Iyini Ithangi Lokugcina Elingaphezulu Komhlaba? Ingqalasizinda Ebalulekile Yokugcina Uketshezi Ezimbonini
Kwadalwa ngo 08.07
Uyini Ithangi Lokugcina Elingaphezulu Komhlaba? Ingqalasizinda Ebalulekile Yokuqukatha Uketshezi Oluningi Kwezimboni
Ezindaweni zokucubungula izimboni, izindawo zokuhluza uphethiloli, izinsiza zamanzi zomasipala, nezindawo zezolimo, ukuqukatha okuphephile koketshezi oluningi kuyisidingo sokusebenza. Ngokungafani nezinhlelo ezingaphansi komhlaba ezingabonakali, amathangi okugcina angaphezulu komhlaba (ASTs) abekwe ngokuphelele noma ngokuyinhloko phezu komhlaba.
Amathangi okugcina aphezulu komhlaba (ASTs) aklanyelwe ukugcina konke kusukela ku-oyile eluhlaza namafutha acwengiwe kuya kumakhemikhali, amanzi aphuzekayo, namanzi angcolile ezimbonini, anikeza ukubonakala okucacile, ukufinyelela kalula ekuhloleni, nezinqubo ezilula zokulungisa uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela ezingaphansi komhlaba.
1. Izinhlobo Eziyisisekelo Zokwakheka Nokucushwa
Amathangi okugcina aphezulu komhlaba akhiqizwa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zokwakheka kuye ngokushintshashintsha, ukucindezela, nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali zomkhiqizo ogciniwe:
● Amathangi Anophahla Olungaguquki (Izikhonkwane Noma Iziyindawo Eziyindilinga): Enophahla olunamathiselwe unomphela olushiselwe ngqo emzimbeni wethangi, lawa mathangi asetshenziswa kabanzi emikhiqizweni enomfutho ophansi womhwamuko njengodizili, uwoyela wokubasa, amanzi, namakhemikhali asindayo. Adinga ukukhipha umoya okujwayelekile nokuphuthumayo ukuze alawule ukushintshashintsha komhwamuko wangaphakathi.
● Amathangi Angaphakathi Okuntanta (IFR): Lawana ahlanganisa uphahla olungaphandle olungaguquki kanye nedekhi yangaphakathi entanta ngqo phezu kobuso boketshezi. Ngokuqeda isikhala somhwamuko ngaphakathi kwethangi, amasistimu e-IFR anciphisa kakhulu ukulahleka kokuhwamuka kanye nokukhishwa kwamakhemikhali aphilayo aguqukayo (VOCs).
● Amathangi Angaphandle Okuntanta (EFR): Akhiwe ngaphandle kophahla olungaguquki, umkhumbi ovulekile phezulu unedekhi ekhuphuka yehle ngqo nezinga loketshezi. Njengoba efakwe izivalo ezikhethekile zasemaphethelweni, amathangi e-EFR ajwayelekile ekugcinweni kukawoyela omkhulu kanye namahydrocarbon anokuhwamuka okuphezulu.
2. Izindinganiso Zemboni Nokulawulwa Kokulawula
Ngenxa yokuthi ama-AST evame ukubamba izinto ezivuthayo, eziyingozi, noma ezingazweli emvelweni, ukuklanywa kwawo, ukwakhiwa, nokusebenza kwawo kulawulwa ngokuqinile yizindinganiso zobunjiniyela ezaziwa emhlabeni jikelele:
● API 650 (Amathangi Alwelded Wokugcina Uwoyela): I-standards yomhlaba wonke eqondisa izidingo ezincane zokukhetha izinto, ukuklama, ukwakha, ukufaka, nokuhlola amathangi ensimbi alwelded, aqhuba ngaphansi kwengcindezi yomoya noma eduze kwayo.
● API 620 kanye ne-API 653: I-API 620 iphethe amathangi amakhulu, aphansi engcindezi, kanti i-API 653 ihlinzeka ngama-protocol abalulekile wokuhlola, ukuvuselela, ukuguqula, nokwakha kabusha amathangi e-AST akhona.
