Ithangi Lokugcina Amanzi Abandayo Acindezelwe: Ukwakha Umngcele Wengcindezi
Kwadalwa ngo Ngokwamukisa
Ithangi Lokugcina Amanzi Abandayo Anengcindezi: Ubunjiniyela Bomngcele Wengcindezi
Umngcele wengcindezi womkhumbi wamanzi abandayo ocindezelweyo uchazwa yizimo zawo zokuklama futhi uqinisekiswa ngaphansi kwe-ASME BPVC Section VIII: ingcindezi eyinhloko ibeka ukujiya kodonga, yonke indawo yokuvula iqiniswa ngokushintshwa kwendawo, isevisi yomjikelezo ihlolwa ukukhathala, futhi ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic ngo-1.3 izikhathi ze-MAWP kuvala ukuqinisekiswa.
Isingeniso
Uma ucacisa isitsha samanzi abandayo anengcindezi, ingxenye ethwala umthwalo akusona isitsha sonkana wonke kodwa umngcele wengcindezi: igobolondo, amakhanda, ama-nozzle kanye nemithungo ebabambisayo, efaneleka njengohlelo olulodwa oluqukethe ingcindezi. Umngcele uyinto elawulwa yi-ASME BPVC Section VIII, futhi uyinto okufanele uyiklame, uyibhale phansi futhi uyihlole ukuze isitsha sibambe ingcindezi ngokuphephile phakathi nempilo yaso yokusebenza. Ithangi lokugcina umanzi elinomoya nje kuphela luhlobo oluhlukile; uma uhlelo selunengcindezi, imithetho yomngcele iyasebenza.
Le ndatshana ibheka umngcele wengcindezi njengento yobunjiniyela hhayi njengesici somkhiqizo. Sisebenza ngezimo okufanele zisinde kuzo, indlela ikhodi yomkhumbi ehlukanisa ngayo ingcindezi ngezigaba, ukuthi yonke indawo yokuvula inxeshezelwa kanjani, ukuthi isevisi yomjikelezo yenzani ekuklameni, ukuthi imvume yokugqwala isebenzisana kanjani nokujiya nomthamo, ukuthi yimiphi imithungo ethathwa nge-radiograph, ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic kufakazelani, kanye namadokhumenti avumela umhloli ukuthi akwazi ukwakha kabusha umngcele eminyakeni edlule.
Imikhuba emibili ibambelela kukho konke. Izinga akusona isitifiketi: akukho lutho ku-ASME Section VIII oqinisekisa umhlinzeki, ngakho zonke izimangalo ku-submittal kufanele zikhombe ekubalweni noma kurekhodi. Futhi umngcele muhle kuphela njengoba isethi yemibhalo ewusekelo ikhona; umkhumbi ongenawo umbiko wedatha, kumphathi, awaziwa.
Izimo zokuklama nokuthi kufanele zihlanganise ini
Umngcele wengcindezi uchazwa kuqala ngesethi ephelele yezimo zokuklama, futhi isimiso kufanele sizichaze ngaphambi kokuba kubalwe noma yibuphi ubukhulu. Ingcindezi ephezulu kakhulu evunyelwe ukusebenza (MAWP) iyingcindezi ephezulu umngcele okufanele uwubambe; emsebenzini wamanzi abandayo inqunywa yikhanda lokuma kwepompo kanye nekhanda elimile kuya endaweni ephakeme kakhulu esetshenziswayo, hhayi ingcindezi evamile yokusebenza. Izinga lokushisa lokuklama kufanele lihlanganise kokubili uhlangothi olufudumele lomjikelezo wokushaja kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lensimbi elizolibona, ngoba inani eliphansi kakhulu lilawula ukuhlolwa kokuqhekeka kwensimbi ebuthakathaka.
Usho futhi izimo ezihambisanayo: ingcindezi kanye nezinga lokushisa ezisebenza ndawonye, ingcindezi yangaphandle evelayo uma umkhumbi ungakhishwa ukuya ku-vacuum, imvume yokugqwala edla udonga phakathi nempilo yokuklama, kanye nanoma iyiphi ingcindezi eyindilinga noma ukuhamba kokushisa okuvela ekugcwaliseni nasekukhipheni. Incazelo enikeza ingcindezi eyodwa nezinga lokushisa elilodwa ayikachazi umngcele; ichaze iphuzu elilodwa kuwo. Zonke izibalo zakamuva, ukukhethwa kwezinto kanye nengcindezi yokuhlola konke kubhekisela emuva kulezi zimo ezishiwo.
