Ithangi Lamanzi Enqubo Yesikhungo Sedatha: Ukugcwalisa Kwamanzi Okupholisa, Ukuchithwa Kwe-RO Nemikhemikhali
Kwadalwa ngo 10.30
Ithangi Lamanzi Okusebenza Esikhungweni Sedatha: Ukugcwalisa Kokupholisa, I-RO Reject Namakhemikhali
Ithangi lamanzi enqubo yesikhungo sedatha ingumthombo ongabandisiwe ogcina izidingo zamanzi ezisekelayo zemboni yokupholisa: ukugcwaliswa komgxobhozo wokupholisa, ukugcinwa kokulahliwe kwe-reverse-osmosis (RO), namathangi osuku okufaka amakhemikhali okulawula isikali nokugqwala. Leli thangi lihlukile kwithangi lokugcina amandla okushisa lamanzi abandisiwe, eligcina amanzi alungisiwe okushintsha umthwalo wokupholisa; ithangi lenqubo ligcina imifudlana yensiza namakhemikhali endaweni evamile. Ukukhethwa kwezinto kuhambisana nekhemistri yomfudlana ngamunye — ukugcwaliswa kungamanzi anamaminerali aphansi noma agaywe kabusha, ukulahliwe kwe-RO kugxilile futhi kuthambekele ekwakheni isikali, futhi amathangi osuku amakhemikhali agcina ukugxila okunamandla okufaka — futhi ukwenziwa kwakho kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09 nezindwangu ezisohlwini lwe-NSF/ANSI 61 ne-WRAS lapho kukhona ukuthintana namanzi.
Uhlangothi lwamanzi lwesitshalo sokupholisa sedatha-sentha lubanzi kunomjikelezo wamanzi abandayo iningi labantu eliwucabangayo. Ngemuva kwesicishamlilo ngasinye sokwepholisa kukhona iqoqo lemifudlana esekelayo — ukugcwaliswa kabusha ukubuyisela ukulahleka komhwamuko, ukwenqatshwa kwe-RO kusuka kunoma yikuphi ukucwengisiswa kwamanzi endaweni, kanye nokugxilisa kwamakhemikhali okugcina umbhoshongo ungakhuli isikali futhi ungaboli. Ngakunye kudinga ukuqukathwa, futhi ukuhlanganisa konke ndawonye kube "ithangi lamanzi" elingachazwanga kuholela ekungcolisweni okuphambanayo, ekukhuleni kwesikali, noma esikhwameni esicekelwe phansi ukutholwa kwamakhemikhali. Isiyalo siwukuhlukanisa imifudlana futhi ucacise isitsha ngasinye ngokwamakhemikhali aso angempela, ugcina ithangi lenqubo lihluke ngokucacile emkhunjini we-TES wamanzi abandayo.
Le mhlahlandlela ibeka ukuthi ithangi lamanzi enqubo yesikhungo sedatha lisebenza kanjani ekunikezeni amanzi okupholisa okungeziwe, ukulahla kwe-RO kanye nomsebenzi wamakhemikhali, nokuthi ungacacisa kanjani ngakunye ngendlela efanele.
Ukwengeza Amanzi Okupholisa: Ukudonsa Okukhulu Kwenqubo
Ukwengeza amanzi embhoshongweni wokupholisa yisidingo esikhulu samanzi enqubo esikhungweni sedatha, futhi ithangi lokwengeza liyisivikelo phakathi kokunikezwa nokulahleka ngokuhwamuka. Ukuhwamuka, ukugudluka kanye nokukhishwa kwamanzi kususa njalo amanzi okufanele awanxephezele.
1. Imithombo yokwengeza. Amanzi aphuzwayo, amanzi abuyiselwe noma i-condensate etholakele, ehlanganiswa ukuze ukuhamba kukagesi embhoshongweni kuhlale ngaphakathi kwemingcele.
