Isitoreji Samanzi Abandayo Esikhungweni Sedatha: Ukushaja Nokukhipha Kusebenza Kanjani
Kwadalwa ngo Ngokwamukisa
Ithangi Lokugcina Amanzi Abandayo Esikhungweni Sedatha: Ukushaja Nokukhipha Kusebenza Kanjani
Ithangi lokugcina amanzi abandayo esikhungo sedatha likhokhisa ngokumpompa amanzi angu-5-6 °C emgodini ngokusebenzisa isihlukanisi esinejubane eliphansi, livumele ubuningi obubandayo ukuthi bucwile futhi kwakheke umugqa wokushisa, bese likhipha emlonyeni ongaphansi njengoba izinga lehla futhi umugqa wokushisa wehla. Ukugeleza kokukhokhisa kusethwa umthamo wesiqandisi, ukugeleza kokukhipha kusethwa umthwalo we-IT, futhi kokubili kusethwa isibalo esifanayo samandla. Umthamo wangempela osebenzisekayo uhlala phakathi kuka-70% no-90% wethiyori ngemuva kokuxubana nokulahlekelwa kokuma. Ukushintsha phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili, hhayi umthamo wethangi, yikho okunquma ukuthi izinga lokushisa lokunikezela lihlala ngaphakathi kwebhendi.
Abasebenzi abavamile ukulahlekelwa umthamo wokugcina ngosuku ithangi elaqalwa ngalo. Balahlekelwa yiwona kancane kancane, njengoba i-thermocline ikhula futhi ingqondo yokushintsha icisha endaweni engalungile, kuze kube yilapho igobolondo elifanayo liletha amahora amabili aphezulu esikhundleni samane. Lokho kuncipha kuyinkinga yokushaja, hhayi inkinga yomkhumbi.
Izigaba ezimbili zilula uma zizodwa; ubunzima ukushintsha, kanye neqiniso lokuthi ithangi elingena ekukhipheni lihlanganiswe kancane liziphatha ngendlela ehlukile kunelinye elingena ligcwele ngokuphelele. Lokho okulandelayo kuchaza zombili izigaba, izibalo ezingemuva kwamazinga okugeleza, kanye nengqondo enquma ukuthi yini okufanele kweqe phakathi kwazo.
Ukushaja: Ukugcwalisa Igobolondo Ngaphandle Kokucekela Phansi Izendlalelo
Ukushaja kuwumsebenzi ohamba kancane, onesivinini esiphansi. Ama-chiller enza amanzi abandayo, iphampu yesikhungo iwahambisa angene egobolondweni, bese ukuhlukaniswa kwezendlalelo kwenza okusele.
1. Ukuhamba kokushaja kulandela umthamo wesihlanzi. Q = m × cp × ΔT kuyakunquma; isihlanzi esikhiqiza u-3 MW emanzini ane-cp engu-4.186 kJ/kg·K nokukhuphuka okungu-5 K sidinga cishe u-143 kg/s, okulingana no-515 m³/h.
2. Ngena nge-diffuser. Indawo yokungena kufanele ikhiphe nge-0.5-1 m/s ukuze umjelo obandayo ungagxushi lonke igobolondo. Umjelo ogxumela phakathi kwesendlalelo esifudumele uxuba konke futhi ulahlekelwe umthamo wawo osebenzisekayo kumjikelezo olandelayo.
3. Gcina i-thermocline phakathi nendawo. Amanzi abandayo anesisindo esikhulu, ngakho-ke ayahlala phansi; amanzi afudumele abuyayo ayantanta. Ibhande phakathi kwakho kokubili, i-thermocline, yilapho ukuxubana kwenzeka khona, futhi i-thermocline encane isho ithangi elinikeza amanzi abandayo asebenzisekayo amaningi.
4. Misa ngezinga, hhayi ngesikhathi. Ukushaja kuphela nge-setpoint ephezulu, kushiya indawo yokugcina ephezulu ukuze i-thermocline ingalokothi ithinte indawo yokungena.
Isiqandisi esingakwazi ukufinyelela ku-4-6 °C ngosuku olushisayo ngeke sigcwalise ithangi; ukushaja kumane kume ezingeni elifudumele futhi isikhungo siziphatha sengathi ithangi lincane.