Izigaba zokucindezeleka kukhodi yomkhumbi
I-ASME Section VIII ihlukanisa ingcindezi ngezigaba, futhi umehluko unquma ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye yomngcele ingathwala ingcindezi engakanani. Ingcindezi eyinhloko ingcindezi ebangelwa umthwalo osuka engcindezini okufanele ibe sekulinganisweni nemithwalo yangaphandle; ikhawulelwe ukuze isitsha singaqhumi noma singawi. Ingcindezi eyinhloko evamile yolwelwesi ibeka ubukhulu bodonga obuyisisekelo ngobudlelwano bengcindezi yombuthano t = PR/(SE - 0.6P), lapho u-P eyingcindezi yokuklama, u-R irediyasi yangaphakathi, u-S ingcindezi evunyelwe kanye no-E ukusebenza kahle kokuxhumana.
Ingcindezi yesibili ivela emikhawulweni kanye nokwehluka kokushisa, njengokwanda okuhlukile phakathi kwe-nozzle negobolondo, futhi ivunyelwe umkhawulo ophakeme ngoba iyazikhulula. Ingcindezi ephezulu umphumela wendawo ye-notch emsipheni we-weld noma emaphethelweni okuqinisa; ayibangeli ukwehluleka ngokwayo kodwa iholela ekuqhekekeni kokukhathala. Ikhodi ikhawulela ingcindezi eyinhloko ngefomula, ibopha ingcindezi yesibili ngemithetho yokuqina kwengcindezi, futhi ishiya ingcindezi ephezulu endleleni yokukhathala.
Ama-nozzle, ama-flange nokuqiniswa kwawo
Yonke imfucuza esembozweni isusa into futhi igxilisa ingcindezi, ngakho ikhodi idinga ukushintshwa kwendawo. Ngaphansi kwe-UG-37 ukuqinisa kufanele kushintshe indawo yembozo esusiwe ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lemikhawulo eligxile embotsheni: ngokuvamile encane kunobubanzi kanye nokujiya kwembozo okuphindwe ngo-2.5, kulinganiswa kungena embozweni nasekhanda. Indawo eshintshayo ingavela odongeni lwe-nozzle, kuphedi yokuqinisa, noma ekujiyeni okweqile okuhlangene, inqobo nje uma into ihambisana futhi umthungo uyixhumanisa nembozo.
Ama-flange akhethwa ngesilinganiso sawo sokucindezela nokushisa, ngakho i-flange ye-Class 150 ilungile kuphela ekucindezelweni okukuvunyelwe isilinganiso sayo ezingeni lokushisa lokuklama, futhi insizakalo yamanzi abandayo eduze nomkhawulo ophansi wesikali sokushisa kusamele ihloniphe ijika lesilinganiso. Imithwalo yama-nozzle evela emapayipini anamathele, eklanyelwe i-ASME B31.9 yezinsizakalo zezakhiwo, iphendulwa egobolondweni, ngakho uhlu lwama-nozzle kufanele luchaze imithwalo yangaphandle evunyelwe noma umklami wamapayipi uzocindezela ngokweqile ukungena. Ukuvuleka kanye nokuqiniswa kwayo yilapho ukuphahlazeka okuningi komngcele kuqala khona, yingakho ukubalwa kubuyekezwa umugqa ngomugqa.
Insizakalo yomjikelezo nokukhathala
Isitsha samanzi abandayo asimile: siyagcwaliswa, sikhishwe futhi sigcwaliswe kabusha, ngokuvamile nsuku zonke, futhi ingcindezi nezinga lokushisa ziyashintsha ngomjikelezo. Ngakho-ke i-ASME Section VIII ihlola ukusebenza komjikelezo, futhi umbuzo wokuhlola ukuthi ingabe inani lemijikelezo ebalulekile yengcindezi noma yokushisa lidlula umkhawulo wekhodi noma ukuthi i-gradient yokushisa endaweni yokuphuma yamanzi ikhiqiza ingcindezi ephezulu engadla impilo yokukhathala.
