Ukulinganisa Ithangi Lamanzi Omlilo: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wokubala Nokuklama
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Ukulinganisa Ithangi Lamanzi Omlilo: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wokubala Nokuklama
Ukulinganisa ithangi lamanzi omlilo kuyisibalo esinezigaba ezine — thola ukugeleza kokuklama, phindaphinda ngesikhathi esidingekayo, susa umthamo ongasebenziseki ukuze uthole isiqiwu esisebenzisekayo, bese uhlukanisa phakathi kwamathangi — kanti yonke into efakwayo ilandelelwa emuva ekudingekeni kwesistimu okulawulayo kanye nezidingo zesikhathi ze-NFPA 22.
Ukulinganisa ithangi lokugcina amanzi okuqeda umlilo yisinyathelo lapho iningi lamaphutha okuklama liqala khona, ngoba umthamo awuyona into engahleliwe: uwumkhiqizo wesidingo esibaliwe kanye nesikhathi esidingwa yikhodi, kuncishiswe umthamo isistimu engakwazi ukuwukhipha ngokomzimba. Lo mhlahlandlela wethula indlela yokulinganisa ephindwayo futhi uhamba ngesibonelo esisetshenzisiwe ukuze ukubala kukwazi ukucwaningwa umugqa nomugqa. Le ndlela isekelwe ku-NFPA 22 yethangi kanye ne-NFPA 20 yepompo okufanele umthamo uyisebenzele.
Ukulinganisa Ithangi Lamanzi Okuqeda Umlilo Kuqala Ngokugeleza Kokuklama, Hhayi Umthamo Wethangi
Okokufaka kokuqala kunoma yikuphi ukubalwa kosayizi izinga lokugeleza okuklanyelwe, elivezwa ngamalitha ngomzuzwana noma amagaloni ngomzuzu, okufunwa uhlelo lokuvikela umlilo. Ohlelweni lwama-sprinkler lokhu kuyisilinganiso sendawo yokuklama esiguqulwa sibe ukugeleza; ohlelweni lwama-hydrant lokhu kuyisibonelelo somfula wethumbu; ohlelweni lwe-deluge lokhu kungukukhishwa okuphelele kwamakhanda avulekile. Ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe, i-NFPA 22 idinga imfuno ebekwe phezulu — isamba sokugeleza okwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye — hhayi ukugeleza okukodwa okukhulu kunakho konke. Izinga lokugeleza okuklanyelwe liyinombolo ephezulu yokubalwa kwayo yonke ivolumu, ngakho-ke kufanele kuthathwe kusukela kuklanyo lokusabalalisa, hhayi ukuqagela.
Umthamo Odidingekayo Ulingana Nokugeleza Kokuklama Kuphindwe Ngesikhathi
Lapho ukugeleza kokuklama Q sekusungulwe, umthamo odidingekayo womlilo V uwumkhiqizo wokugeleza kanye nesikhathi esidingwa yikhodi noma ingozi t. Ubudlelwano yilobu:
V = Q × t
lapho i-V iyivolumu yendawo egcinelwe umlilo, i-Q iwukugeleza okuklanyelwe, futhi i-t isikhathi. I-NFPA 22 ibeka izidingo zesikhathi ezihluka ngokuhlala nangohlobo lwesistimu; isikhathi sinikezwa kusukela kusisekelo somklamo wokuvikela umlilo, futhi ivolumu yethangi ikhula ngokuqondile nayo. Ithebula elingezansi likhombisa indlela isikhathi esishukumisa ngayo ivolumu ekugelezeni okuklanyelwe okungaguquki ukuze kuboniswe indlela.
Ukugeleza Okuklanyelwe (L/s) | Isikhathi (h) | Umthamo Womlilo Odingekayo (m³) |
50 | 1 | 180 |
50 | 2 | 360 |
100 | 2 | 720 |
100 | 3 | 1,080 |
Lezi zibalo ziyizibonelo zendlela kuphela; ukugeleza kwangempela nobude besikhathi kuvela kusisekelo somklamo wokuvikela umlilo wephrojekthi.
Umthamo Osebenzisekayo Kufanele Ungafaki Ukwehla Kanye Nebhande Elifile Iphampu Engenakufinyelela Kulo
Umthamo ophelele wethangi akuwona umthamo wamanzi asebenzisekayo wokucisha umlilo. Iphampu yomlilo ingadonsa kuphela kuze kufike ezingeni eliphansi lamanzi elibekwe yizidingo ze-NFPA 20 zokudonsa kanye nokuma komgogodla wokuphuma kwethangi; ngaphansi kwalokho kukhona indawo engasebenziseki uhlelo engakwazi ukuyisebenzisa. Ngakho-ke umthamo osebenzisekayo uthi:
V_usable = V_total − V_unusable
lapho i-V_unusable ihlanganisa umthamo ongaphansi kwendawo yokudonsa esezingeni eliphansi kanye nanoma yimuphi umthamo ogcinelwe ezinye izinjongo ngaphandle komlilo (njengokudonsa okuhlukile kokugcwalisa umshini okungabalwa emlilweni ngokwakhiwa). Ukulinganisa kufanele kwenziwe ku-V_usable, ngoba yilowo mthamo kuphela olethwa ngephampu ohlelweni.
