Ukubuyiselwa Kwe-Blowdown Yombhoshongo Wokupholisa: Kuyini I-Blowdown Futhi Kungani Kufanele Ibuyiselwe
Kwadalwa ngo Ngokwamukisa
Ukubuyiswa Kokukhishwa Kwamanzi E-Cooling Tower: Kuyini Ukukhishwa Kwamanzi Futhi Kungani Kufanele Kubuyiswe
Ukukhishwa kwamanzi esitsheni sokupholisa ingxenye yamanzi ajikelezayo akhishwa ngamabomu ukuze kudilike ukuze izinto ezincibilikile nezilengayo zingagxili zize zibe yisikali, ukungcola noma ukugqwala, futhi kusethwa imijikelezo yokugxila okuvunyelwe ukuthi isistimu ifinyelele kuyo. Ngenxa yokuthi ukukhishwa kwamanzi ukulahleka kwamanzi okukhulu okuqhubekayo okuvela ku-loop yokupholisa evulekile, ukuyibuyisela — ukubamba okukhishiwe, ukuyiphatha, nokuyibuyisela emsebenzini noma kokunye ukusetshenziswa — kunciphisa ngqo ukugcwaliswa kwamanzi okuvela emthanjeni omkhulu, kwehlisa i-WUE ebikiwe yesiza, futhi kwandisa isiqephu sesikhashana sokuphuthuma endaweni ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka kokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi. Ukuqonda ukulingana kwamanzi (ukugcwaliswa = ukuhwamuka + ukukhukhuleka + ukukhishwa kwamanzi) kuyisihluthulelo sokulinganisa isistimu yokubuyisela amanzi akhishiwe ekhokha.
Ithawa lokuphelisa umoya elivulekile lilahlekelwa ngamanzi ngezindlela ezintathu: ukuhwamuka kuthwala ukushisa kude, ukugudluka kukhipha amaconsi amancane, kanti ukukhishwa kwamanzi amaningi kukhipha amanzi agxilile ukuze umjikelezo uhlale uhlanzekile. Kulezi, ukukhishwa kwamanzi amaningi yikho umsebenzi owulawulayo ngamabomu, futhi ngokuvamile ukulahlekelwa okukhulu okulawulekayo. Uma ukuvumela kugijime kuya emseleni kungalandelelwanga, isikhungo sedatha noma indawo yezimboni ilahlekelwa izinkulungwane zamalitha amanzi okungenzeka asetshenziswe njalo ngehora. Uma uwabuyisela, lowo mfudlana ufana nawo uba umthombo obuyisela okungeziwe futhi uqinise ukuqina. Isithiyo nje ukuthi ukukhishwa kwamanzi amaningi "yimfucuza" ngomkhuba, hhayi ngesidingo. Le ndatshana ichaza ukuthi kuyini ukukhishwa kwamanzi amaningi, kungani kufanele kube khona, nokuthi ukukubuyisela kuvala kanjani umjikelezo wamanzi okupholisa.
Ukukhishwa Kwamanzi Ukukhishwa Okulawulwayo Okunciphisa Ukugxila
Ukukhishwa kwamanzi e-cooling tower ukukhishwa okuhleliwe kwamanzi ajikelezayo okuvimbela izinto ezincibilikile ukuthi zingagxili ngaphezu komkhawulo lapho ukunqwabelana, ukungcola kanye nokugqwala kushesha khona, futhi izinga lako linqunywa imijikelezo yokugxila evunyelwe uhlelo lokwelashwa. Kuyisidingo esilawulwayo, hhayi ukuvuza.
· Imijikelezo yokugxila (COC). I-COC iyisilinganiso sokugxila kwento engcolisayo emanzini ajikelezayo nokugxila kwayo emanzini okwengeza; uma i-COC iphezulu, kudingeka ukukhishwa kwamanzi okuncane — kodwa umjikelezo usondela ekunqwabelaneni.
· Ukulingana kwamanzi. Amanzi okwengeza = ukuhwamuka + ukukhukhuleka + ukukhishwa kwamanzi. Ukukhishwa kwamanzi yitemu umsebenzisi alibekayo ukugcina i-COC enanini eliklanyelwe.
· Kungani kungabi zero blowdown. Ngaphandle kokuphuma, izinto eziqinile ziyanqwabelana zize zibeke phezu kwezindawo zokushintsha ukushisa, zicekele phansi ukusebenza kahle futhi zilimaze imishini.
· Ibanga elijwayelekile. Amaloop amaningi asebenza kuma-3–6 cycles; ukukhuphukela phezulu kudinga ukwelashwa kwamanzi okunamandla nokulawula okuqinile.