Uma isevisi ijikelezayo, umklamo ulandela umzila wokukhathala: izingcindezi eziphezulu kukho konke ukungaqhubeki ziyalinganiselwa, ibanga lengcindezi elisebenzayo lihlanganiswa nenani lemijikelezo, futhi isici sokusetshenziswa esinqunyelwe sigcinwa ngaphansi kuka-1.0 kusetshenziswa ijika lokukhathala lomklamo lwento. Emkhunjini obona amakhulu ambalwa emijikelezo empilweni yawo ukuhlolwa kungadlula ngaphandle kokuhlaziywa okuphelele kokukhathala, kodwa umsebenzi onamawaka emijikelezo yokushisa evela ku-chiller elawula kanzima udinga ukwelashwa okuphelele. Ukusho inani lemijikelezo elindelekile kusukela ekuqaleni kugcina umzila uthembekile.
Imali ebekelwe ukugqwala nokusebenzisana kwayo nomklamo
Imali ebekelwe ukugqwala ingubukhulu obengeziwe bodonga obungezwa ukuze isitsha sisahlangabezana nobuncane baso ekupheleni kwempilo yomklamo, kodwa isebenzisana nayo yonke eminye imiklamo ngezindlela ezingadalulwa yinombolo eyodwa. Ukwengeza imali ebekelwe ukugqwala kwandisa ubukhulu obudingekayo, okunyusa isisindo nomthwalo wesisekelo, futhi kunciphisa umthamo wangaphakathi isitsha esiwuhlinzekayo ngempela ngobukhulu obungaphandle obunikeziwe.
Isabelo sishintsha nendaba yokulinganisa kabusha. Lapho ukuhlolwa kwangaphakathi kukala ukujiya okusele, isabelo sokugqwala esisetshenzisiwe yisikhala esisele ngaphambi kokuba umkhumbi ufinyelele ebuncane bakhe; isabelo sokuqala esikhulu sithenga izikhathi zokuhlolwa, esincane asikwenzi lokho. Emanzini abandayo ukugqwala ngokuvamile kumnene, ngakho isabelo sivame ukuba sincane, kodwa kufanele sishiwo futhi singagoqwa buthule ekujiyeni. Kukuphathe njengomugqa ohlukile ekubalweni ukuze kokubili umhloli nomlinganisi kabusha bakubone.
Izigaba zokushisela nokuhlolwa
Umngcele wengcindezi uhlanganiswa ngama-weld, futhi i-ASME iwahlukanisa ngezigaba A kuya ku-D ngokuthi akhona kuphi: imithungo yegobolondo eqondile neyokuzungeza, amalunga ekhanda, kanye nokuxhumana kwe-nozzle ne-shell. Isigaba sibeka uhlobo lomthungo kanye nokusebenza kahle komthungo E okusetshenziswa kufomula yobukhulu, futhi ubukhulu bubeka ukuthi ingakanani yalowo weld okufanele ihlolwe nge-radiograph noma nge-ultrasonic.
Ngaphansi kwe-UW-11 ne-UW-12, umthungo wokuqondana ogcwele i-radiograph ungasebenzisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlangana okuphezulu, kuyilapho umthungo ongahloliwe ujeziswa ngobukhulu. Ngakho-ke incazelo yokucacisa ichaza izigaba zokushisela, indlela yokuhlola, ubukhulu bokumbozeka kanye nezinga lokwamukela, ngoba ingcindezi evumelekile okwakhiwe kuyo yonke imingcele incike kukho. Umthungo we-nozzle ohlolwa ezindaweni ezithile kuphela awukwazi ukuncika ekusebenzeni kahle komthungo wegobolondo ogcwele i-radiograph, ngakho-ke ukusebenza kahle kokuhlangana kufanele kwabelwe ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke umthungo osemingceleni.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic
Ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic yiphuzu lapho umngcele ufakazelwa khona, hhayi nje ukubalwa. Ngaphansi kwe-UG-99 umkhumbi ugcwaliswa ngamanzi futhi uthathwa okungenani izikhathi ezingu-1.3 ze-MAWP, kuphindwe ngesilinganiso sengcindezi evumelekile ezingeni lokushisa lokuhlola kuleyo ezingeni lokushisa lokuklama, futhi ugcinwe isikhathi esanele ukuze kuhlolwe ngokubonakalayo wonke amalunga.
