I-AWWA D103 vs D108: Amazinga Ethangi Eliboshiwe Nophahla Lwedome Le-Aluminium
Kwadalwa ngo Ngokwamukisa
I-AWWA D103 vs D108: Izindinganiso Zethangi Eliboshiwe Nophahla Lwedome Le-Aluminium
I-AWWA D103 ne-AWWA D108 yimigomo emibili ehlukene ye-AWWA okuhlangene ichaza uhlelo oluphelele lwethangi lokugcina eliboshwe ngamabhawodi: i-D103 ilawula ukhumba lwethangi lensimbi yekhabhoni eboshwe ngamabhawodi olwakhiwa endaweni, phansi, uphahla kanye nokuxhumana, kuyilapho i-D108 ilawula uphahla lwedome le-aluminium elihlala phezu kwalo. Ziyasekelana, azincintisani — iphrojekthi eyodwa ivamise ukucacisa i-D103 yethangi kanye ne-D108 yedome. Abacacisi abazithatha njengomgomo owodwa basengabhekana nokungacaciswanga kahle kukhumba noma uphahla olucaciswe ngokweqile nolungabekwanga endaweni efanele. Ukwazi ukuthi yimuphi umgomo olawula yiphi indawo kuvumela umnikazi ukuthi abhale isicaciso esihlanzekile futhi aqinisekise izinto ezilethwa umhlinzeki ngokumelene nedokhumenti efanele.
Ithangi lamanzi lensimbi eliboshwe ngamabhawudi kanye nophahla lwalo kwakhiwe njengengxenye eyodwa, kodwa i-American Water Works Association ibhala imithetho yalokhu ngakunye kumazinga ahlukene. I-AWWA D103 ihlanganisa ithangi eliboshwe ngamabhawudi ngokwalo; i-AWWA D108 ihlanganisa idome le-aluminium elivame ukumboza ithangi. Lapho kokubili kukhona kuphrojekthi yedatha yesikhungo, yezimboni noma yamanzi kamasipala, imibhalo kufanele ikhombise izinga elifanele lomkhakha ngamunye. Ukudida lezi ezimbili kudala izikhala emthwalweni womsebenzi, ekwamukelweni kwe-coating nasekuqinisekisweni kwesakhiwo. Le ndatshana ichaza ukuthi izinga ngalinye lilawula ini, lapho imikhakha yazo ihlangana khona, nokuthi ungazicacisa kanjani kuphrojekthi eyodwa.
I-D103 Inomthwalo Wethangi Eliboshiwe, Phansi Nezixhumanisi
I-AWWA D103 iyindinganiso elawula amathangi ensimbi ekhabhoni aboshiwe akhiwe endaweni yokugcina amanzi, ehlanganisa uqweqwe, phansi, uphahla, izixhumanisi kanye namabhawudi awabambayo. Ingumlingani wethangi eliboshiwe wemithetho yethangi elishiselwe futhi iyidokhumenti abanikazi abaningi baseNyakatho Melika abayisebenzisayo lapho becacisa ngethangi lokugcina eliboshiwe elisemhlabathini.
· Ukuklanywa koqweqwe. I-D103 ibeka izingcindezi ezivumelekile, ukujiya kwamapuleti okuncane, kanye nohlelo lwezigaba ezinyathelayo okudingwa yikhanda le-hydrostatic njengoba ukujula kukhula.
· Ukubhawuda nezihlanganisi. Indinganiso ichaza amazinga amabhawudi, uhlobo lwe-gasket kanye nemininingwane yezihlanganisi egcina uqweqwe lungangeni amanzi ngaphansi komthwalo we-hydrostatic nomoya.
· Ukuxhumana kwaphansi nesisekelo. Ingaphansi yethangi, ukuthwala kwayo kanye nokushintshela esisekelweni kungaphakathi kobubanzi be-D103, nemithwalo edluliselwa esisekelweni esiklanyelwe ngokwekhodi yendawo ye-geotechnical kanye ne-seismic.
· Ukumboza nokufaka izingubo. I-D103 ibhekana nezinto zokuzivikela kanye nezingubo zendawo emanzi, kanti ukwamukelwa kubhekiselwa ezindinganisweni zokuxhumana namanzi okuphuzwayo njenge-NSF/ANSI 61 lapho amanzi ephuzeka khona.
Ethangini eliboshiwe, i-D103 iyindinganiso eyinhloko yokwakha; konke okunye (okokufaka kokuzamazama komhlaba, isitifiketi sokusebenza, ukwamukelwa kwezingubo) kuzungeza kuyo.