Ukukhipha: Ukudonsa Amakhaza Kusuka Phansi
Ukukhipha kuhlehlisa indlela yokuhamba, futhi amakhaza asetshenziswayo aphuma phansi kwegobolondo ngenkathi izinga lehla.
· Ukuhamba kokukhipha kulandela umthwalo. Ku-3 MW efanayo ku-ΔT esetshenziswayo engu-6 K, iluphu idinga cishe u-600 m³/h. Uma iphampu ingakwazi ukubamba lokho kuhamba kusuka egobolondweni elibandayo, izinga lokushisa lokunikezela liyenyuka ngehora elibi kakhulu lesiqongo.
· Okokugcina okuphezulu kubaluleke kakhulu. Kuphela amakhaza angaphansi kwe-thermocline asebenzisekayo, ngakho ithangi elikhipha amanzi kuqweqwe elingenalutho lichitha ihora lalo lokugcina emanzini ahlanganisiwe.
· Qaphela izinga lokushisa lokuphuma, hhayi izinga lamanzi. Izinzwa ezimbili, enye eduze naphansi nenye phezulu endaweni ebandayo, zitshela umqhubi ukuthi amakhaza asebenzisekayo asecishe aphele.
Ukushintsha Kokulawula kanye Nomkhawulo Wokuhlanganisa
Ukudluliselwa phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili yingxenye izitshalo eziningi ezenza iphutha kuyo, futhi kunqunywa ngamasethi wokumisa hhayi ngezingxenyekazi zekhompyutha.
· Ngena ekukhipheni ngezinga lokushisa lokuhlinzeka. Ibhendi efile ye-1-2 K ezungeze isethi yokumisa yokuhlinzeka iyisicupho, ngokuhlehla ukuze isitshalo singashintshi phakathi kwezigaba njalo ngemizuzu embalwa.
· Vula ngaphambi kokuthi isihlanzi sehle. Ukuhambisa ivalvu yokukhipha nokukhuphula isethi yokumisa yesihlanzi kuskena elifanayo yikho okubangala ukwehla; ukulandelanisa kwazo, nokubamba umkhawulo wokuhlanganisa ongu-2 K epayipini elivamile, yikho okukugwemayo.
· Gcina ama-valve okuhlukanisa exhunywe. Isihlanzi esisebenza ngenkathi indlela yokukhipha ivuliwe siphindisela amanzi afudumele emuva egobolondweni futhi sichithe ubusuku bokushaja.
Ngaphansi kwesimo sokwehluleka kusebenza umqondo ofanayo ngaphandle kwama-chiller: ithangi likhipha ngokumelene nomthwalo ngenkathi ama-generator eqala, futhi ukujula okusebenzisekayo kunquma ukuthi ukunikezwa kuhlala isikhathi esingakanani ebangeni.
Ukulahlekelwa Kokuxuba, Ukulahlekelwa Kokuma kanye Nengxenye Esebenzisekayo
Izindlela ezintathu zithatha umthamo kusukela esibalweni sethiyori, futhi ngayinye inendlela ehlukile yokulungisa.
Indlela yokulahlekelwa | Umthelela ojwayelekile | Okukunciphisa |
Ukuxuba kokushaja nokukhipha | 10-25% yesibalelo sethiyori | Isivinini esiphansi sokungena, i-diffuser efanele, indawo eyanele yokugcina phezulu naphansi |
Ukuthola ukushisa okumile ngegobolondo | Kuncane ngomjikelezo ngamunye, kukhulu ekugcineni isikhathi eside | Ukufakwa kwe-insulation ejulile, ukumboza okuqhubekayo, imininingwane yebhuloho lokushisa ezisekelweni |
Ukukhula kwe-thermocline ngesikhathi sokugcina | Kukhula nesikhathi sokugcina | Ukugcina isikhathi esifushane, amanzi athule, akukho kugeleza endleleni engasebenzi |
Ingxenye esebenzisekayo iwumphumela wokuklama. Isikhungo sedatha samathangi okugcina amanzi abandayo anesivinini sokungena esingu-0.5 m/s kanye ne-diffuser efanele siseduze nengxenye ephezulu yebhendi engu-70-90%; igobolondo elide eline-chiller eshaja kanzima liseduze nengxenye ephansi. Ukufaka i-insulation yikho abasebenzi abakuqaphela kuqala, ngoba igobolondo elijulukayo noma elibandayo ezisekelweni selivele lilahlekelwe yimpikiswano yokulahlekelwa okumile.