Amanzi asetshenziswa ngoba ukungacindezeli kwawo okuseduze kugcina amandla amancane, ngakho ukwehluleka ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kugcinwa ngaphakathi kunokuba kuqhume; lapho amanzi engalimaza khona ithuluzi, ukuhlolwa komoya ngaphansi kwe-UG-100 kungavunyelwa, kodwa kunezimithetho eqinile kanye nesici esiphansi. Ingcindezi yokuhlola ayivunyelwe neze ukucindezela ngokweqile umngcele, futhi ikhishwa ngaphambi kokuba isitsha sisetshenziswe. Irekhodi lokuhlola elisayiniwe, elinengcindezi egcinwe kanye namajoyinti ahloliwe, iyidokhumenti eguqula ukubalwa kube umngcele ofanelekile.
Ukuqoshwa komngcele wengcindezi
Umngcele uhlala isikhathi eside kunethimba yephrojekthi, ngakho-ke imibhalo kufanele ivumele umhloli wakamuva ukuthi akwazi ukuyihlola kabusha. Umnyombo umbiko wedatha we-ASME (Ifomu U-1) ochaza umkhumbi kanye nohlelo lwekhodi eyakhiwe ngayo, olusekelwa izibalo zokuklama, izitifiketi zezinto zokwakha, amamephu okushisela, amafilimu e-radiographic noma imibiko ye-UT, kanye nerekhodi lokuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic.
Lapho umkhumbi uphethe uphawu lwesitifiketi se-ASME, ukumaka kanye nephakethe yemibhalo ehambisana nakho yikho okwamukelwa yisiphathimandla noma umshuwalense njengobufakazi bokwakhiwa. Kumphathi womkhumbi uhlu olusebenzayo lufushane kodwa alunakushintshwa: umbiko wedatha, uhlu lwama-nozzle asebenza njengoba kwakhiwe kanye nemithwalo evumelekile, isibonelelo sokugqwala esishiwo ngokwehlukana, kanye nerekhodi lokuhlolwa. Gcina lezo zine bese ukulinganisa kabusha kwakamuva noma ukulungiswa ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili yokusebenza kuba yisibalo, hhayi umsebenzi wophenyo.
Izimo Zokuklama Zomngcele Wengcindezi: Ipharamitha, Isisekelo, Umthetho Olawulayo
Ipharamitha yokuklama | Isisekelo | Umthetho olawulayo |
MAWP | Ikhanda lokuma kwepompo kanye nekhanda elimile kuze kufike endaweni ephakeme kakhulu | ASME VIII UG-98 |
Izinga lokushisa lokuklama / i-MDMT | Uhlangothi lokushaja okufudumele kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lensimbi | ASME VIII UCS / UG-20 |
Ingcindezi yangaphandle | I-vacuum evela ekukhipheni amanzi esitsheni | ASME VIII UG-28 |
I-corrosion allowance | Umkhawulo wokuguguleka esikhathini sokuphila komklamo | ASME VIII UG-25 |
Izimo zokujikeleza | Imijikelezo yokushaja, yokwehla nokushisa | ASME VIII Isengezo 5 |
Ingcindezi nokushisa okuhambisanayo | Ingcindezi nokushisa kusebenza ndawonye | ASME VIII UG-20 |
Izigaba Zemithungo Nokuhlolwa Okudingekayo
Isigaba somthungo | Indawo | Ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile |
A | Umthungo wembozo omude, amalunga ekhanda | I-radiography egcwele noma yamabala ngokwe-UW-11 |
B | Umthungo womkhumbi ojikelezayo | I-Radiography lapho ukujiya kudinga khona |
C | I-Nozzle-to-shell ne-flange-to-nozzle | I-RT/UT ekungeneni, i-PT/MT emaphethelweni |
D | Ukunamathisela kwe-nozzle ku-flange noma ekhanda | Ukuhlolwa kwendawo ku-fillet |
Ukusebenza kahle komthungo E | Iqhuba ingcindezi evumelekile kubukhulu | ASME VIII UW-12 |
Irekhodi lokuhlolwa | Ukubamba kwe-hydrostatic nokuhlolwa kwamalunga | ASME VIII UG-99 |
Mayelana ne-Center Enamel
I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd.) iklama futhi yakha amathangi okugcina insimbi eboliwe, amathangi ensimbi ashiselwe, amathangi e-epoxy ahlanganiswe ngokuncibilika, amathangi e-galvanized, izitsha zensimbi engagqwali, izitsha zengcindezi, uphahla lwedome le-aluminium le-geodesic kanye nophahla oluntantayo. Inkampani inolwazi lokukhiqiza olungaphezu kweminyaka engama-30 futhi isihlinzeke ngemishini kumaphrojekthi emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Uphahla lwedome le-aluminium le-geodesic luklanywa futhi lwakhiwe ngokwe-API 650 Appendix G, AWWA D108, i-Aluminum Design Manual, i-ASCE 7 kanye ne-IBC, futhi inkampani yathuthukisa futhi yathumela ngaphandle uphahla lwedome le-aluminium olungububanzi obungama-72 m ngo-2023. Ubunjiniyela, ukwakhiwa, ukugcotshwa, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nensizakalo yasendaweni kusingathwa njengomsebenzi owodwa, yingakho imidwebo, isisekelo sokubala kanye nezingxenyekazi ezilethiwe kungahlanganiswa ndawonye.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Yiziphi izimo zokuklama ezisebenza kuthangi lamanzi ahlanzekile acindezelwe?
