Amathangi Okugcina Uwoyela: Umhlahlandlela Wobunjiniyela & Wokwakha
Kwadalwa ngo 01.21
Amathangi Okugcina Uwoyela Oluhlaza: Umhlahlandlela Wobunjiniyela Nokuklama
Ithangi lokugcina uwoyela olungamafutha lingumthamo omkhulu ophakeme (AST) okwakhiwe ngokukhethekile ukuze kugcinwe iziphuzo ezinamafutha ezishisayo ngokuphepha nangempumelelo. Njengoba uwoyela olungamafutha uqukethe ama-hydrocarbon apholile aphuma kalula, lezi zithangi azilona nje amakhonteyina; ziyizinhlelo ezikhethekile zokuphatha ingcindezi eziklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kweVolatile Organic Compound (VOC), ukuvimbela ubungozi bomlilo, nokuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kwesakhiwo isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwezinsiza ezinzima ze-hydrostatic.
1. Izimiso Zobunjiniyela & Izinhlobo
Ukuklama ithangi lokugcina uwoyela olungamafutha kulawulwa ukujula komkhiqizo kanye nesidingo sokuphatha indawo ye-vapor.
● Ithangi leMikhumbi Ephakeme: Lezi yizindinganiso zezimboni zokugcina uwoyela olungamafutha. Uphahla luhlala ngqo phezu kobuso bamanzi futhi luphakama/lwehla nezinga le-oyela, lukhulula ngokuphelele indawo ye-vapor. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ukulahleka kokuphuma komoya nokubanga umlilo.
● Izitsha Ezinophahla Olungashintshi: Lezi zinophahla olunamathiselwe unomphela. Zivame ukusetshenziselwa imikhiqizo engashintshi kalula noma uma zihlomele izivalo zangaphakathi ezintantayo ukunciphisa isikhala sezimvutha.
● Izivalo Ezintantayo Ngaphakathi vs. Ngaphandle:
○ Ngaphandle (EFR): Uphahla luyavulelwa izinto ezisemoyeni. Kudingeka izinhlelo zokudonsa eziqinile ukuze kubhekwane nemvula.
○ Ngaphakathi (IFR): Uphahla oluntantayo ngaphakathi esitsheni esinophahla olungashintshi. Lokhu kuvikela ideski elintantayo emoyeni, eqhweni, nasemvula, kunikeze ukuvikelwa okungcono kwesimo sezulu nokulawulwa kokukhishwa.
Isibonelo Sokuqhathanisa Izinhlobo zezitsha
Isici | Ithangi Lesivalo Esingashintshi | Isivalo Sangaphakathi Esintantayo (IFR) | Isivalo Sangaphandle Esintantayo (EFR) |
Ukusetshenziswa Okuyinhloko | Okuzinzile/Okungaphekiyo | Okuphekayo/Uwoyela Oluhlaza | Uwoyela Oluhlaza Omkhulu |
Ukulawulwa Kokukhishwa | Kuncane | Phezulu | Phezulu |
Ukuvikelwa Kwesimo Sezulu | Phezulu | Phezulu | Phansi |
Ubunzima | Phansi | Phakathi | Phezulu (Kudingeka izimbobo zokudonsa) |
Izindinganiso Ezijwayelekile | API 650 | API 650 Annex H | API 650 Annex C |
2. Izindinganiso Zomkhakha: API 650 & API 653
Izinga lomhlaba wonke lokugcinwa kukaphethiloli oluhlaza yi-American Petroleum Institute (API) standard.
● API 650 (Amathangi Agcwalisiwe Okugcina Uwoyela): Izinga elichazayo lokuklama, ukukhiqiza, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlola, nokwakha amathangi amasha, akhiwe ensimini, angaphezulu komhlaba, aqondile, ayindilinga, anophahla oluvaliwe noma oluvulekile, agcwalisiwe. Lisungula "imithetho yomgwaqo" yokuqina komqambimqondo nokuphepha kwemvelo.
