Ukuklanywa Kwamathangi Okugcina Udaka: Umthamo, Isilinganiso, Udonga kanye Nokubophezeleka
Kwadalwa ngo 09.04
Isilinganiso Sendlela Yomthamo Wamathangi Okugcina I-Sludge, Udonga kanye Nokubambelela
Umklamo wethangi lokugcina udaka uqala kubhalansi yesisindo sezinto ezomile, bese unquma isilinganiso sobubanzi nobude, ukujiya kodonga lwegobolondo, uphahla, ukufakwa kwezinto zokuvikela ukushisa lapho udaka kumelwe lungapholi, kanye nesisekelo nokubopha okulubambayo. Ethangini eliboshiwe umthamo wokusebenza uvela ezintweni ezomile zansuku zonke ezihlukaniswa ngokugxilile okugciniwe kuphindwe ngezinsuku zokugcina kanye nendawo yamahhala; isilinganiso bese sikhethwa kusuka esithombeni kanye nepompo; ukujiya kodonga kulandela umklamo wamaphaneli; futhi isisekelo kumelwe silawule umehluko wokuhla ngoba igobolondo elingesona isiyingi liyaconsa esigabeni esiphezulu. Ukufakwa kwezinto zokuvikela ukushisa kubalulekile nomaphi lapho udaka kumelwe luhlale lungaphezu kwezinga lokushisa okulugcina lukwazi ukupompa.
Imihlangano yokuklama echibini lodaka ihamba ngendlela engalungile ngokulandelana okulindelekile. Othile uphakamisa ububanzi, omunye ubuza ngepompo, futhi ukujiya kodonga kunqunywa yipuleti elalikhona eshalofini. Ngaleso sikhathi ukulinganisela kwesisindo okwakufanele kukhiqize umthamo kusaqhubeka, futhi isisekelo sidwetshwa njengebhande eliyisicaba ngumdwebi wamapulani ongakaze abone umucu wamabhilidi wethangi eliboshiwe. Le ndatshana ibeka ukulandelana kokuklama ngendlela okufanele kwenziwe ngayo, lapho isinyathelo ngasinye sikhiqiza inombolo edingwa esilandelayo.
Isinyathelo sokuqala: ibhalansi yesisindo enquma umthamo
Umthamo uvela ezintweni ezomileyo, hhayi ekugelezeni, futhi lowo umugqa obaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwethangi lodaka. Thatha umkhiqizo wansuku zonke wezinto ezomileyo ovela enqubweni yaphezulu, uhlukanise ngokugxila ithangi elingakugcina, phindaphinda ngenani lezinsuku zokugcina, bese wengeza isikhala esengeziwe somhlabathi ozinza nokugwebu okuphuma phezulu. Udaka olungamaphesenti angu-6 ezinto ezomileyo namathani angu-10 ezinto ezomileyo ngosuku lungaba ngu-167 m³ ngosuku; izinsuku ezinhlanu zokugcina zingama-835 m³ omthamo osebenzisekayo; ngesabelo esingu-15 ekhulwini somhlabathi nokugwebu, umgogodla usondele ku-960 m³.
I-freeboard ayilona iphutha lokuhlanganisa elinganiselwe ethangini lodaka. Ingubo ecindezelwe ithatha umthamo wangempela futhi ungqimba lwegwebu lukhuphuka nanoma yikuphi ukukhiqizwa kwegesi, ngakho ithangi elilinganiswe ngqo nomthamo wokusebenza lizogcwala ngaphambi kokuba icala lomklamo lifike. Chaza i-freeboard ngokusobala, bese uhlola ukuthi izinga eliphezulu lisashiya umlomo wokuphuma ngaphansi komugqa woketshezi ukuze iphampu ingalokothi igijime egwebuni.