2. Indima yesivikelo. Ithangi lokwengeza linamanzi anele okumboza ukuphazamiseka kokunikezwa kanye nokuhwamuka okuphezulu ngaphandle kokuthi umbhoshongo wehluleke ngenxa yezinga eliphansi.
3. Ukufakwa kwezinto ezihlangana namanzi. Ngenxa yokuthi amanzi okwengeza ekugcineni angena ohlelweni olungadala ama-aerosol, ukufakwa kwazo kucaciswa ngokwe-NSF/ANSI 61 kanye ne-WRAS yokuhlangana namanzi okungewona aphuzwayo.
Ithangi lokuhlanganisa linobukhulu obulingana nokulingana kokuhwamuka nokukhishwa komoya, hhayi izinhlelo zamanzi abandayo noma zomlilo, futhi iwumkhondo wokuqala wenqubo okufanele ikhampasi iwuklamele ukusebenza kahle kwamanzi.
Ukulahla kwe-RO: Okuqukethe Okugxilile
Ukulahla kwe-reverse-osmosis kuwuhlangothi olugxilile lwamanzi ahlanjululwayo asendaweni noma isikebhe sokupholisha, futhi kuthambekele kakhulu ekwakhekeni kwesikali kunamanzi okufaka okwavela kuwo. Kufanele kugcinwe, hhayi ukuthululelwa ethangini elijwayelekile.
· Izinto ezincibilikile ezigxilile. Ukulahla kwe-RO kuthwala konke okwashiywa yi-permeate, ngakho amandla ayo okwakha isikali nokugqwala aphezulu kunamanzi omsuka.
· Ukugcinwa, hhayi ukuxutshwa ngokuzenzakalela. Kugcinelwa ukukhishwa okulawulwayo, ukuqhubeka nokugxilisa, noma ukusetshenziswa kabusha okulawulwayo (njengokulungiselela umbhoshongo ngesilinganiso esiboshiwe) esikhundleni sokuthululelwa endaweni yokulungiselela engalawulwa.
· Ukubekezelelwa kwe-lining. I-lining yesitsha kufanele ibekezelele i-TDS ephakeme kanye nanoma iyiphi i-antiscalant noma i-chemistry yokulungisa i-pH, ikhetha i-GFS enamel noma izinga le-FBE elibhaliwe.
Uma kusetshenziswe ngokuqaphela, i-RO reject inganciphisa isidingo sokugcwalisa, kodwa kuphela ngokuqapha i-conductivity kanye ne-lining elinganiselwe i-concentrate.
Umfudlana | I-Chemistry | Imfuneko yesitsha |
Ukugcwalisa kokupholisa | I-TDS ephansi kuya kwelilinganiselwe | I-NSF/ANSI 61, isembozo se-WRAS |
Ukuchithwa kwe-RO | I-TDS ephezulu, ijwayele ukukhula kwezinto | I-Enamel noma i-FBE elinganiselwe, ukuqapha |
Ithangi losuku lamakhemikhali | Ukugxilisa okunolaka | Kumelana namakhemikhali, okukhethekile |
Amathangi Osuku Okufaka Amakhemikhali
Amathangi osuku lamakhemikhali agcina izinto ezikhethekile zokugxilisa isikali nezivimbeli zokugqwala, ama-biocide kanye nezilungisi ze-pH ezigcina umjikelezo wokupholisa uphila, futhi ayisigaba esihlukile, esikhethekile somkhumbi. Lawa akuwona amathangi amanzi ngomqondo wokugcina; ayizitsha ezincane, ezimelana namakhemikhali eziphakela amaphampu okufaka alinganiselwe.
· Izinto ezivimbela ukukhula kwesikali nokugqwala. Ama-phosphonate, ama-molybdate noma okufanayo, afakwa ukuze kugcinwe ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali ohlangothini lombhoshongo.
· Ama-biocide. Ama-ejenti e-oxidising noma angewona e-oxidising ukunciphisa ukukhula kwama-microbe nengozi ye-legionella echibini lombhoshongo.
