye nevolumu edingekayo ye-Crude Oil.
3. Khetha okwangaphakathi noma okwangaphandle kusukela kugobolondo osele likhona kanye nomthetho wokukhishwa komoya osebenzayo.
4. Setha ikilasi lokusayina lokuqala nelesibili kusukela engcupheni kawoyela ongahluziwe kanye nokuchayeka kwe-LFL okukudalayo.
5. Hlanganisa umklamo ne-API 650 + API 2000 venting, API 653 in-service inspection, NACE MR0175 for sour service. futhi lungisa isikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-API 653 ngaphambi kokuthenga.
Uhlaka Lokulinganisa (Oluyisibonelo, Hhayi Inombolo Yephrojekthi)
Ubudlelwano bokuhlola kokulawula umhwamuko kawoyela ongahluziwe yilobu:
Ukulahlekelwa okulawulekayo okulinganiselwe kuyehla njengoba igebe lesivalo nokulingana kwedeckhi kuthuthuka; hlola nge: Ukulahlekelwa ∝ igebe × umjikelezo × isici somfutho womhwamuko.
Yonke imininingwane efakwayo ebhalwe ngezansi yokuhlolwa kokulawulwa komhwamuko we-Oyela Eluhlaza iyisibonelo kuphela - ikhombisa indlela kuphela futhi ayisona isibalo esikalwe kusuka kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi wangempela wokuhlolwa kokulawulwa komhwamuko we-Oyela Eluhlaza; shintsha idatha eqinisekisiwe yesayithi kuqala.
Okufakwayo | Inani eliyisibonelo | Kungani kubalulekile |
Igebe lesivalo (isibonelo) | 12 mm vs 6 mm | Ukwehlisa igebe ngesigamu kwehlisa ukulahlekelwa komphetho cishe ngesigamu |
Umjikelezo wethangi (isibonelo) | 200 m | Ibeke umjikelezo wokukhishwa |
Isici somfutho womhwamuko | Okuqondene nomkhiqizo | Kushayela izinga, hhayi indlela |
Ikilasi lokuvimbela | Okukodwa vs okukabili | Ukuvimbela okukabili kunciphisa indlela evulekile |
Ekuhlolweni kokulawulwa komhwamuko we-Crude Oil, isifundo siwukuthi indlela iyandulela inombolo: chaza okokufaka, khombisa izibalo, bese ukuhlola ngokumelene nomkhawulo wokuklama wokuhlola kokulawulwa komhwamuko we-Crude Oil. Isibalo esingasekelwe asikaze siboniswe njengenani lephrojekthi yokuhlola kokulawulwa komhwamuko we-Crude Oil.
Izindinganiso Nesisekelo Sokuhambisana
Ukuphuma komoya kwe-API 650 + API 2000, ukuhlolwa kwasekusebenzeni kwe-API 653, i-NACE MR0175 yensizakalo ene-asidi. Lezi zinkomba ezishicilelwe ziqinisekisa uhlobo lwophahla, ikilasi lokuvimbela nesikhathi sokuhlolwa se-Crude Oil; ziyisisekelo sobunjiniyela, hhayi ukuhlelwa.
Isifinyezo Sokuqhathanisa
Isici | Lolu hlelo lokusebenza | Iphutha elivamile |
Isici | Umsebenzi we-Crude Oil | Ithangi elijwayelekile |
Ukulawulwa komhwamuko | Kunqunywa ukuguquguquka kwe-crude oil | Kuvame ukunganakwa |
Uhlobo lophahla | Kushayelwa ububanzi nekhodi ye-crude oil | Uphahla olungagudluki oluhlala njalo |
Ikilasi lokuvikela | Kuhambisana nomthetho wezinto ezikhishwayo ku-oyela eluhlaza | Akucacisiwe |
Ukuhlola | I-API 650 + i-API 2000 yokukhipha umoya, i-API 653 yokuhlola ngesikhathi sokusebenza, i-NACE MR0175 yensizakalo ene-asidi. isisekelo | Ngokwesikhathi esithile |
Izindlela Ezivamile Zokwehluleka
· Ukulahleka komhwamuko ekugcinweni kwe-Oyela Eluhlaza kubangelwa igebe lokuvikela nokulingana kwedekhi; izivikelo eziphindwe kabili nokulingana okuqinile kunciphisa izinto ezikhishwayo.
· Ekugcinweni kwe-Oyela Eluhlaza, ukugqwala kwaphansi nendawo yomngcele kubanjwa yi-CP, izinto zokumboza kanye nokuhlola kwe-API 653.
· Imililo yezivikelo zomngcele ekugcinweni kwe-Oyela Eluhlaza iqala ekukhishweni kukagesi omile, umbani noma umsebenzi oshisayo; ikilasi lokuvikela, ukuxhumanisa kanye nezinhlelo zegwebu kulawula ingozi.
