Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi Emvula Ezikhungweni Zedatha: Ukubamba, Ukuvuna Kanye Nokuxhumana Kokusetshenziswa Kabusha
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Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi Ezikhukhula Zezikhungo Zedatha: Ukubamba, Ukuvuna Nokuxhumana Kokusetshenziswa Kabusha
Ukuphathwa kwamanzi emvula endaweni yesikhungo sedatha kulinganisa izinhloso ezimbili: ukubamba, okubamba futhi kukhulule kancane ukuhamba kwamanzi aphezulu ukuze kuvikelwe ukudonsa kwamanzi kanye nokuhlangabezana nemikhawulo yemvume, kanye nokuvuna, okubamba lawo manzi emvula ukuze asetshenziswe endaweni yokugcwalisa umbhoshongo wokupholisa, ukunisela noma amanzi enqubo. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwalokhu kukabili yithangi lokugcina — isitsha sokubamba esisebenza futhi njengesigcini sokuvuna esiguqula izindleko zokuhambisana nokuba yimpahla yokuqina kwamanzi, kunciphisa ukudonsa kwamanzi omsuka futhi kuthuthukisa i-WUE yendawo ebikiwe. Ukuklama ithangi ukuthi lenze kokubili, esikhundleni sokwakha amasistimu ahlukene okubamba nokuvuna, kuyindlela esebenzayo yamakhampasi ezikhungo sedatha anamanzi anomfutho.
I-campus yedatha yindawo enkulu, engangenisi amanzi evumela imvula ukuthi iphenduke ukugeleza kwamanzi okusheshayo, okugxilile — okuyinkinga yokudonsa kwamanzi endaweni kanye nezimvume, kanye nethuba elilahlekile lokuthola amanzi. Abalawuli bafuna ukubanjwa kwamanzi ukuze indawo ingakhukhuleki komakhelwane bayo; izinhloso zokusimama nokuqina ziphusha ekutheni amanzi emvula angavele amane athunyelwe kude. Uma kubhekwa njengamaphrojekthi ahlukene, lokhu kukhiqiza amathangi amabili kanye nezindleko eziphindwe kabili. Uma kubhekwa njengohlelo olulodwa, umthamo wokubamba amanzi kanye nomthamo wokuvuna kwabelana ngesitsha esifanayo, futhi amanzi abanjiwe aba yimpahla yokuqina kwesomiso kanye ne-WUE. Le ndatshana ichaza ukubanjwa kwamanzi emvula nokuvunwa kwayo ezindaweni zedatha kanye nokuxhumana kwedizayini okwenza kokubili kube nenzuzo.
Ukubamba Kulawula Izinga Eliphezulu Lokugeleza Ukuze Kuhlangabezane Nezimvume
Ukubamba amanzi ezikhukhula kuwumkhuba wokubamba ukugeleza kwamanzi nokuwakhipha ngezinga elilawulwayo ukuze izinga eliphezulu lokugeleza ngemva kokuthuthukiswa kwendawo lingeqi imikhawulo yangaphambi kokuthuthukiswa, okuhlangabezana nezimvume zokudonsa amanzi nokuvikela izinhlelo ezingaphansi. Kuwumsebenzi wokuhambisana nemithetho kuqala.
· Ukulawula izinga eliphezulu. Ukubamba kubamba ukukhukhula kwesiphepho bese kukukala, ngokuvamile ngomgodi wokuphuma nesakhiwo sokuchichima esilinganiswe nokuklanywa kwesiphepho sendawo.
· Umthamo ngokumelene nezinga. Ezinye iziphathimandla zidinga futhi umthamo wekhwalithi yamanzi obanjiwe futhi okhishwa kancane ukuze kuhleleke izinto eziqinile futhi kubanjwe ukungcola.
· Ifomu lethangi. Amathangi ensimbi aboshiwe angaphansi komhlaba noma angaphezulu komhlaba abhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09 ne-ISO 28765 asetshenziswa lapho indawo noma ubuhle buthanda ichibi elivalekile kunedamu lobumba.
· Ukuxhumana kwemvume. Idizayini yokubamba amanzi ixhumene nemvume yamanzi ezulu yesiza — imvamisa yeziphepho, izinga elivumelekile lokukhulula kanye nomthamo wekhwalithi yamanzi kusethwa yisiphathimandla.
Ukubamba amanzi iyisisekelo esingaxoxiswanga; ngaphandle kwako isiza asikwazi ukukhipha amanzi asuka kuso ngokusemthethweni.