● Ukuqukethwa Kwemvelo Nokwesibili: Izinhlaka ezilawulayo ziphogelela izimfuneko eziqinile zokuquketha okwesibili (njengamadili kakhonkolo, amagobolondo anodongwe oluphindwe kabili, noma izinto zokugquma ezingangeni manzi) ezizungeze ama-AST ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi konke kutholakala uma kwenzeka ukuchitheka ngengozi noma ukuqhuma kwethangi.
I-Matrix Yokuqhathanisa: Amathangi Aphezulu Komhlaba vs. Amathangi Angaphansi Komhlaba
Ipharamitha Yokuhlola | Amathangi Aphezulu Omhlaba (ASTs) | Amathangi Okugcina Angaphansi Komhlaba (USTs) |
Ukuhlola Nokuqapha | Ukubonakala okuphezulu; ukuhlola okujwayelekile okubonakalayo kokuvuza nokugqwala kulula | Akubonakali; kudinga ukuhlolwa okukhethekile, okubizayo okungonakalisi (NDT) |
Ubunkimbinkimbi Bokufaka | Ukumiswa okusheshayo; kudinga izisekelo eziyisicaba ezilinganiselwe (izindonga eziyindilinga noma itshe elichotshoziwe) | Ukumba okuyinkimbinkimbi, ukubambelela ukuvimbela ukuntanta, nokugcwalisa emuva |
Ukuphathwa Kwengozi Yezemvelo | Ukuvuza okubonakalayo kutholakala ngokushesha; kulula ukukuhambisa namadike esibili | Ukuvuza okungaphansi komhlaba kungangabonwa isikhathi eside, kubangele ukungcola okubi kwenhlabathi/amanzi angaphansi komhlaba |
Ukusetshenziswa Kwesikhala | Kudinga isikhala esingaphezulu somhlaba esizinikezelwe | Kukhulula umhlaba ongaphezulu ukuze usetshenziselwe eminye imisebenzi |
Imibuzo Ejwayelekile (FAQ)
Umbuzo: Liyini ithangi lokugcina elingaphezulu komhlaba (AST)?
Impendulo: Ithangi lokugcina elingaphezulu komhlaba yisitsha noma isiqukathi esakhiwe ngokuphelele noma ngokuyinhloko ebusweni bomhlaba, esiklanyelwe ukubamba uketshezi njengemikhiqizo kaphethiloli, amakhemikhali, amanzi, noma amanzi angcolile.
Q: Yimuphi umthetho ophambili wezobunjiniyela ophatha ukuklama amathangi ensimbi e-AST?
A: I-American Petroleum Institute (API) Standard 650 iyisikhumbuzo somhlaba wonke esiqondisa ukuklama, ukukhetha izinto, ukwakha, nokuhlola amathangi wokugcina uwoyela alwelded aphakeme.
Q: Ukuvuza kwemvelo kuvinjelwa noma kulawulwa kanjani ezungeze ama-AST?
A: Izikhungo zisebenzisa izinhlelo zokuquketha okwesibili—ezinjengamabhange kakhonkolo, izindonga zokugcina, noma imiklamo yamathangi anodongwe oluphindwe kabili—kanye nokuvikelwa kwe-cathodic, izinto zokugquma ezikhethekile, nokuhlolwa okuvamile ngamehlo ukuze kuvinjelwe futhi kuqukethwe ukuchitheka okungenzeka.
Q: Kungani uphahla oluntantayo lusetshenziswa kwamanye amathangi aphezulu omhlaba okugcina?
A: Amathangi angaphakathi noma angaphandle antanta ngqo phezu koketsi, kuqedwa imikhala yomhwamuko. Lokhu kunciphisa ukulahleka komkhiqizo ngenxa yokuhwamuka, kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi, futhi kwehlisa izingozi zomlilo lapho kugcinwa uketshezi oluhwamukayo njengophethiloli noma uwoyela ongahluziwe.
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