Izinto Zeshidi Ledatha Okufanele Zichazwe Kusukela Ekuqaleni
Into | Kungani |
Into | Kungani kubalulekile ku-Oyela Eluhlaza |
Umkhiqizo ogciniwe nengcindezi yomhwamuko | Kubeka uphahla nekilasi lokuvikela |
Ububanzi bethangi nokushintshwa | Kubeka uhlobo lwedekhi nokuhamba komlenze |
Ikhodi yokuklama nomthetho wezinto ezikhishwayo | Kubeka indlela yokuhambisana |
Ikilasi lokuvimbela lika-oyela ongahluziwe | Icwangcisa ukulawulwa komhwamuko nomlilo |
Isikhawu sokuhlola | Icwangcisa izindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila |
Amaphutha Avamile Okucacisa
· Ukukhetha uhlobo lwophahla ngaphambi kokusho ukuguquguquka kuka-oyela ongahluziwe.
· Ukuphatha zonke izinhlobo zika-oyela ongahluziwe njengomsebenzi owodwa.
· Ukucacisa ikilasi lokuvimbela ngaphandle komthetho wezinto ezikhishwayo zika-oyela ongahluziwe.
· Ukushaya indiva ukuzungeza kwegobolondo ngaphambi kokusetha idekhi lika-Oyela Ongahluziwe.
Ukusekelwa Kobunjiniyela Nezinyathelo Ezilandelayo
Ukuze ucacise isitoreji sika-Oyela Ongahluziwe, shono umkhiqizo nokugxila, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza, ingcindezi yomhwamuko kanye nephuzu lokushisa, ikhodi yokuklama, ububanzi, ivolumu kanye nokushintshwa. Unjiniyela bese eqinisa uhlobo lwophahla lwesitoreji sika-Oyela Ongahluziwe, ikilasi lokuvimbela kanye nesisekelo sokuhlola, hhayi isincomo esijwayelekile.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
1. Kuphahla elintantayo kudingeka nini ku-oyela ongahluziwe?
Uphahla oluntantayo luyadingeka lapho ukuguquguquka komkhiqizo, isitoko kanye nemithetho esebenzayo yokukhishwa komoya noma yomlilo yenza indawo yomhwamuko ibe yingozi yokulahlekelwa noma yokuphepha. Kuma-Crude Oil lokhu kuhlolwa kusukela ekucindezelweni komhwamuko, ububanzi bethangi kanye nomthetho ofanele.
2. Uphahla lwangaphakathi noma lwangaphandle lwamafutha aluhlaza?
Uphahla oluntantayo lwangaphandle lubusa kumafutha aluhlaza ngoba ububanzi bamathangi ngokuvamile budlula u-40 m futhi ukulawulwa kokukhishwa kwegesi endaweni yomphetho kubaluleke kakhulu kunezinkinga zokulingana kwangaphakathi.
3. Iyiphi ikilasi lesivalo esisetshenziswa kumafutha aluhlaza?
Ikilasi lesivalo lilandela umthetho wokukhishwa kwegesi kanye nobungozi bomkhiqizo; izivalo zesibili ngokuvamile zifakwa emoyeni noma kuketshezi kuye ngokwesevisi kanye nokuchayeka kwe-LFL.
4. Yimiphi imigomo esebenza kumathangi anophahla oluntantayo amafutha aluhlaza?
I-API 650 + i-API 2000 yokukhipha umoya, i-API 653 yokuhlolwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza, i-NACE MR0175 yesevisi ene-asidi.
5. Ukulahleka komhwamuko kulawulwa kanjani?
Ukulahleka komhwamuko kuMafutha Aluhlaza kubangelwa igebe lesivalo nokulingana kwedekhi; izivalo eziphindwe kabili kanye nokubekezelelana okuqinile kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi.
6. Yisiphi isisekelo sokuhlola esisebenza?
Kumathangi anophahla oluntantayo amafutha aluhlaza, i-API 653 ilawula ukuhlolwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza; phansi, ugobolondo, uphahla nesivalo kuhlolwa ngokwesisekelo sobungozi futhi kuhlelwa yikhodi.
7. Ingabe uphahla olufanayo lungasebenza imikhiqizo eminingi?
Kuphela lapho imikhiqizo yabelana ngokuguquguquka nokuhambisana; uma kungenjalo, isivalo nempahla kufanele kuqinisekiswe kabusha ngomkhiqizo ngamunye.
I-Floating Roof Yezindawo Zokugcina Uwoyela Ongahluziwe inqunywa umkhiqizo ogciniwe othile, ingcindezi yawo yomhwamuko, izinga lokushisa, indawo yokugqwala kanye nekhodi esebenzayo - hhayi umkhuba. Qala ngezimo zokusebenza, uzihlanganise nohlobo olufanele lwe-floating-roof kanye nekilasi lesivalo, bese uqinisekisa ukubekezelelana kwedekhi, isivalo kanye nogqinsi lweqokobhe ngokumelene nezinga elikhethiwe. Lapho kudingeka khona izilinganiso eziqondene nephrojekthi, inani lamathangi noma umthamo, ziqinisekise ngokumelene nerekhodi lethangi eliqinisekisiwe ngaphambi kokuqedela ukucaciswa.
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