Ukuvuna Kubamba Imvula Ukuze Isetshenziswe Endaweni
Ukuvunwa kwamanzi emvula ukubanjwa nokuhlanjululwa kwamanzi agelezayo ukuze asetshenziswe endaweni ngendlela enenzuzo — ukugcwalisa umshini wokupholisa, ukunisela kanye namanzi okusebenza — ukuguqula into elahlekayo ibe umthombo wamanzi ongena esikhundleni samanzi aphuma emapayipini. Leyo mvula efanayo okufanele igcinwe nayo ingasetshenziswa.
Umsebenzi | Ukugcinwa | Ukuvunwa |
Umgomo oyinhloko | Lawula izinga eliphezulu lokugeleza kwamanzi | Bamba amanzi ukuze asetshenziswe kabusha |
Khipha | Yehlisa, ukuze uvumele umkhawulo | Ekuphatheni bese kuba umsebenzi |
Indima yethangi | Isigcawu esigcwalayo futhi esidonsayo | Ichibi eliphakela isiza |
Inzuzo | Ukuhambisana | Ukonga amanzi, i-WUE ephansi |
Ukuvuna kwengeza isinyathelo sokwelashwa — ukuhlunga, ukuhlala, ukuhlunga kanye, emsebenzini wokupholisa, ukubulala amagciwane nokulawula ukukala — ukuze amanzi abanjiwe ahlangabezane nekhwalithi edingwa ukusetshenziswa. Izinga lokwelashwa lilingana nomsebenzi: ukunisela kudinga okuncane kunokugcwalisa umbhoshongo wokupholisa.
Isixhumanisi Sokusetshenziswa Kabusha: Ithangi Elilodwa, Imisebenzi Emibili
Ubudlelwano bokuklama phakathi kokubanjwa nokuvunwa kwamanzi idamu lokugcina elabiwe elihlinzeka ngevolumu yokubanjwa edingekayo futhi eliqongelela amanzi avuniwe ukuze asetshenziswe kabusha, ngakho-ke isitsha esisodwa siyanelisa imvume futhi sihlinzeka isiza esikhundleni sezinhlelo ezimbili ezihlukene. Le ndima ekabili iyingqikithi esebenzayo yokuklama kwamanzi emvula esikhungo sedatha.
1. Isitsha esivamile. Ithangi likalwa ngobukhulu obukhulu bevolumu yokubanjwa kanye nomgomo wokugcina wokuvuna, kanti izakhiwo zokungena nokuphuma zisebenza kuzo zombili izindlela.
2. Ukugeleza kokuqala nokuhlunga. Amanzi angcolile okuqala ayaphambukiswa noma ahlaliswe; ukugeleza okulandelayo okuhlanzekile kungena ohlangothini lokuvuna ukuze kulashwe.
3. Ukwelashwa ngokomsebenzi. Amanzi avuniwe ahlungwa futhi abulawe amagciwane abe sezingeni lombhoshongo wokupholisa noma lokunisela ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa.
4. Ukuxhumana kokusetshenziswa kabusha. Amanzi avuniwe alashiwe axhunywa ekugcwaliseni umbhoshongo wokupholisa noma indandatho ehlukile engadliwayo, okususa ukudonsa kwamanzi kumapayipi amakhulu.
Ngokuhlanganisa imithamo, isiza sigwema ukukhokha kabili kokumba, i-liner, isakhiwo kanye nokulawula, futhi sithola umthombo wokusebenzisa kabusha ebesingawukhiphile.
Indlela Amanzi E-Stormwater Abunjiwe Ahlanza Ngayo Ukupholisa Nenqubo
Amanzi e-stormwater abunjiwe, uma eselashwe, awasetshenziswa njengomthombo wamanzi ongaphuzwayo ovula indawo yamanzi e-cooling-tower — isidingo esikhulu kakhulu samanzi esiqhubekayo ezindaweni eziningi — kanye nemithwalo yenqubo noma yokunisela, okunciphisa ngqo ukuncika emapayipini amakhulu kanye ne-WUE ebikiwe. Indlela yokusebenzisa kabusha iyona eyenza ithangi libe nomqondo.
· Ukugcwalisa i-cooling-tower. Amanzi abunjiwe ayengeza noma ashintshe ukugcwalisa kukamasipala; izinga lawo lokukhula kwe-scaling kanye nekhwalithi yamagciwane kuyalawulwa ukuze kuvikelwe umbhoshongo.
· Ukunisela. Ukuhlotshiswa kwezindawo kanye nokugezwa kwezindawo eziqinile kuthatha emseleni wokubunja, okukususa ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi aphuzwayo.
· Amanzi enqubo. Lapho umsebenzi wenqubo uvumela ikhwalithi elashiwe, amanzi abunjiwe andisa ingxube yemithombo ehlukile.