I-D108 Inomthombo Wedome We-Aluminium Geodesic
I-AWWA D108 iyindinganiso elawula uphahla lwedome le-aluminium elenziwe efektriini elibekwe ezimbotsheni zamathangi ayindilinga, futhi ayisho lutho ngogobolondo lwethangi olungaphansi kwalo. Idome iyisakhiwo esizisekelayo esingenazinsika esakhiwe ngamaphaneli e-aluminium angunxantathu, futhi i-D108 iyidokhumenti echaza ukuthi lolo phahla luklanywa futhi luhlinzekwa kanjani.
Into yobubanzi | I-AWWA D103 (ithangi) | I-AWWA D108 (idome) |
Isakhiwo esihlanganisiwe | Ugobolondo lwethangi lensimbi yekhabhoni eboshiwe, phansi, uphahla | Uphahla lwedome le-aluminium kuphela |
Impahla | Insimbi yekhabhoni, eboshiwe | I-aluminium, amaphaneli aboshiwe |
Indlela yomthwalo | I-Hydrostatic, umoya, ukuzamazama komhlaba kuya esisekelweni | Iqhwa, umoya, isisindo sakho kuya emkhawulweni wethangi |
Ukugcotshwa | Ukwamukelwa kokugcotshwa/ukufakwa kwensimbi | I-Aluminium, ngokuvamile engagcotshiwe/emelana nokugqwala |
I-interface | Inikeza umkhawulo nokubambelela | Ihlala futhi ibambelele emgodini we-D103 |
Ngenxa yokuthi idome nethangi ziyizinto ezihlukene ezinamazinga okwehluleka ahlukene, i-AWWA iyahlukanisa ngamabomu. Umhlinzeki angase afaneleke ku-D103 yethangi kodwa kufanele futhi abonise ukuhambisana ne-D108 kwedome, noma athole idome kuchwepheshe oqondile.
Indlela La Mazinga Amabili Asemsebenzini Ngayo Kuphrojekthi Eyodwa
Iphrojekthi ephelele yethangi eliboshwe elinebhodwe icaciswa ngokubiza i-D103 yethangi kanye ne-D108 yophahla, ngokuchazwa kokuxhumana komphetho ukuze kungabikho sikhala esishiywa yilolunye lwamazinga. Imibhalo emibili ihlangana emaphethelweni aphezulu ethangi, lapho ukunamathisela kwebhodwe nokudluliswa kwesisindo kuchazwa khona.
1. Incazelo eyodwa, imikhakha emibili. Incazelo yomnikazi ibiza i-D103 yethangi kanye ne-D108 yebhodwe, futhi ikhomba ukuthi ubani ohlinzeka futhi oqinisekisa ngakunye.
2. Umkhawulo nokubambelela. Ithangi le-D103 linikeza umkhakha ophezulu nomkhawulo; idome le-D108 libambelela kulo ngokulingana kwejiyometri kanye nephethini yamabhawudi.
3. Izimo zomthwalo ezihlanganisiwe. Umoya neqhwa edome lidluliselwa kugobolondo lethangi bese kuyisisekelo; ukuhlolwa kwegobolondo le-D103 kufaka phakathi ukusabela kwedome.
4. Ukusebenzisana kokuzamazama komhlaba. Lapho isisekelo sokuzamazama komhlaba sasekhaya kuyi-ASCE 7, kokubili imithwalo ye-inertia yethangi (D103) nedome (D108) ithwalwa ekwakhiweni kwesisekelo esifanayo.
Umthetho osebenzayo: amazinga abhangqwa ngokwakhiwa, futhi imidwebo yomhlinzeki ibonisa kokubili ithangi le-D103 nedome le-D108 ngokuxhumana okuxhumanisayo kusethi eyodwa edidiyelwe.
Okungakafakwanga yilungu ngalinye
Akuwona i-D103 noma i-D108 ikhodi yeprojekthi ephelele ngokwayo, futhi izikhala ezizishiyayo kufanele zivalwe ngamanye amazinga namakhodi endawo. Ukuqonda okungafakiwe kuvimbela umuzwa ongamanga wokumboza okuphelele.