Ukucaciswa Kobuchwepheshe
Ipharamitha | Inani elijwayelekile noma ukukhetha | Kungani kucaciswa |
Izinga lokushisa lokuhlinzeka ngokushaja | 4-6 °C kusuka kuma-chiller | Indlela ye-Chiller ne-IPLV |
Izinga lokushisa lokuhlinzeka ngokukhipha | 6-8 °C | Igcina indawo yokungena ye-IT ngaphakathi kwebhendi |
I-ΔT esebenzisekayo phakathi nomjikelezo | 5-7 K | Ibeka amandla nge-cubic metre ngayinye |
Ukugeleza kokushaja | Kusuka kumthamo we-chiller kanye ne-ΔT | Ilinganisa indawo yokungena ne-diffuser |
Isivinini sokungena nge-diffuser | 0.5-1 m/s | Ivikelwa i-thermocline |
Indawo yokugcina ephezulu naphansi | Amaphesenti ambalwa evolumu yegobolondo lilinye | Kugcina i-thermocline kude nama-nozzle |
Ingxenye esebenzisekayo emenyezelwayo | 70-90% yethiyori | Ilawula umthamo omkhulu |
Ithagethi yokulahleka okumile | Shono nge-kW, hhayi ngobukhulu bodwa | Kuqinisekisa iphakethe lokuvikela ukushisa |
Icala Lomsebenzi
Umsebenzi wethu oyireferensi osebenziwe emkhakheni wamanzi namanzi angcolile uhlanganisa amagobolondo amakhulu aboshiwe akhelwe ukuphila isikhathi eside, njengokufakwa okungezansi. Umkhakha we-TES wesikhungo sedatha wakhelwe emazingeni afanayo.
Isifinyezo Secala Lomsebenzi
Iphrojekthi | Umkhiqizo | Umthamo | Ubukhulu | Ukuqedwa |
Namibia - ukugcinwa kwamanzi okuphuzwayo (P-A) | 01 Ithangi le-GFS eliboshiwe lensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi | 44,900 m³ isiyonke, amathangi ama-4 | 4 × φ41,260 mm × 8,400 mm | Septhemba 2022 |
Iqokobhe elilodwa kuleso sikhungo ligcina cishe u-11,000 m³, izinga eliqalwa ngalo isitshalo sedatha yedatha amahora amabili kuya kwamane aphezulu. Okudluliselwa etankini lokugcina amanzi abandayo edatha yedatha ukuziphatha kwegobolondo: izindonga ezihlanganiswe nge-enamel ezinobukhulu obungaphansi kwe-Ra 0.8 µm, ulwelwesi oluhlolwa ngephaneli ngephaneli, kanye nempilo yeminyaka engu-30 ngaphansi kwe-insulation.
Amandla Obunjiniyela be-Center Enamel
I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isike yakha futhi yaklama amathangi okugcina axhunywe ngamabhawudi kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi e-glass-fused-to-steel (GFS) e-China, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ehlanganiswe ne-enamel angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile imisebenzi efakiwe engaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukuze kunyuswe amandla okukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kuqhutshwa ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS, FDA, LFGB, CE (EN 1090), ISO 28765, FM, BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi idizayini ibhekisela ku-AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550 ne-NFPA lapho uhlelo ludinga khona.
I-envelope yokushaja nokukhipha
· Ukushaja nokukhipha kushintsha ithangi phakathi komsebenzi wokungena nokuphuma kuyilapho igobolondo, i-insulation kanye nendawo ye-enamel kuhlala kungashintshiwe, ngakho ukusebenza kuwukulandelana kwe-valve nokulawula kunokuba kube ushintsho lwenqubo.