Isinyathelo sesibili: isilinganiso sobubanzi nobude
Isilinganiso sinqunywa isakhiwo, iphampu kanye nokulandelana kokwakha hhayi umthamo. Umthamo ulingana no-0.785 ophindwe ngesikwele sobubanzi ophindwe ngobude buketshezi, ngakho umthamo ongaguquki ungaba yithangi elibanzi futhi elingajulile noma elide futhi elincane. Ithangi elibanzi futhi elingajulile iyimpendulo evamile endaweni yokwelapha: isikhafu noma isixhumi esifushane, ileli elifushane, isimo somoya esiphansi, i-ring beam elula, kanye nokumba okungajulile uma ithangi lingaphansi kwezinga lomhlaba. Ithangi elide futhi elincane lifanele isakhiwo esincane kodwa lidinga ibhuloho noma ingalo ende yokuxhuma, izitebhisi ezinde, kanye nesisekelo esijulile.
Izilinganiso ezingokoqobo zamathangi odaka aboshiwe zihlala zisebangeni elilinganiselwe, cishe isilinganiso sobubanzi nobude phakathi kuka-0.8 no-2.0 kugobolondo eliyindilinga. Ngaphansi cishe kuka-0.6 ugobolondo luba lude ngokwanele ukuthi umoya nokuboshelwa kudla ingqondo futhi imishini yokuxubha iba yimali eningi; ngaphezulu kakhulu kuka-2.5 futhi indawo yaphansi iqala ukubiza imisebenzi yezakhiwo futhi umlomo wokuphuma udinga ukushanela ukuze ufinyelele yonke ikhoneni. Isilinganiso kufanele sihlolwe ngokumelene nokuhlelwa kokuxubha kusenesikhathi, ngoba ububanzi besixubhi bushayela idokhi lesakhiwo.
Isinyathelo sesithathu: ukujiya kodonga, amaphaneli namabhawodi
Ubukhulu bodonga ku-tanki eliboshwe ngamabhawudi yinani lokuklama lephaneli, futhi kufanele lishiwo ngokwesigaba ngasinye. Ububanzi bamaphaneli buhamba cishe ku-1.2 m futhi ubukhulu bukhethwa ngenxa yesimo sengcindezi yangaphakathi nangaphandle, umthwalo wenhlabathi lapho itanki lingcwatshwe kancane, kanye nesimo sokuphatha efektri. Izendlalelo eziphansi ezijiyile nezendlalelo eziphezulu ezincanyana zivamile emagobolondweni ashukile; uhlelo lwamaphaneli aboshwe ngamabhawudi ngokuvamile lusebenzisa ubukhulu bephaneli obungaguquki besilinda kanti izendlalelo eziphezulu zivunyelwe ukushintsha isimo, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ukugcinwa kwezingxenye zokushintsha.
Ijoyinti yilapho umklamo uhlala khona noma ufa khona. Amajoyinti anegasketi ane-EPDM namabhawudi ezinga le-8.8, aqiniswa ngenani elibhaliwe futhi aphinde ahlolwe ngemva kokugcwaliswa kokuqala, iwukucaciswa okusebenzayo. Igasketi engahambisani ne-pH nodaka kanye nezinga lokushisa izoqina futhi ivuze kuqala esigabeni esiphezulu, okuyindawo yokuqala futhi umsebenzisi ayibonayo. Cacisa izinga lebhawudi, into yegasketi kanye nesikhathi sokuphinda uqinise esivumelwaneni esikhundleni sokukushiyela umfaki, futhi gcina iphaneli eyodwa yokuyedza kanye nesethi yegasketi kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yethangi.
Isinyathelo sesine: ukuvikela, izinga lokushisa nophahla
I-Insulation iyisinqumo somklamo: ikhona ukuze igcine i-sludge ingaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lapho iyeka ukuziphatha njengoketshezi. I-sludge ewugqinsi eyayingu-20 °C enqubweni yase-upstream izolahlekelwa ukushisa emthanjeni obandayo nasezindaweni ezibandayo phakathi nezinsuku, futhi ukwehla kwe-yield stress kusho ukuthi usayizi wepompo uyakhula futhi amapayipi adinga i-trace yawo. Faka i-insulation ku-shell naku-roof lapho inqubo ibucayi khona, futhi chaza ngokuningiliziwe i-vapour seal ngoba ungqimba lwe-insulation olumanzi lubi kakhulu kunokungabi nayo neze i-insulation.