Isibonelo Esisetshiwe Sikhombisa Uchungechunge Oluphelele Lokubala
Cabanga ngesistimu ehlanganisiwe eyisibonelo enezicabango ezilandelayo ezishiwo: ukuhamba komklamo wesifutho sika-60 L/s, imvume yomgxobhozo wethumbu lesiphuzo sika-40 L/s, isidingo esihlanganisiwe (esiphezulu) sika-100 L/s, nesikhathi esidingekayo samahora ama-2. Izinyathelo yilezi:
1. Ukuhamba komklamo okuhlanganisiwe Q = 100 L/s (okuphezulu, ngokwe-NFPA 22).
2. Isikhathi t = 2 h = 7,200 s.
3. Umthamo odingekayo womlilo V = 100 × 7,200 = 720,000 L = 720 m³.
4. Ibhendi ye-drawdown engasebenziseki = 30 m³ (isethwe yizinga lokudonsa le-NFPA 20 kanye ne-geometry yokuphuma).
5. Umthamo ophelele wethangi odingekayo = 720 + 30 = 750 m³.
I-750 m³ ingumthamo ophelele okufanele uwunikwe yithangi ukuze kusalokhu kutholakala i-720 m³. Lesi sibonelo sisebenzisa okokufaka okucatshangelwayo ukukhombisa indlela; iphrojekthi yangempela isebenzisa izinombolo zayo zesisekelo sokuklama.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamathangi Amaningi Kufanele Kugcine Umthamo Otholakalayo Nokuhlelwa Kokudonsa
Lapho ithangi elilodwa lingakwazi ukunikeza umthamo ophelele ngokomnotho, umthamo uhlukaniswa phakathi kwamathangi amaningi. Ukuhlukaniswa kufanele kugcine izinto ezimbili: umthamo ophelele otholakalayo kanye nokuhlelwa kokudonsa okuvumela iphampu ye-NFPA 20 ukuthi idonse ukugeleza kwayo okudingekayo kusuka endaweni egciniwe ehlangene. Ithebula elingezansi likhombisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamathangi amabili esibonelweni se-750 m³.
Ithangi | Umthamo Ophelele (m³) | Okusebenzisekayo Ngakunye (m³) | Okusebenzisekayo Okuhlanganisiwe (m³) |
Ithangi A | 375 | 360 | — |
Ithangi B | 375 | 360 | 720 |
Ithangi ngalinye linendawo yalo engasetshenziswa engu-15 m³, ngakho amathangi amabili adinga indawo engasetshenziswa engu-30 m³ isiyonke — efana necala lethangi elilodwa — futhi umthamo ohlangene osebenzisekayo uhlangabezana nesidingo esingu-720 m³. Ikhanda lokudonsa elixhuma amathangi womabili epompeni kufanele lilinganiswe ukuze kungabikho ithangi eliswele.
Ukubalwa Kabusha Kuyadingeka Uma Noma Yikuphi Okokufaka Kushintsha
Ukulinganisa kuvumeleke kuphela kokokufaka okusetshenzisiwe. Ukushintsha kokugeleza kokuklama (ukuminyana okusha kwesifutho, umthwalo owengeziwe wompompi womlilo), ukushintsha kwesikhathi (ukuhlukaniswa kabusha kwendawo yokuhlala), noma ukushintsha kwendawo engasetshenziswa (indawo ehlukile yokuphuma noma izinga lokudonsa kwepompo) kuphoqa ukubalwa kabusha komthamo ophelele. Ukuthatha umthamo wethangi njengento engashintshi ngemva kokubalwa kokuqala kuyindlela evamile yokwehluleka eshiya isiqiwu esifakiwe sishoda kwisidingo sangempela.
Icala Lomsebenzi
Leli sihloko sibhalwe njengomhlahlandlela wobunjiniyela wokugcinwa kwamanzi okuzivikela emlilweni, hhayi njengokucaphuna kwephrojekthi. Ikhono le-Center Enamel lokuhlinzeka ngamathangi amakhulu aboshiwe okusebenza emlilweni likhonjiswa yizinhlelo esezilethiwe ezifana nedamu lokuzivikela emlilweni lase-India GFS (amathangi angu-3, 12,261 m³, 2024-06) kanye nokufakwa kwamanzi omlilo kwe-Singapore GFS (amathangi angu-2, 1,666 m³, 2026-01), akhiwe ngamazinga afanayo amathangi aboshiwe okubhekiselwa kuwo lapha. Lezo ziyizinkomba zokuzivikela emlilweni ezicashunwe njengomongo wekhono, hhayi njengokufakwa okuyisihloko salo mhlahlandlela.