· Amagobolondo e-atmospheric bolted ngokuvamile acaciswa ngezinto eziphezulu ezenziwe nge-enamel noma nge-aluminium, okugcina ithangi lingenazo izinto zikagesi ebezingadingeka kumkhumbi ocindezelwe ukulawula indawo yegesi.
· Amathangi amakhulu omoya anegobongo elilodwa emlandweni wethu wokulethwa, njengalawo aseSichuan amanzi omlilo angu-φ19.87 m × 14.4 m (8,930 m³, 2023-11), asetshenziswa iminyaka eminingi ngokusebenza okuqhubekayo nge-envelope efanayo.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Kungani ithangi lidinga indawo yokugcina ephezulu?
Impendulo 1: Ngoba i-thermocline inyuka njengoba igobongo ligcwala. Uma ifika endaweni yokungena, amanzi abandayo asanda kufakwa ahamba aqonde endaweni yokuphuma futhi isitshalo sithola amanzi ahlanganisiwe. Amaphesenti ambalwa agcinwa ngaphezu kwezinga lokusebenza agcina izingqimba zihlukene.
Q2: Iphampu yokukhipha kufanele ilinganiselwe kusiphi isilinganiso sokugeleza?
A2: Umthwalo ophezulu kakhulu uhlukaniswe nge-ΔT esebenzisekayo, ethathwe esibonelweni esifanayo samandla esisetshenziselwa ukushaja, kanye nesikhala samayunithi okugcina abiza kanyekanye. Ukulinganisa kusuka kumthwalo ojwayelekile yindlela izitshalo ezithola ngayo ukunikezwa kwehla ngehora lokugcina lomthwalo ophezulu.
Q3: Kungani ithangi lanikeza amakhaza amancane kunonyaka odlule?
A3: Mhlawumbe isivinini sokungena sikhuphukile, okwandisa i-thermocline, noma ukushaja kwama ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngoba ama-chiller awakwazanga ukufinyelela ku-4-6 °C. Hlola ijika lokushaja kanye ne-diffuser kuqala.
Q4: Ngingazi kanjani ingxenye esebenzisekayo ngaphambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza?
A4: Yimodele, bese uyiqinisekisa. Buza kumthengisi ngamunye ngejula esebenzisekayo, amavolumu okugcina kanye namaphesenti awumphumela, futhi uqinisekise isivinini sokungena kanye nohlobo lwe-diffuser.
Q5: Ingabe ithangi lingakhishwa ngaphandle kokusebenza kwamaphampu?
A5: Kuphela ngokuba nekhanda elimile elanele kanye nendlela evulekile eya emthwalweni, okuyinto engajwayelekile embonini esabalalisiwe. Iningi lamadizayini ligcina amaphampu egijima ukuze ukugeleza, ukuhlunga kanye nokulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa kuhlale kulindelekile ngesikhathi sokukhipha.
Ukushaja nokukhipha kuyisistimu eyodwa enezilinganiso zokugeleza ezimbili. Ukugeleza kokushaja kuvela kumthamo wesiqandisi, ukugeleza kokukhipha kuvela emthwalweni we-IT, futhi ukubanda okusetshenziswayo phakathi kwazo kuvela ekujuleni kwe-thermocline kanye nokuhleleka kwengqondo yokushintsha. Chaza i-diffuser, izinqolobane kanye ne-deadband, futhi isizinda sedatha yethangi lokugcina amanzi abandayo sizogcina umthamo waso obalwayo okusetshenziswayo impilo yonke yogobolondo.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Sithumele umthamo wesihlanzi, iphrofayela yomthwalo we-IT kanye namazinga okushisa okufaka nokubuya. Sizosebenza nawe ngamazinga okuhamba kokushaja nokukhipha, sikhombise ukujula okusetshenziswayo kwejiyometri ehlongozwayo, bese sibuyisela iphepha lokucacisa elihlanganisa isivinini sokungena, izinqolobane, izinsimbi zokulinganisa izinga kanye nephakethe lokuvikela. Uma isitshalo sesisebenze isizini, letha ijika lokushaja futhi sizobheka ukuthi ingxenye esetshenziswayo ilahleka kuphi.
WhatsApp