Izinga le-WRAS: Umhlahlandlela Wezobunjiniyela Wokuphumelela Kwamanzi E-UK
Kwadalwa ngo 06.23
I-WRAS Standard: Umhlahlandlela Wezobunjiniyela Wokuphumelela Kwamanzi E-UK
I-WRAS (Water Regulations Approval Scheme) yiyona esezingeni eliphezulu lokuhambisana nanoma yikuphi ukufakwa kwamanzi noma izinto ezixhuma emthonjeni womphakathi wamanzi e-United Kingdom. Iphumelela i-Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999, i-WRAS iqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye zengqalasizinda azibangeli ukumosha, ukusetshenziswa kabi, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, noma—okubaluleke kakhulu—ukungcoliswa komthombo wamanzi okuphuzwayo. Kwabakhiqizi bomhlaba wonke abahlinzeka ngezixazululo zokugcina ezinkulu ezifana ne-Glass-Fused-to-Steel (GFS) noma amathangi e-Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) aye e-UK noma ezifundeni ezisebenza ngaphansi kwezindinganiso zaseBrithani, ukuthola imvume ye-WRAS kuyimfuneko yokungena emakethe.
1. Izendlalelo Ezimbili Zokugunyazwa kwe-WRAS
Onjiniyela namaqembu okuthenga kumele ahlukanise phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zokuqinisekiswa kwe-WRAS lapho kuchazwa izingxenye zesikhungo sokugcina noma sokwelapha amanzi:
A. Ukugunyazwa Kwezinto Ze-WRAS
Lokhu kusebenza ezintweni ezingezona ezensimbi nezingxenye, njengezendlalelo zamathangi ezifakwa efektri (i-vitreous enamel, i-epoxy), ama-gaskets enjoloba, ama-O-rings, nama-sealants akhethekile. Le nto kumele iphumelele isethi yokuhlolwa ye-BS 6920 ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ayikhiphi izinto ezonakalisa amanzi noma ishintshe ukunambitheka nephunga lawo.
B. Ukugunyazwa Komkhiqizo We-WRAS
Lokhu kusebenza emikhiqizweni yonke yemishini ehlanganisiwe, njengamavalvu, amaphampu, nemihlangano ekhethekile yemishayo. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi umklamo wonke wemishini uhambisana nemithetho yase-UK yokufakwa kwamanzi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubuyela emuva nokwehluleka komshini.
Inothi Lobunjiniyela Lamathangi Axhunyiwe: Kumathangi okugcina uketshezi ayingxenye, ukuhambisana kugxile cishe ngokuphelele ku-Material Approval. Izinto zokugqoka zangaphakathi, izinto zokubopha izimbobo, nezinto zokubopha izikulufo kumele zonke ziphathe izitifiketi ezizimele ze-BS 6920.
2. I-BS 6920 Testing Suite (Ukuhambisana Kwezinto)
Ukuthola Imvume Yezinto ze-WRAS, ilabhoratri ezimele kufanele ihlole umkhiqizo ngokumelene ne-British Standard 6920 (Ukufaneleka kwemikhiqizo engeyona eyensimbi ukuthi isetshenziswe ngokuxhumana namanzi ahlosiwe ukusetshenziswa ngabantu). Lokhu kuhlanganisa izivivinyo ezinhlanu ezithile:
1. Iphunga Nokunambitheka: Impahla icwiliswa emanzini anomoya-mpilo (chlorinated) nangenawo. Iphaneli yezinzwa bese ihlola amanzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akukho ukunambitheka noma iphunga elidluliselwa.
2. Ukubukeka Kwamanzi: Ukuhlolwa kulinganisa ukuthi impahla ibanga yini ukushintsha kombala noma ukungacaci (ukufiphala) emanzini isikhathi eside sokuxhumana.
3. Ukukhula Kwama-microorganisms Amanzi (MDOD): Kubaluleke kakhulu ezindongeni zamathangi. Impahla icwiliswa ukuze kubonwe ukuthi iyasisekela noma iyakhuthaza ukukhula kwamagciwane noma i-biofilm (elinganiswa nge-Mean Dissolved Oxygen Difference).
4. Ukudonswa Kwezinto (Cytotoxicity): Kuhlolwa ukudonswa kwezinto ezinobuthi ezingathinta kabi impilo yeseli lomuntu.
5. Ukuqoqwa Kwamaminerali: Amanzi ahlaziywa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amaminerali asindayo (njengomthofu, i-arsenic, noma i-cadmium) awazange adedelwe kusuka ku-coating noma i-sealant matrix emanzini okuphuza.
3. Izinto Zobunjiniyela Zokukhiqiza Amathangi
Lapho kwenziwa ingqalasizinda yokugcina ukuze kuhambisane nemithetho ye-UK, abaphathi bezindawo nabakhiqizi kufanele babhekane nezinto ezithile ezihlangana nazo:
● I-Glass-Fused-to-Steel (GFS): Ngenkathi i-vitreous enamel ingeyona eyokubola futhi ngokuvamile ayithinteki ukukhula kwezinto eziphilayo, ifomula ethile ye-frit kufanele isadlula ukuhlolwa kokukhiqizwa kwamaminerali ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akukho minyaka yeminerali esindayo evela enqenqemeni yokuncibilika ededelwa emanzini.