Ngakho-ke i-blowdown iyivalve eshintshanisa ukukhishwa okuncane, okulawulwayo ukuze kuvikelwe lonke uhlelo lokupholisa.
I-Blowdown Iyilahleko Enkulu Kakhulu Yamanzi Elawulekayo
Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhwamuka kumiswa umthwalo wokushisa futhi ukukhukhuleka kuncane, ukukhishwa kwamanzi okuyisisekelo ukulahlekelwa okulawulekayo okuphezulu emjikelezweni wokupholisa ovulekile, okuyisizathu esiqondile sokuthi ukuwubuyisela kuletha inzuzo enkulu yokonga amanzi. Izibalo ziyasibonisa.
Umfudlana wokulahlekelwa | Umqhubi | Ukulawuleka |
Ukuhwamuka | Ukulahla ukushisa (kumiswe umthwalo) | Akulawuleki |
Ukukhukhuleka | Ukudonswa kwamaconsi (kuncane) | Kuncishiswa ngama-drift eliminators |
Ukukhishwa kwamanzi | Iphoyinti lesethi ye-COC (ukukhetha komsebenzisi) | Kulawuleka ngqo / kuyabuyiseka |
Ngokusho, emijikelezweni emine yokugxilisa, ukukhishwa kwamanzi cishe kuyingxenye yesithathu yokugcwalisa; phakamisa i-COC noma buyisa ukukhishwa kwamanzi bese leyo ngxenye yesithathu iyabuyiseka. Esizeni se-hyperscale esinomthwalo omkhulu wokupholisa, leyo ngxenye yesithathu ingumthamo omkhulu kakhulu ngosuku — umklomelo okuhloswe ngawo ukubuyiswa kokukhishwa kwamanzi.
Ukubuyisa Ukukhishwa Kwamanzi Kuvala Umjikelezo
Ukubuyiswa kokukhishwa kwamanzi kuthwebula ukukhishwa okugxilile, kukwelaphe ukuba kube sekhwalithini esebenzisekayo, bese kukubuyisela kumjikelezo wokupholisa noma komunye umsebenzi, kunciphisa ukugcwalisa komthombo omkhulu kanye nomthamo obungalahleka emseleni. Umjikelezo wokubuyisa uyisilungiso sokulinganisela kwamanzi.
1. Thwebula. Umfudlana we-blowdown uphambukiselwa echibini lokubuyisela esikhundleni sokuthi uye emseleni; leli chibi kubhekiselwa kulo ku-AWWA D103-09 kanye ne-ISO 28765 ukuze kube nokugcinwa okuhlala isikhathi eside.
2. Ukwelashwa. Kuye ngesidingo sokusetshenziswa kabusha, ukwelashwa kungase kuhlanganise ukuhlunga, ukuthambisa, ukuphatha okuchithwayo kwe-reverse-osmosis, noma ukuhlunga kwe-sidestream ukwehlisa izinto ezinganyakazi kanye nama-ion akha isikala.
3. Ukubuyela emsebenzini. I-blowdown elashiwe yengeza emanzini okugcwalisa umbhoshongo wokupholisa, isusa umthamo olinganayo wamanzi kagesi.
4. Ukusetshenziswa kabusha okunye. Lapho ukubuyela embhoshongweni kungafuneki, i-blowdown etholakele iphakela ukunisela, ukugeza noma inqubo lapho izinga layo lifaneleka khona.
Ichibi lokubuyisela kanye nokwelashwa kukhona phakathi kombhoshongo nomsela, kuguqula ukulahlekelwa kube ukunikezwa.
Kungani Kubuyiselwa: Amanzi, I-WUE Nokuqina
Ukubuyisela i-blowdown kukhokhela emikhakheni emithathu ngesikhathi esisodwa — ukusetshenziswa okuncane kwamapayipi amakhulu, i-WUE ebikiwe engcono, kanye ne-buffer enkulu esizeni ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka kokuhlinzekwa — ngakho-ke kuyisilinganiso sokuzimela nokubekezela. Izinzuzo ziyahlangana.
· Ukuncishiswa kwamapayipi amakhulu. Yonke ilitha le-blowdown ebuyisiwe iyilitha le-makeup engathathwanga emapayipini amakhulu.
· Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-WUE. Ngenxa yokuthi amanzi abuyisiwe athathela indawo yamapayipi amakhulu kunombolo yamanzi esizeni, i-Water Usage Effectiveness ebikiwe yehla.
· Ukwandiswa kwesikhathi sokuphuthuma. Amanzi abuyisiwe anikeza isitoreji andisa izinsuku zokuzimela isiza esingasebenza ngazo uma amapayipi amakhulu encishisiwe.