Izinga | Akufaki ngokucacile |
AWWA D103 | I-spectrum yokufaka ye-seismic (isebenzisa i-ASCE 7 / ikhodi yendawo), isitifiketi sokusebenza saseYurophu (EN 1090), ukwamukelwa kwe-potable-contact lining (NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS) |
AWWA D108 | Uqweqwe lwethangi, phansi kanye nesisekelo, kanye nokuziphatha kwesakhiwo somkhumbi i-dome elihlezi kuwo |
Eminye imibhalo igcwalisa izikhala: i-ASCE 7 noma i-EN 1991/EN 1998 ihlinzeka ngesisekelo sokuzamazama komhlaba nomoya, i-EN 1090 ilawula ukwenziwa okumakwe nge-CE eYurophu, kanti i-NSF/ANSI 61 noma i-WRAS iqinisekisa ukufaneleka kokuthintana namanzi okuphuzwayo kwe-lining. Iphrojekthi eyanelisa i-D103 ne-D108 kodwa ingazinaki lezi zindinganiso ezizungezile ayichazwanga ngokugcwele.
Ukukhethwa Kwezinto Nokumboza Esixhumaneni
Isixhumanisi sethangi ne-dome yilapho insimbi ne-aluminium kuhlangana khona, futhi incazelo kumele ibhekane nemininingwane yensimbi ehlukile ukuze ukugqwala nokusebenza kwe-galvanic kulawulwe. Ithangi lensimbi eliboshiwe limbozwa ngokwe-D103; i-dome ye-aluminium imelana nokugqwala ngokwemvelo. Esixhumaneni, umhlinzeki kufanele achaze ngemininingwane ukuhlukaniswa noma izinto zokubopha ezihambisanayo.
· Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-galvanic. Lapho insimbi ne-aluminium kuboshelwa ndawonye, ama-washer afanele, izinto zokumboza noma ukuhlukaniswa nge-dielectric kuvimbela ukugqwala kwe-galvanic emaphethelweni.
· Ukuqhubeka kokumboza. Isigaba esiphezulu se-D103 kanye nokumboza komphetho kufanele kuphelele emugqeni wokunamathisela kwedome; imininingwane yomphetho yomhlinzeki wedome akufanele iphule leso sithiyo.
· Ukufinyelela nokungena komoya. Ama-dome e-D108 avame ukufaka izindlela zokuhamba, ama-hatch nezindawo zokungena komoya; lezi kufanele zihambisane nezindawo zokungena ophahleni lwethangi le-D103 kanye nezidingo zokuchichima/ukungenisa komoya.
Ukwenza imininingwane yokuxhumana ibe ngcono yikho okuguqula amazinga amabili ahlukene agcwalisekayo abe yisakhiwo esisodwa esingangenisi amanzi futhi esihlala isikhathi eside.
Ukuhambisana Nezinga kanye Nekhono LeNkampani
Leli sihloko siwumhlahlandlela wamazinga hhayi isicaphuno sephrojekthi; akukho cala eliqanjiwe elivezwayo. I-Center Enamel iklama futhi yakhe amathangi ensimbi ye-carbon eboshiwe abhekiswe ku-AWWA D103-09, futhi ihlinzeka ngophahla lwedome ye-geodesic ye-aluminium olubhekiswe ku-AWWA D108, ngokuxhumana komkhawulo womjikelezo kuhlelwe ngohlu olulodwa lwemidwebo. Lapho iphrojekthi idinga isitifiketi sokuphatha saseYurophu, isakhiwo sibhekiswe ku-EN 1090 ukuze kutholwe uphawu lwe-CE, futhi izinto zokugcoba ezithinta amanzi okuphuza zine-NSF/ANSI 61 kanye nokwamukelwa kwe-WRAS. Amathangi e-GFS aboshiwe enkampani nawo aklanyelwe i-ISO 28765, okunikeza enye indlela ye-vitreous-enamel esikhundleni segobolondo le-carbon-steel elingenalutho i-D103 ekhuluma ngalo. I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) ikhiqiza amathangi aboshiwe kusukela ngo-2008, inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, iqeda amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000, futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi angawodwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³ ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 kanye ne-ISO 45001 yokukhiqiza.
Amandla Obunjiniyela e-Center Enamel
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina axhunywe ngamabhawodi kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ane-enamel angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukuze kunyuswe umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS, FDA, LFGB, CE (EN 1090), ISO 28765, FM, BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukwakheka kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09, AWWA D108, EN 1090 ne-ISO 28765 lapho uhlelo ludinga khona.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Ingabe i-AWWA D103 ne-D108 ziyindinganiso efanayo?
Impendulo 1: Cha. I-D103 ilawula ithangi lensimbi yekhabhoni eboshiwe (ugobolondo, phansi, uphahla, ukubopha, ukufaka ulwelwesi); i-D108 ilawula kuphela uphahla lwedome le-aluminium. Ziyasekelana futhi ngokuvamile zicaciswa ndawonye kuphrojekthi yethangi elinedome.