● I-Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE): Izinhlelo ze-epoxy zihloliswa kakhulu ngaphansi kwezivivinyo ze-Odor/Flavor ne-Cytotoxicity. Izikhathi nokushisa okuyiqiniso kwefektri kuyimpoqo; iphaneli ye-epoxy engaphekwe kahle izohluleka ngokushesha ukuhlolwa kwe-WRAS ngenxa yokuvuza kwe-VOC.
● Ama-Mastics kanye nama-Polyurethanes: Izinto zokubopha eziguquguqukayo ezisetshenziselwa ukuxhuma amaphaneli emithangeni exhunyiwe kumele zilungiswe ngokukhethekile amanzi okuphuza. Izinto zokubopha ezijwayelekile zezimboni zizohluleka ekuhlolweni kokukhula kwamagciwane.
4. I-Matrix Eqhathanisayo: WRAS vs. NSF/ANSI 61
Kumamabhizinisi edijithali omhlaba wonke kanye nezikhangiso ze-B2B zamazwe omhlaba, kubalulekile ukucacisa umehluko phakathi kwezindinganiso zase-UK (WRAS) nezaseNyakatho Melika (NSF 61), njengoba amaphrojekthi amaningi edinga enye noma enye ngokusekelwe kumthelela wobunjiniyela besifunda.
Isici | I-WRAS (Izinga le-UK/British) | I-NSF/ANSI 61 (YaseNyakatho Melika) |
Inqubo Eyinhloko Yokuhlola | BS 6920 | Ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali nokubuyekezwa kwe-toxicological |
Ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa | Kuyimpoqo (Iphaneli yomuntu eqinile yezinwele nokunambitheka) | Akuyona into eyinhloko (Igcizelela imingcele yamakhemikhali engalinganiswa) |
Ukuhlolwa kwezinto eziphilayo | Ukugxila kakhulu (ukuhlolwa kwe-MDOD kwe-biofilm) | Kuxoxiwe ngakho, kodwa kungaphansi kokudonswa kwamakhemikhali |
Ukuvunywa Umhlaba Wonke | I-UK, iMiddle East, izingxenye ze-Asia/Africa | I-North America, i-Middle East, i-South America |
Isikhathi Sokuvuselela | Isebenza iminyaka emi-5 (idinga ukuphinda ihlolwe) | Izivivinyo zonyaka kanye nokuhlolwa kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile |
5. Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (FAQ)
Q: Uma ukugqoka kwethangi lami kunesitifiketi se-NSF-61, ngabe kuvunyelwe ngokuzenzakalelayo yi-WRAS?
A: Cha. Nakuba zombili ziyizindinganiso eziqinile zezempilo yomphakathi, zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukene zokuhlola. I-WRAS incike kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwezinzwa (ukuzwa ukunambitheka/iphunga) kanye nokuhlolwa kokukhula kwamagciwane, kanti i-NSF-61 igxila kuphela ku-mass spectrometry nemingcele yokuvuza kwamakhemikhali. Abakhiqizi kufanele badlule ekuhlolweni okuhlukile kwe-WRAS.
Umbuzo: Ingabe imvume ye-WRAS ingasetshenziswa emuva ethangini eliqediwe?
Impendulo: Cha. Isitifiketi se-WRAS kumele sinikezwe ifomula ethile yezinto ngaphambi kokuba zisetshenziswe futhi zifakwe. Isiphathimandla samanzi sizokwala ithangi uma izinto ezifakiwe zingakwazi ukukhiqiza inombolo evumelekile yokufakwa ohlwini lwe-WRAS ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa.
Umbuzo: Ingabe i-WRAS ihlanganisa ukugqoka kwangaphandle kwethangi?
Impendulo: Cha. I-WRAS ilawula kuphela izinto ezithinta ngqo ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okuphuzwayo. Ukugqoka kwangaphandle (kungaba igalvanized, i-epoxy, noma ingilazi) kulawulwa yizindinganiso ezihlukene zemvelo nokugqwala njenge-ISO 12944.
Ukuzulazula emakethe yengqalasizinda yamanzi yase-UK kufuna ukuzibophezela okungaguqukiyo kwinqamulalwazi ye-WRAS. Ngokuphasa isethi yokuhlola eqinile ye-BS 6920, izinto ezivunyiwe ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zokuhambisa amanzi zomphakathi zihlala zingenawo amakhemikhali aphuma, ukukhula kwezinto eziphilayo, nokuguquka kwezinzwa. Kuba onjiniyela kanye nezomasipala, ukucacisa okokugqoka kanye nezinto zokubopha ezivunyiwe yi-WRAS kuyisivikelo esiphezulu sokugcina ubumsulwa obuphelele bezinethiwekhi zamanzi okuphuza.
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