Izimo zokuklama yi-MAWP ebekwe yikhanda lokuma kwepompo kanye nekhanda elimile, izinga lokushisa lokuklama elihlanganisa uhlangothi lokushaja okufudumele kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lensimbi yokuhlola ukuqhekeka okubuthakathaka, noma iyiphi ingcindezi yangaphandle evela ekukhipheni amanzi iye ku-vacuum, imvume yokugqwala, kanye nokushintshashintsha kwengcindezi noma okushisayo okuvela ekushajeni nasekukhipheni. Zisho zonke ngaphambi kokubala ukujiya, ngoba zonke izibalo zakamuva kanye nengcindezi yokuhlola zibuyela kuzo.
Ziqiniswa kanjani izimbobo emkhunjini wengcindezi?
Izimbobo ziqiniswa ngumthetho wokushintsha indawo ku-UG-37: indawo yegobolondo esuswa imbobo inxephezelwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele ebhokisini eligxile embobeni, ngokuvamile encane kakhulu phakathi kobubanzi nokuphindwe ka-2.5 kobukhulu begobolondo, ethathwa ingene egobolondweni nasekhanda. Indawo yokunxephezela ingavela odongeni lwe-nozzle, kuphedi yokuqinisa noma ekujuleni okweqile okuhlangene, inqobo nje uma into ihambisana futhi ishiselelwe egobolondweni. I-flange ngokwayo ikalwa ngokwehlukile ngesigaba sayo sokucindezela nokushisa.
Ingabe ithangi lamanzi abandayo libona umthwalo wokukhathala?
Yebo, futhi yingakho ikhodi ihlola insizakalo eyizungezayo. Umkhumbi ogcwaliswayo futhi okhishwayo nsuku zonke uqongelela ingcindezi nemijikelezo yokushisa, futhi isiqandisi esishintshashintshayo kakhulu sengeza izinkulungwane zemijikelezo yokushisa ezindaweni zokukhishwa. Uma inani lemijikelezo noma ingcindezi ephezulu idlula imingcele yokuhlola, umklamo ulandela indlela yokukhathala usebenzisa ijika lokuklama ukukhathala kwempahla futhi kufanele kugcine isici sokusetshenziswa esinqunyelwe singaphansi kuka-1.0. Shono inani lemijikelezo elilindelekile ukuze kukhethwe indlela efanele.
Yisiphi isibonelelo sokugqwala esisetshenziswayo?
I-corrosion allowance iwukujiya okwengeziwe kodonga olwengezwayo ukuze isitsha sisahlangabezana nobuncane baso ekupheleni kwempilo yokuklama. Ngokuvamile incane kumanzi abandayo ngoba insizakalo inokugqwala okuncane, kodwa kufanele ishiwo njengomugqa ohlukile, ngoba ikhuphula isisindo nomthwalo wesisekelo, yehlisa umthamo wangaphakathi olethiwe, futhi ibeka umkhawulo umhloli akala ngawo ekuhlolweni kwangaphakathi ngakunye. Akufanele neze kufakwe buthule ekujiyeni.
Yimiphi imithungo edinga i-radiography ephelele?