● API 653 (Ukuhlola, Ukulungisa, Nokwakha Kabusha Amathangi): Leli zinga lilawula ukugcinwa nokuphathwa kwempilo yamathangi akhona. Linikeza izimiso eziqinile zokuhlolwa njalo, ukuhlola ukufaneleka kwenkonzo, nokulungiswa okukhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amathangi ahlala ephephile kuyo yonke impilo yawo yokusebenza.
3. Izici Ezibalulekile Zokuphepha Nezokuphila
Ukuklama kwesimanje kokugcina uwoyela ongahluziwe kugxila ezindaweni ezintathu eziyinhloko zokunciphisa ingozi:
1. Izinhlelo Zokubopha Umngcele (Rim Seal Systems): Isici esibaluleke kakhulu soophahla oluntantayo. Sibopha isikhala phakathi kwesitezi sophahla nodonga lwethangi. Izibopho ezisebenza ngomshini nezibopho ezibekwe ngamanzi ziyadingeka ukuvimbela ukuvuza kukagesi emngceleni wethangi.
2. Ukubiyela Okwesibili (Secondary Containment): Wonke amathangi kawoyela ongahluziwe kumele abekwe ngaphakathi kwebiyela (berm). Lolu hlu lwesibili lwakhelwe ukubamba umthamo wonke wethangi kanye nomkhawulo wokuphepha uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka okukhulu kodonga.
3. Ukuvundulula Nokuphatha Ingcindezi (Venting & Pressure Management): Amathangi kumele abe namavalvu okuvundulula ingcindezi/ukuncipha ukuze ahambisane nokunwebeka/ukuncipha kokushisa koketshezi negesi, ukuvimbela ukwanda okweqile noma ukugqashuka.
4. Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (FAQ)
Q: Kungani amathangi ophahleni oluntantayo ekhethwa kakhulu uwoyela oluhlaza?
A: Uwoyela oluhlaza uyashintsha kalula. Ngokufaka uphahleni oluntantayo phezu koketshezi, ususa isikhala somusi (ullage). Lokhu kuyayeka inqubo yokuphefumula" ekhulula ama-VOC emoyeni futhi kudala indawo ephephile emlilweni ngokuvimbela ukwakheka kwengxube eqhumayo yophelezi nomoya.
Q: Ungawuvimbela kanjani uphahleni oluntantayo ukuthi lungacwilisi?
A: Izibalo zokuklama (ngokwe-API 650) ziqinisekisa ukuthi uphahleni lunamandla okuntanta anele. Uphahla ngokuvamile lwakhiwa ngamaphampu noma umklamo ophahleni ophindwe kabili. Uma kwenzeka umgodi kuphiko, amandla okuntanta asele agcina uphahleni luntanta.
Q: Yini inkinga enkulu yokugcinwa kwamathangi la?
A: Ukugqwala. Indawo lapho uwoyela oluhlaza (ongase ube namanzi nosawoti) uhlangana khona nengxenye engezansi/eseceleni kwethangi iyindawo eyinhloko yokugqwala. Ukuhlolwa njalo ngokwe-API 653 nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ze-Cathodic Protection (CP) kubalulekile ukunciphisa lokhu.
Isiphetho
Amathangi okugcina uwoyela oluhlaza ayizindawo ezibalulekile zokuhlinzekwa kwamandla. Ngokulandela izindinganiso zobunjiniyela ze-API 650 nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokugcina obuntantayo, abasebenzisi baqinisekisa ukugcinwa okuphephile, okuhambisanayo, nokusebenza kahle kwama-hydrocarbon. Noma ngabe kuklanywa isiteshi esisha noma kulungiswa ingqalasizinda esikhona, ukugxila kuhlala ekugcineni okuqinile kwezakhiwo nasekuqedeni umthelela omubi emvelweni.
Ngabe njengamanje ubambe iqhaza kuphrojekthi yokugcina uwoyela oluhlaza noma ubheke ukuthuthukisa isiteshi esikhona ukuze sihlangane nezindinganiso eziqinile zokukhishwa kwe-VOC?
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