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela be-Center Enamel
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina anezibophezelo kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingama-150,000 m² sengezwe ukukhulisa umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 kanye ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI kanye ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukwakhiwa kubhekiselwa ku-NFPA 22, NFPA 20 kanye ne-AWWA D103-09 lapho isicelo sidinga khona.
Amapharamitha e-GFS asebenzisekayo: i-enamel eshiselwe ku-820–930 °C; i-Ra < 0.8 µm; i-enamel engu-0.25–0.45 mm; ukunamathela > 3,450 N/cm²; ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1,500 V DC.
Iqoqo lamazinga: AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550, NFPA 22, NFPA 20, NFPA 13, EN 12845, ASCE 7, EN 1991-1-4, EN 1998-4, ISO 28765, EN 1090, API 650, FM Global DS 1021. Izitifiketi: ISO 9001/45001, NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS, CE (EN 1090), ISO 28765, FM.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1. Iyini ifomula eyisisekelo yokulinganisa ithangi lamanzi omlilo?
Ivolumu yomlilo edingekayo iwukugeleza okuklanyelwe kuphindwe ngesikhathi esidingekayo: V = Q × t. Ukugeleza okuklanyelwe kuvela ekudingweni kwesistimu yokuvikela umlilo, futhi isikhathi sivela ku-NFPA 22 noma kusisekelo sobungozi.
Umbuzo 2. Kungani kusetshenziswa ukugeleza okuhlanganisiwe (okuphezulu) ezimisweni ezixubile?
I-NFPA 22 idinga isamba sezidingo ezenzeka kanyekanye zezistimu zokufafaza nezomlomo womlilo ezihlanganisiwe, ngoba zombili zingasebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukusebenzisa isidingo esisodwa esikhulu kuphela kungenza ithangi libe lincane kakhulu.
Umbuzo 3. Yimuphi umthamo ongasebenziseki ethangini lomlilo?
Umthamo ongasebenziseki uyibhande elingaphansi kwezinga lokudonsa iphampu ye-NFPA 20 nanoma yimuphi umthamo ongabalulekile emlilweni. Kuphela umthamo osebenzisekayo ongaphezu kwalelo bhande olethwa ohlelweni.
Umbuzo 4. Uwuhlukanisa kanjani umthamo phakathi kwamathangi amaningi?
Hlukanisa umthamo ophelele odingekayo phakathi kwamathangi kuyilapho ugcina umthamo ophelele olethwayo kanye nekhanda lokudonsa elivumela iphampu ukuthi idonse ukugeleza kwayo okuphelele emthonjeni ohlangene. Ithangi ngalinye linomkhawulo walo ongasebenziseki.
Umbuzo 5. Ingabe isibonelo esisetshenzisiwe simele iphrojekthi yangempela?
Cha. Isibonelo esisetshiwe sisebenzisa izicabango ezichaziwe zokubonisa indlela yokubala. Iphrojekthi yangempela isebenzisa ukuhamba kwayo kokuklama, isikhathi, kanye namazinga okudonsa.
Umbuzo 6. Usayizi wethangi kufanele ubhalwe kabusha nini?
Noma nini lapho ukuhamba komklamo, isikhathi esidingekayo, noma ibhendi engasetshenziski kushintsha, ngoba ngakunye kushintsha ngqo umthamo ophelele odingekayo.
Umbuzo 7. Yimaphi amazinga alawula okokufaka kosayizi?
I-NFPA 22 ilawula umthamo wethangi nesikhathi; i-NFPA 20 ilawula izinga lokudonsa kwepompo elibeka ibhendi engasetshenziski; umklamo wokusabalalisa (i-NFPA 13 noma i-EN 12845) uhlinzeka ngokuhamba komklamo.
Isiphetho
Ukulinganisa kwethangi lamanzi okuqeda umlilo kuwuchungechunge olusobala: ukugeleza kokuklama okuvela ohlelweni, ubude besikhathi obuvela kusisekelo somthetho, umthamo ophelele ovela kumkhiqizo wabo, kanye nomthamo osebenzisekayo ngemva kokukhipha i-drawdown ipompo engakwazi ukuyifinyelela. Ukwenza isibalo ngokusobala — nokuphinda ukubale lapho okokufaka kushintsha — iyona ndlela ethembekile yokuqinisekisa ukuthi isigcino esifakiwe sihambisana nesidingo okwakuhloswe ukuthi sisikhokhele.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Onjiniyela bakwa-Center Enamel bangasebenzisa indlela yokulinganisa ngokuhambisana nesisekelo sakho somklamo wokuvikela umlilo — ukugeleza kokuklama, ubude besikhathi, kanye ne-drawdown — futhi baphakamise ukucushwa kwe-GFS eboshiwe yethangi elilodwa noma amaningi okuletha umthamo osebenzisekayo odingekayo ngokusebenzisa isethi yakho yepompo ye-NFPA 20. Xhumana neqembu ukuze kulinganiswe isigcino sakho samanzi okuqeda umlilo.
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