· I-asidi noma i-alkali ye-pH. Isetshenziswa lapho ukwakheka noma i-chemistry yokwenqaba iphusha iluphu ngaphandle kwebhendi yayo ye-pH ephephile.
· Ozinikele, onelebula, one-bunded. Ithangi ngalinye losuku lihlukile, linelabela futhi, lapho ingozi yokuchitheka idinga khona, liboshwe ukuze ukuvuza kungafinyeleli kunqubo noma ezinhlelweni zomlilo.
Ukugcina amathangi okugcina amakhemikhali ehlukile kusuka endaweni enkulu yokugcina yenqubo kuvimbela ingozi yokudosa ekungcoliseni wonke umthamo wokwakheka.
Impahla Ne-Coating Ngomfudlana
Umgudu ngamunye wenqubo uthola ulwelwesi oludingwa ukwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali, futhi into yethangi ikhethwa ukuze ugobolondo lungabi yindawo ebuthakathaka. Insimbi ehlanganisiwe enolwelwesi oluqinisekisiwe ihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi.
· GFS (ingilazi ehlanganiswe nensimbi). I-enamel eshiselwa ku-820–930 °C inikeza isikhumba esibushelelezi, esimelana namakhemikhali (Ra < 0.8 µm, ukunamathela okungaphezu kuka-3,450 N/cm²) esifanele ukwakheka, ukwenqatshwa kanye nemisebenzi eminingi eseduze namakhemikhali; iphaneli ngayinye ihlolwa nge-spark ku-1,500 V DC.
· FBE (i-epoxy ehlanganiswe ngokuncibilika). Ulwelwesi olubhalisiwe (isitayela se-AWWA C550) olukhethwa lapho kudingeka izinga elithile lokumboza nokubekezelela i-pH.
· Insimbi engagqwali. Ikhethwa kumathangi osuku lwamakhemikhali noma emifuleni ehlanzekile lapho kuncanyelwa khona umkhumbi wasefekthri onezinto zangaphakathi ezihlanziwe.
· I-Galvanized (ilinganiselwe). Imisebenzi emnene kuphela engenakho ukuthintana namakhemikhali.
Ukufakwa kwe-NSF/ANSI 61 ne-WRAS kusebenza kunoma iyiphi i-lining ethintana namanzi aya ohlelweni lokupholisa; amathangi amakhemikhali osuku anesitifiketi sokumelana namakhemikhali esikhundleni salokho.
Umsebenzi | Into enconyiwe | Ukufakwa kolayini / isitifiketi |
Isigcino sokulungiselela | I-GFS noma i-FBE eboshelwe ngezibhola | NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS |
Ukulahla kwe-RO | I-GFS noma i-FBE eboshelwe ngezibhola enezinga | I-Enamel noma i-epoxy enezinga |
Ithangi losuku lamakhemikhali | Isitsha esingagqwali noma esifakwe ulayini | Eliphikisana namakhemikhali, eliboshiwe |
Inqubo ehlanzekile exubile | I-GFS eboshelwe ngezibhola | ISO 28765, ukuhlolwa kwenhlansi |
Ihlukile Ku-Chilled-Water TES
Ithangi lamanzi okusebenza akufanele lididaniswe nethangi lokugcina amandla okushisa lamanzi abandayo, elenza umsebenzi ohlukile ezingeni lokushisa elihlukile. Lokhu kwehlukanisa kuvimbela ukucaciswa okungalungile.
· Ithangi lokusebenza. Insiza yezimo ezingaguquki kanye nokugcinwa kwamakhemikhali — ukugcwalisa, ukulahla, ukufaka imithi — okondla futhi kuvikele isitshalo sokupholisa.