· Inzuzo ye-WUE. Ngenxa yokuthi amanzi avuniwe angena endaweni evela emvuleni hhayi emapayipini amakhulu, kwehlisa isibalo se-WUE kuyilapho kunezela ukuqina.
Ngakho-ke amanzi emvula avuniwe ahlala eceleni kwamanzi abuyiselwe kanye ne-blowdown etholakele njengengxenye yomthombo ohlukahlukene, oqinile ekumelaneni nesomiso.
Ukulinganisa, Ukwelashwa Nokuxhumanisa Imvume
Uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lokubamba nokuvuna lulinganiswa ngokusho kwesakhiwo semvula sendawo kanye nesidingo sokusebenzisa kabusha sendawo, ngokukhethwa kokwelashwa okuhambisana nomsebenzi kanye nokuxhumanisa lonke uhlelo nemvume yamanzi emvula ukuze ukuhambisana nokusebenzisa kabusha kungashayisani. Ukulungisa izibalo kanye nezimvume kuyisinyathelo sobunjiniyela.
· Isisekelo somoya onamandla. Umthamo wokubamba ulandela imvamisa yomoya onamandla evunyelwe kanye nezinga lokukhulula; umthamo wokuvuna ulandela isidingo sokusetshenziswa kabusha kanye nokuzimela kwesikhathi esomile.
· Ukukhethwa kokwelashwa. Ukuhlunga, ukuhlunga nokubulala amagciwane kuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kabusha okudinga kakhulu (ukulungiswa kokupholisa kubeka izinga).
· Ukuxhumana nemvume. Izidingo zeziphathimandla zokubamba kanye nezinga lamanzi ziyagcwaliseka kuqala; ukuvuna kufakwa ngaphezulu ngaphandle kokwephula imikhawulo yokukhulula.
· Ukucaciswa kwethangi. Amathangi ensimbi e-GFS aboshiwe noma e-epoxy-lined steel tanks okubhekiselwe ku-AWWA D103-09 kanye ne-ISO 28765, ngokwamukelwa kwe-NSF/ANSI 61 noma i-WRAS lining lapho ukusetshenziswa kabusha kuthinta izinhlelo eziseduze namanzi okuphuza, athwala umthamo ohlangene ngokuqinile.
Uma kuxhunyaniswe kahle, uhlelo luvunyelwe, luyahambisana futhi luyasebenza esikhundleni sokuhambisana kuphela.
Ukuhambisana Kwezinga kanye Nekhono Lenkampani
Le athikili iwumhlahlandlela wamazinga/weziqondiso hhayi isicaphuno sephrojekthi; akukho cala eliqanjiwe elivezwayo. I-Center Enamel ihlinzeka ngemikhumbi yokugcina emaphakathi nohlelo oluhlanganisiwe lokubamba nokuvuna — amathangi okubamba nokuvuna amanzi emvula abhekiselwe ku-AWWA D103-09 kanye ne-ISO 28765, kanti izindwangu zazo zine-NSF/ANSI 61 kanye nokwamukelwa kwe-WRAS lapho amanzi asetshenzisiwe ehlangana nezinhlelo eziseduze namanzi okuphuza. Ukwenziwa kwesakhiwo kubhekiselwe ku-EN 1090 ukuze kutholakale uphawu lwe-CE, futhi amathangi aklanyelwe isisekelo sokuzamazama komhlaba nomoya sendawo (ASCE 7 noma EN 1991/EN 1998). Ukwakhiwa kwe-GFS kwenkampani — ukoqweqwe olushiswa ku-820–930 °C, ukujiya okungu-0.25–0.45 mm, ukunamathela okungaphezu kuka-3,450 N/cm², ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1,500 V DC ngephaneli ngayinye — kunikeza isitsha esiqinile, esidinga ukunakekelwa okuphansi esifanele umsebenzi wamanzi emvula wokugcwalisa nokukhipha ngezikhathi ezithile. I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) ikhiqize amathangi aboshiwe kusukela ngo-2008, inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene nokoqweqwe, iqedela amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000, futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi angawodwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³ ngaphansi kokukhiqizwa kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001.
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela Be-Center Enamel
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina anezikulufu kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka amathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukukhulisa umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukuklama kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09, i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-ISO 28765 ne-EN 1090 lapho uhlelo ludinga khona.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Uyini umehluko phakathi kokugcinwa kwamanzi emvula nokuvunwa kwawo?
Impendulo 1: Ukugcinwa kubamba amanzi agelezayo bese kuwakhulula ngezinga elivunyelwe ukulawula izikhukhula; ukuvunwa kubamba amanzi agelezayo bese kuwahlanjulula ukuze asetshenziswe endaweni njengokugcwalisa umshini wokupholisa noma ukunisela.