· Izindleko. Izindleko eziphansi zamanzi ekhwabalalayo kanye nezindleko zokukhipha ziyanciphisa ngqo izindleko zokusebenza ezindaweni ezinemitha.
Esizeni esicindezelwe amanzi noma esilula ukuvinjelwa, ukubuyisela i-blowdown kungenye yezinyathelo zamanzi okupholisa ezinembuyiselo ephezulu kakhulu etholakalayo.
Ukulinganisa, Ukwelashwa Kanye Nokucaciswa Kwethangi
Uhlelo lokubuyisela i-blowdown lulinganiswa ngokulingana kwamanzi ombhoshongo kanye ne-COC eqondiwe, ngokwelashwa okukhethwe ngokwekhwalithi yokusetshenziswa kabusha kanye nethangi lokubuyisela elicacisiwe emfudlaneni ogxilile, ovame ukuba nokukhula kwe-scaling eliwugcinayo. Ubunjiniyela buhambisana nomsebenzi.
· Linganisa kuqala. Bala ukuhwamuka, i-drift kanye nokugeleza kwe-blowdown ku-COC yokuklama; lokho kugeleza kwe-blowdown kubeka ithangi lokubuyisela kanye nomthamo wokwelashwa.
· Ukufanisa ukwelashwa. Ukuhlunga kwe-sidestream nokuthambisa kubhekana nezinto eziqinile ezilengayo kanye nobulukhuni; umgomo wokusetshenziswa kabusha (i-makeup yombhoshongo vs ukunisela) ubeka ukuthi ukwelashwa kufanele kufike kude kangakanani.
· Ukufakwa kwe-lining ethangini. I-blowdown egciniwe igxilile futhi ingaba nokukhula kwe-scaling noma ibe nomhlwa, ngakho ukufakwa kwe-lining ethangini — i-GFS kuya ku-ISO 28765, noma i-epoxy — kukhethwa ngalokho kusebenza kwamakhemikhali, ngokwamukelwa kwe-NSF/ANSI 61 noma i-WRAS lapho kuseduze namanzi okuphuza.
· Ukuhlanganiswa. Umjikelezo wokubuyisela uxhumanisa umugqa wokulungisa kanye nebhuferi lezimo eziphuthumayo ukuze amanzi abuyisiwe abalwe kukho kokubili ukusebenza kahle nokuqina.
Kuchazwe ngale ndlela, ukubuyiselwa kwe-blowdown kuyingxenye ehlala njalo, ebhalisiwe yohlelo lwamanzi okupholisa kunokuba kube umcabango wangemuva.
Ukuhambisana Kwezinga kanye Nekhono Lenkampani
Le athikili iwumhlahlandlela wezindinganiso/weziqondiso hhayi isicaphuni sephrojekthi; akukho cala eliqanjiwe elivezwayo. I-Center Enamel ihlinzeka ngamathangi okubuyisela okukhishwayo kanye nokugcina okugcwalisiwe avala umjikelezo wamanzi okupholisa — okubhekiselwe ku-AWWA D103-09 kanye ne-ISO 28765, kanti izinto zokufaka zine-NSF/ANSI 61 kanye nokwamukelwa kwe-WRAS lapho umsebenzi udinga ukuthintana eduze namanzi okuphuza. Ukwenziwa kwesakhiwo kubhekiselwe ku-EN 1090 ukuze kutholakale uphawu lwe-CE, futhi amathangi enzelwe isisekelo sokuzamazama komhlaba nokushaywa komoya kwendawo (ASCE 7 noma EN 1991/EN 1998). Ukwakhiwa kwe-GFS kwenkampani — ukoqweqwe olushiswa ku-820–930 °C, ukujiya okungu-0.25–0.45 mm, ukunamathela okungaphezu kuka-3,450 N/cm², ukuhlolwa kwe-spark kwe-1,500 V DC ngephaneli ngayinye — kunikeza into yokufaka efanele umfudlana wokukhishwayo ogxilile futhi ojwayele ukukhula kwezingqimba. I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) ikhiqiza amathangi aboshiwe kusukela ngo-2008, inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene nokoqweqwe, iqeda amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000, futhi ihlinzeka ngethangi elilodwa elifinyelela ku-60,000 m³ ngaphansi kokukhiqizwa kwe-ISO 9001 kanye ne-ISO 45001.
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela le-Center Enamel
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina izinto aboshiwe kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile imisebenzi efakiwe engaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukuze kunyuswe umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukuklama kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09, i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-ISO 28765 ne-EN 1090 lapho uhlelo lokusebenza lukudinga khona.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Yini ngempela i-blowdown ye-cooling-tower?