· I-Chilled-water TES. Isitoreji esihlukanisayo noma seqhwa/okushisayo esigcina amanzi alungisiwe (noma iqhwa/PCM) ukuze kushintshwe umthwalo futhi kuncishiswe umthwalo wokupholisa ngezikhathi eziphakeme, sakhiwe ukuze sisebenze ngendlela efanele ngokushisa, hhayi nje ukuvalelwa.
· Kungani kubalulekile. Ubukhulu, ukufakwa kwezinto zokuvikela ukushisa, ukufakwa kwesembozo kanye nokulawulwa kuyahluka; ukucacisa ithangi lenqubo lapho kudingeka i-TES (noma okuphambene nalokho) kukhiqiza uhlelo olungakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi walo.
Lezi zimbili ziyasekelana ekhampasini kodwa zakhiwe njengezinto ezihlukene, ezinemingcele ecacile.
Icala Lomsebenzi
Irekhodi elikhethekile lendawo yedatha yamanzi enkambiso awukakabi yingxenye yephothifoliyo elethiwe, ngakho-ke le ndatshana ibhalwe njengomhlahlandlela wobunjiniyela hhayi njengesicaphuno sephrojekthi. Ikhono lenkampani lokuhlinzeka ngamathangi amanzi aboshiwe kanye namathangi enkambiso kuzo zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo likhonjiswa emikhakheni eseduze: izinhlelo zokuvikela umlilo zaphesheya ziye zathumela amathangi e-GFS afinyelela ku-12,261 m³ (India, amathangi ama-3, 2024-06) kanye no-1,666 m³ (Singapore, amathangi ama-2, 2026-01), akhiwe ngokwamazinga afanayo amathangi aboshiwe okwakhelwe ngawo ithangi lamanzi enkambiso lendawo yedatha. Lezo zicaphuno zifakazela ukuhlinzekwa kwamathangi aboshiwe anomthamo omkhulu kanye ne-QA; zingamaphrojekthi okuvikela umlilo, hhayi ukufakwa kwamanzi enkambiso endaweni yedatha, futhi zicashunwa lapha njengomongo wekhono kuphela.
Amandla Obunjiniyela be-Center Enamel
I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina anezibophezelo kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ehlanganiswe ne-enamel angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukukhulisa umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukuklama kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550, ISO 28765, NSF/ANSI 61 ne-WRAS lapho ukusetshenziswa kudinga khona.
Ngomsebenzi wamanzi enqubo yesikhungo sedatha inkampani ihlinzeka ngamathangi e-GFS, FBE, insimbi engagqwali kanye ne-galvanized bolted anezinto zokufaka ezicaciswe ngokwemifudlana — i-NSF/ANSI 61 ne-WRAS yokuxhumana namanzi okwenza, i-enamel noma i-FBE elinganiselwe yokulahla i-RO, kanye namathangi osuku akhethekile amelana namakhemikhali — kanye nemibhalo yokumboza nokuhlola inhlansi ukuze ibuyekezwe.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Uyini umehluko phakathi kwethangi lamanzi enqubo nethangi le-TES lamanzi abandayo?
A1: Ithangi lenqubo ligcina imifudlana yensiza yendawo nezamakhemikhali (ukugcwalisa, ukwenqaba kwe-RO, ukufaka imithi) yemboni yokupholisa; ithangi le-TES lamanzi apholile ligcina amanzi alungisiwe noma iqhwa/PCM yokushintsha umthwalo wokupholisa. Ziyizinto ezihlukene, ezakhiwe ngendlela ehlukile.
Q2: Umthamo wokugcwalisa wokupholisa usetwa kanjani?
A2: Ngokulinganisela kokuhwamuka, ukukhukhuleka nokuphelela kwamanzi emibhoshongo yokupholisa, kulinganiswe ukuze indawo yokugcwalisa egciniwe ibhekane nokuphazamiseka kokuhlinzeka nokulahlekelwa okuphezulu ngaphandle kokuvala umbhoshongo ngenxa yezinga eliphansi.