Umbuzo 2: Ingabe ithangi elilodwa lingenza kokubili?
Impendulo 2: Yebo. Umthombo owabiwe olinganiselwe ivolumu enkulu yokugcinwa nokuvunwa usebenza kokubili imvume kanye nokuhlinzekwa kokusetshenziswa, kugwenywa izinhlelo ezimbili ezihlukene.
Umbuzo 3: Ingabe amanzi emvula avuniwe aphephile emishinini yokupholisa?
A3: Kuyenzeka, ngemva kokwelashwa — ukuhlolwa, ukuhlunga nokubulala amagciwane ukuze kulawulwe ukukhula kwezinto ezinamathelayo namagciwane — futhi izinga lokuphathwa kwayo liqashwe ukuze umbhoshongo uvikeleke.
Umbuzo 4: Ingabe ukugunda kusiza i-WUE?
Impendulo 4: Yebo. Imvula egundiwe ingena esizeni isuka emvuleni hhayi emapayipini amakhulu, yehlisa inani eliphezulu le-WUE (amanzi esiza esewonke) kuyilapho yengeza umthombo wamanzi oqinile esomiso.
Umbuzo 5: Iyiphi indinganiso elawula ithangi?
Impendulo 5: Amathangi amanzi ezulu aboshiwe abhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09 ne-ISO 28765, ngokwamukelwa kwe-NSF/ANSI 61 noma i-WRAS yokufaka lapho ukusetshenziswa kabusha kuseduze namanzi okuphuza; i-EN 1090 iyasebenza ekusetshenzisweni kwe-CE.
Umbuzo 6: Ubani obeka imfuneko yokubanjwa kwamanzi?
Impendulo 6: Isiphathimandla sendawo esikhishayo imvume yamanzi emvula sincika imvamisa yeziphepho, izinga elivumelekile lokukhishwa kanye nanoma yimuphi umthamo wekhwalithi yamanzi okufanele isiza siwuhlangabezane nawo.
Umbuzo 7: Kungani kungakhiwe nje ichibi lobumba?
Impendulo 7: Ithangi lensimbi eliqinisiwe nelivaliwe ligcina indawo, lilawula ikhwalithi kangcono, futhi lihlanganisa ukwelashwa kokuvuna nokuxhumana kokusetshenziswa kabusha ngokuqinile kunedamu elivulekile, eliphinde libe nemiphumela emibi yokuhwamuka nokuphepha.
Ukuphathwa kwamanzi ezikhukhula ezikhungweni zedatha kuhlanganisa imigomo emibili — ukubamba amanzi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezimvume zokudonsa amanzi kanye nokuvuna ukuze kusetshenziswe kabusha imvula — futhi ukwakheka okusebenzayo kuzixhumanisa ngethangi elilodwa elabiwe elilawula kokubili ukugeleza kwamanzi aphezulu futhi liqongelele amanzi avuniwe ukuze asetshenziswe ekupholiseni, ezinqubweni nasekuniseleni izitshalo. Amanzi ezikhukhula avuniwe ahlanjululwe ashintsha ukudonswa kwamanzi omgwaqo omkhulu, ehlisa i-WUE ebikiwe futhi engeza ukuqina esomiso, eguqula izindleko zokuhambisana nomthetho zibe yimpahla yokuhlinzeka. Linganisa isitsha esihlanganisiwe kusukela emvumweni yezikhukhula kanye nesidingo sokusetshenziswa kabusha, khetha ukwelashwa ngokomsebenzi, futhi uxhumanise nesiphathimandla — futhi indawo iyahlangatshezwa futhi iyasebenza ngasikhathi sinye.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Ngenxa yedatha ehlanganisiwe yesikhungo sedatha yesistimu yokubamba nokuvuna amanzi emvula, sithumele imikhawulo yemvume yamanzi emvula yendawo (imvamisa yesiphepho, izinga lokukhishwa, umthamo wekhwalithi yamanzi), indawo yesiza kanye nendawo engangenwa amanzi, izidingo zokusetshenziswa kabusha (ukugcwalisa ukupholisa, ukunisela, inqubo), kanye nezitifiketi ezidingekayo (AWWA D103-09, ISO 28765, NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS, CE-EN1090). Sizobuyisela incazelo yethangi elinomthamo ohlanganisiwe wokubamba nokuvuna, ukwamukelwa kwe-lining, ukuxhumana kokwelashwa kanye nokuhlolwa kokuzamazama komhlaba nomoya okwenziwe ngokwesisekelo esisebenzayo se-ASCE 7 noma i-EN 1998.
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