Imithungo yegobongo eqondile neyokuzungeza, imithungo yamakhanda kanye nokuxhumana kwama-nozzle negobongo yizigaba zokushisela u-A kuye ku-D, futhi ngaphansi kwe-UW-11 ubukhulu bokuhlolwa nge-radiography noma nge-ultrasonic kuncike kubukhulu nasekusebenzeni kahle komthungo okushiwo umklamo. Umthungo oqondile ohlolwe ngokuphelele nge-radiography uthola ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu; umthungo ongahlolwanga noma ohlolwe ngezindawo uthola inhlawulo kubukhulu. Incazelo yomkhiqizo isho isigaba, indlela, ubukhulu kanye nezinga lokwamukelwa kwawo wonke umthungo osemngceleni.
Siyini isidingo sokuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic?
Ngaphansi kwe-UG-99 umkhumbi ugcwaliswa ngamanzi futhi uthathwa okungenani izikhathi ezingu-1.3 ze-MAWP, kulungiswa ngesilinganiso sengcindezi evumelekile ezingeni lokuhlola kuya kwaleyo yezinga lokuklama, futhi ugcinwa ngesikhathi wonke amalunga ehlolwa ngokubona. Amanzi asetshenziswa ngoba agcina amandla amancane, ngakho ukwehluleka kuyavinjelwa. Ukuhlolwa komoya ngaphansi kwe-UG-100 kuvunyelwe kuphela lapho amanzi engalimaza khona okokusebenza futhi kunezimithetho eqinile kanye nesici esiphansi. Irekhodi lokuhlola elisayiniwe lifakazela umngcele.
Yimaphi amadokhumenti afakazela umngcele wengcindezi?
Imibhalo iyumbiko wedatha we-ASME (Ifomu U-1) onohlelo lokushicilelwa kwekhodi, izibalo zokuklama, izitifiketi zezinto zokwakha, amamephu okushisela, amafilimu e-radiographic noma imibiko ye-UT, kanye nerekhodi lokuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic. Kumphathi wendawo isethi ebalulekile iwumbiko wedatha, uhlelo lwama-nozzle olwakhiwe ngendlela yokugcina enezinto ezivumelekile zomthwalo, imali yokugqwala echazwe ngokwehlukile, kanye nerekhodi lokuhlolwa. Lezo zine zivumela umhloli wakamuva noma umhlaziyi wamanani ukuthi akhe kabusha umngcele ngaphandle komsebenzi wophenyo.
Isiphetho
Umngcele wengcindezi uyingxenye yesitsha samanzi abandayo acindezelwe umkhumbi okulawulwa yiwo ngempela yikhodi, futhi ufakazelwa njengohlelo olulodwa: izimo zokuklama zingena, ukujiya nokuqiniswa kuphuma, ukukhathala kuhlolwa lapho imijikelezo yomsebenzi ikhona, ukushisela kuhlolwa ukuze kuhambisane nokusebenza kahle kwamalunga okushiwo, kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic okufakazela konke. Akukho ncamashi eyodwa yalezo zinyathelo ezimile yodwa; umngcele uyisamba sazo kanye nerekhodi elingemuva kwazo.
Okumvikela umnikazi yisethi yemibhalo: umbiko wedatha, uhlelo lwe-nozzle olunemithwalo evumelekile, i-corrosion allowance eshiwo yodwa, kanye nerekhodi lokuhlola. Sithumele umsebenzi, izinga lengcindezi nezinga lokushisa, inani lemijikelezo kanye nemikhawulo yesiza, futhi sizokubuyisela isicaciso somngcele wengcindezi esakhiwe ngokwe-ASME Section VIII, nokuqiniswa, ukuhlolwa komthungo kanye nokuhlolwa kokwamukelwa okuchaziwe kanye namarekhodi akukho ukuthi uwukala kabusha emashumini eminyaka kamuva.
Khuluma Nethimba Lethu Lobunjiniyela
Thumela umsebenzi, isisekelo somthamo, ikhodi elawulayo kanye nemikhawulo yesiza, futhi ithimba lethu lobunjiniyela lizobuya nesicaciso umhlinzeki angakwazi ukusibeka intengo futhi umhloli angakwazi ukusigunyaza. Sizokutshela futhi ngokucacile lapho uhlobo oluhlukile lwethangi noma ububanzi obuhlukile kuyimpendulo engcono.
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