Q3: Ingabe ukwenqaba kwe-RO kungangena ethangini lokugcwalisa?
A3: Kuphela ngokuqapha kwe-conductivity kanye ne-lining elinganiselwe i-concentrate; ukwenqaba kwe-RO kuthambekele ekwenyukeni kwesikali futhi kufanele kugcinwe noma kuhlanganiswe ngezinga eliboshiwe, hhayi ukulahlwa ngaphandle kokuqapha.
Umbuzo 4: Kungani amathangi okugcina amakhemikhali ehlukile?
Impendulo 4: Agcina ama-concentrate okudosa anolaka; umkhumbi ozinikele, onelebula, one-bunded uvimbela ukuvuza noma iphutha lokudosa ekungcoliseni yonke indawo yokugcina eyenzelwe ukwakheka.
Umbuzo 5: Iyiphi i-lining efanele umsebenzi wenqubo?
Impendulo 5: I-enamel ye-GFS yokwakheka, yokwenqaba kanye neminye imisebenzi eseduze (Ra < 0.8 µm, ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1,500 V DC); i-FBE ebhaliwe lapho kucaciswa izinga le-coating; i-stainless yamathangi okugcina amakhemikhali noma imifudlana ehlanzekile.
Umbuzo 6: Yikuphi isitifiketi esisebenza ekuxhumaneni nokwakheka?
A6: Ukufakwa kuhlu kwe-NSF/ANSI 61 ne-WRAS kuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwelwesi lwamukelekile ukuthintana namanzi ahloselwe ukusetshenziswa ekupholiseni okungekona okuphuzwayo; amathangi osuku lwamakhemikhali anesitifiketi sokumelana namakhemikhali esikhundleni salokho.
Q7: Into yethangi lenqubo ikhethwa kanjani?
A7: Ngokwamakhemikhali omfudlana ngamunye — i-pH, i-TDS, ukukala nokuhlasela kwamakhemikhali — kuhambisana ne-lining engabhalwa ngokwezinga elifanele njenge-AWWA D103-09 noma i-ISO 28765.
Ithangi lamanzi enqubo yesikhungo sedatha lisebenza izidingo zamanzi okusekela zesitshalo sokupholisa — ukugcwalisa, ukuqukatha okulahlwayo kwe-RO kanye namathangi ezinsuku zamakhemikhali — futhi kufanele ligcinwe lihlukile emkhunjini wamanzi apholile we-TES oshintsha umthwalo wokupholisa. Hlukanisa imifudlana, cacisa isembozo ngasinye ngokwamakhemikhali aso nge-NSF/ANSI 61 kanye ne-WRAS yokuthintana namanzi, qukatha okulahlwayo kwe-RO kanye nokugxilile kwamakhemikhali emikhunjini ezinikezelwe, futhi khomba ukwenziwa kwayo ku-AWWA D103-09 kanye ne-ISO 28765. Ngokwenziwa ngaleyo ndlela, uhlangothi lwenqubo lwesitshalo luqukethwe, lulawuleka futhi lusebenza kahle esikhundleni sokuba yisibopho esisodwa esingachazwanga.
Khuluma noNjiniyela
Ngemthombo wamanzi wenqubo yesikhungo sedatha, sithumele ibhalansi yakho ye-cooling-tower makeup, noma yimuphi umfudlana we-RO reject kanye ne-TDS yawo, ukugxilisa kwakho kokufaka amakhemikhali, kanye nezinga lokwakha elidingekayo. Sizokubuyisela isincomo sezinto ne-lining ngomfudlana ngamunye kanye nesitifiketi se-NSF/ANSI 61 / WRAS noma sokumelana namakhemikhali, ucwaningo lokulinganisa umthamo wamarezervi e-makeup ne-reject, kanye nesicaciso samathangi e-GFS, FBE, stainless noma e-galvanized bolted anedokhumenti yokumboza nokuhlolwa kwe-spark.
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