Umbuzo 2: Ingabe i-AWWA D108 ihlanganisa uqweqwe lwethangi?
Impendulo 2: Cha. I-D108 ikhawulelwe kuphahla lwedome le-aluminium nokunamathiselwa kwalo emlonyeni wethangi. Uqweqwe, phansi kanye nesisekelo kuhlala ngaphakathi kwe-D103 (noma enye indinganiso yethangi).
Umbuzo 3: Ingabe ithangi eliboshiwe lingahlinzekwa ngaphandle kwedome le-D108?
Impendulo 3: Yebo. I-D103 ihlanganisa ithangi nezinketho zalo zophahla; idome le-aluminium le-D108 licaciswa lapho kufunwa uphahla olungenazinsika, olunokunakekela okuphansi, olumelana nokugqwala phezu kwethangi le-D103.
Umbuzo 4: Ubani onesibopho sokuxhumana phakathi kwethangi nedome?
A4: I-interface ingeyalowo oxhumanisa izindinganiso ezimbili — ngokuvamile umhlinzeki wethangi, okufanele akhombise umkhawulo we-D103 kanye nokubambelela kwe-D108 kuhambisana kusethi yedrowing eyodwa ukuze kungabikho sikhala esishiywa yinoma yisiphi isindinganiso.
Q5: Ingabe i-D103 ihlanganisa ukuklanywa kokuzamazama komhlaba?
A5: I-D103 idinga ukuthi ithangi lihlolwe ngomthwalo wokuzamazama komhlaba nowomoya, kodwa i-spectrum yokufaka yokuzamazama komhlaba ivela kukhodi yendawo (i-ASCE 7 emazweni aseMelika; i-EN 1991/EN 1998 eYurophu). Iphrojekthi ethobelayo yenza kokubili.
Q6: Kuthiwani ngokuthintana namanzi aphuzwayo ethangini le-D103?
A6: I-D103 ibhekana nokugcotshwa/ukufakwa kwesivikelo, kodwa ukuthintana namanzi aphuzwayo kudinga futhi ukwamukelwa okufana ne-NSF/ANSI 61 noma i-WRAS, okuzungeza isindinganiso sokwakhiwa se-D103.
Umbuzo 7: Ingabe idome le-aluminium lisinda noma lilula kunophahla lwensimbi?
Impendulo 7: Amadome e-geodesic e-aluminium alula futhi ayazisekela ngaphandle kwezinsika zangaphakathi, okunciphisa umthwalo wophahla odluliselwa kugobolondo lwe-D103 futhi kwenza isisekelo sibe lula — isizathu esiyinhloko esenza abanikazi bakhethe i-D108 kunophahla lwensimbi olujwayelekile.
I-AWWA D103 ne-AWWA D108 yimigomo emibili ehlukene kodwa ehambisanayo: i-D103 iphathelene nethangi lensimbi yekhabhoni eboshelwe ngamabhawudi, kanti i-D108 iphathelene nedome ye-aluminium elivala lelo thangi. Zihlangana emaphethelweni ethangi, futhi incazelo yokucacisa ehlanzekile ibiza ngayinye ngomkhakathi wayo kuyilapho ixhumanisa ukuhlangana kudokhumenti eyodwa yemidwebo. Akukho kuzo okuyikhodi ephelele yephrojekthi — izidingo zokuzamazama komhlaba, zokuqalisa nokwenza kanye nezokuthintana namanzi okuphuza zizungeza zombili ngokusebenzisa i-ASCE 7, i-EN 1090 kanye ne-NSF/ANSI 61 noma i-WRAS. Cacisa zombili ngendlela efanele futhi umphumela uba uhlelo lwethangi nedome eboshelwe ngamabhawudi olumbozele ngokuphelele noluhlala isikhathi eside.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Okwethangi eliboshwe ngezindonga ezinebhodwe le-aluminium, sithumele umthamo nobubanzi, uketshezi olugciniwe nokuthi ngabe luyaphuzwa yini, idatha yomoya nokuzamazama komhlaba yendawo, kanye namazinga adingekayo (AWWA D103, AWWA D108, EN 1090, NSF/ANSI 61/WRAS). Sizobuyisela incazelo yethangi nebhodwe elihambisanayo enemininingwane yokuxhumana kwegobolondo le-D103 nomphetho we-D108, ukwamukelwa kokuqokwa nokufakwa kwengubo kubhalwe phansi, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuzamazama komhlaba nesisekelo okwenziwe ngokwesisekelo se-ASCE 7 noma i-EN 1998 esebenzayo.
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