Impendulo 1: Ukukhishwa okuhleliwe kwamanzi ajikelezayo ukuze kuvinjwe izinto ezincibilikayo nezilengayo ekugxiliseni ngaphezu komkhawulo wokukala; izinga layo libekwa yimijikelezo yokugxilisa evunyelwe uhlelo lokwelapha.
Umbuzo 2: Kungani singeke simane siyeke i-blowdown?
Impendulo 2: Ngaphandle kokuphuma, izinto ziyanqwabelana futhi zibeka phezu kwezindawo zokushintshana kokushisa, okubangela ukukala, ukungcola kanye nokugqwala okubhubhisa ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa futhi kulimaze imishini.
Umbuzo 3: Yini imijikelezo yokugxilisa?
Impendulo 3: I-COC iyisilinganiso sokugxilisa kokungcola emanzini ajikelezayo nakuwo amanzi okwengeza; i-COC ephezulu isho ukukhishwa kwamanzi okuyisisekelo okuncane kodwa uhlelo oluseduze nokwakheka kwesikala, ngakho-ke iboshwa amandla okwelapha.
Umbuzo 4: Angakanani amanzi okonga ukuwabuyisela ngokukhishwa kwamanzi okuyisisekelo?
Impendulo 4: Emijikelezweni ejwayelekile engu-3–6, ukukhishwa kwamanzi okuyisisekelo kuyingxenye enkulu yamanzi okwengeza; ukuwubuyisela kunciphisa leyo ngxenye yamanzi ompayipi futhi kwehlisa i-WUE ebikiwe ngenani elifanayo.
Umbuzo 5: Yikuphi ukwelashwa okudingwa ukukhishwa kwamanzi okuyisisekelo okubuyiselwe?
A5: Ngokuvamile ukuhlunga nokuthambisa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukwelashwa kwesidestream, okulinganiswe nokusetshenziswa kabusha — ukugcwaliswa kombhoshongo kudinga ukulawula okuqinile kunokunisela noma ukugeza.
Q6: Ingabe ithangi lokubuyisela lihlukile kuthangi lamanzi elijwayelekile?
A6: Ligcina umfudlana ogxilile, ovame ukuba sengcupheni yokunqwabelana, ngakho-ke i-lining (GFS kuya ku-ISO 28765 noma i-epoxy) ikhethwa yalokho kusetshenziswa kwekimikhakha, ngokwamukelwa kwe-NSF/ANSI 61 noma i-WRAS lapho kuseduze namanzi okuphuza.
Q7: Ingabe ukubuyisela i-blowdown kuyasiza ngesikhathi sesomiso?
A7: Yebo. Ngokufaka isitoreji kanye nokugcwalisa ngamanzi abuyisiwe, kwandisa izinsuku zokuzimela kwesiza lapho umthombo omkhulu ukhawulelwe, kanye nokwehlisa ukudonswa kwamanzi okuvamile emthonjeni omkhulu.
Ukukhishwa kwamanzi esitsheni sokupholisa okuwukuhlehla okuyisinqumo sokukhishwa okugcina umjikelezo wokupholisa ovulekile ungabi nekhanda, okubekwa imijikelezo yokugxila evunyelwa uhlelo lokwelashwa — futhi ngenxa yokuthi lokhu kuwukulahleka kwamanzi amaningi alawulekayo, ukuwabuyisela kuyisinyathelo sokupolisa amanzi esibuyisela inzuzo ephezulu kakhulu. Thwebula ukukhishwa, kuyelaphe, bese ukubuyisela emanzini okwengeza noma komunye umsebenzi, futhi isiza sinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ompompi, sithuthukise i-WUE yaso ebikiwe, futhi sandise isiqiwu saso sesimo esiphuthumayo ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka kokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi. Linganisa ukubuyiswa kusukela ekulinganisweni kwamanzi esitsheni, fanisa ukwelashwa nokusetshenziswa kabusha, futhi ucacise ukufakwa kwethangi lomfula ogxilile — futhi umjikelezo uvaliwe.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Ngohlelo lokubuyisela i-blowdown ye-cooling tower, sithumelele umthwalo wokushisa we-tower kanye nezinga lokuhwamuka, imijikelezo yokuklama yokugxilisa, izinga le-drift, ukusetshenziswa kabusha okuhlosiwe (i-tower makeup, ukunisela noma inqubo), kanye nezitifiketi ezidingekayo (AWWA D103-09, ISO 28765, NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS, CE-EN1090). Sizobuyisela incazelo ye-recovery-tank enokugeleza kwe-blowdown kanye nomthamo wokwelashwa okulinganiselwe, i-lining ekhethiwe yomsinga ogxilile, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuzamazama komhlaba nokomoya okwenziwe ngokwesisekelo se-ASCE 7 noma i-EN 1998 esebenzayo.
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