Uphahla lulandela umbuzo wegesi. Isikhala sekhanda sedaka eligciniwe sikhiqiza i-hydrogen sulphide ne-methane, futhi uphahla nendawo yokuphuma komoya kufanele ziklanyelwe lokho kukhiqiza, hhayi indaba ejwayelekile yokuphefumula. Uphahla olunezingxenye ezimbili ezinolwelwesi lwangaphakathi olunengcindezi ebizwayo elinganiselwa ku-2–3 kPa kanye nomshini wokukhulula kuvamile ethangini elivaliwe; inketho eqinile ibhekiselwa ku-AWWA D108 noma i-API 650 ngomoya neqhwa elivela ku-ADM 2015 noma i-ASCE 7-10. Kuzo zombili izimo insimbi yesikhala sekhanda iyisigaba sayo sokugqwala, yingakho i-lining nophahla kucaciswa ndawonye.
Imininingwane Yezobuchwepheshe
Ipharamitha | Inani Elijwayelekile / Ibanga | Qaphela |
Isisekelo somklamo | izinto ezomile zansuku zonke zihlukaniswa ngokugxila ziphindwe ngezinsuku zokugcina | ukulingana kwesisindo kuqhuba umthamo |
Isibonelo secala | 10 t/d izinto ezomile ku-6 pesenti TS, izinsuku ezi-5 | cishe u-960 m³ wogobolondo onendawo yamahhala |
Indawo yamahhala | cishe u-15 pesenti wenzika nokugwebu | ivikela indawo yokuphuma kanye necala lokuklama |
Isilinganiso sobubanzi nobude | cishe u-0.8 kuya ku-2.0 wogobolondo oluyindilinga oluboshiwe | kubekwa ngokwesakhiwo, iphampu kanye nobubanzi bokunyakazisa |
Ububanzi bephaneli | cishe u-1.2 m | isilinda esingaguquki, izingxenye ezilula |
Izinga lamabhawudi | amabhawudi anezinga 8.8 | avimbela ukugqwala, inani le-torque elibhaliwe |
I-gasket | I-EPDM evamile, iqinisekiswa ngokumelene ne-pH yodaka | phinda u-torque ngemuva kokugcwalisa kokuqala |
Izinga lokushisa lokuhlangana kwe-enamel | 820–930 °C | ingilazi ihlanganiswa nensimbi ngomjikelezo owodwa |
Ubukhulu bongqimba lwe-enamel | 0.25–0.45 mm | ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1500 V DC ngemuva kokuhlanganisa |
ukuzinza kwe-pH kwe-enamel | 1–14 | ayinakusabela kuwo wonke amazinga e-anaerobic |
Uphahla | ama-membrane amabili, noma i-AWWA D108 / API 650 eqinile | umthwalo we-ADM 2015 / ASCE 7-10 |
Isisekelo | i-ring beam, umehluko wokuhlala phansi olawulwayo | iphethini ye-anchor ehambisana nephaneli |
Isinyathelo sesihlanu: isisekelo, ukuboshwa kanye nokwehluleka okubonakala njengokuconsa
Isisekelo siyingxenye yedizayini yethangi lodaka evame ukudwetshwa umuntu ongakaze ahlanganise ithangi eliboshwe ngamabhawudi. Igobolondo eliboshwe ngamabhawudi lifuna i-ring beam noma iphedi enomehluko wokuhlala phansi olawulwayo kuyo yonke indawo yobubanzi, kanye nephethini ye-anchor ehambisana nezimbobo zephaneli. Igobolondo elingesona isiyingi lifaka amajoyinti ekutshekeni okuvula i-gasket esigabeni esiphezulu, futhi isigaba esiphezulu esiconsayo ebusika besibili ukulungisa okuhilela iphampu kanye nethangi.
Ukukhushulwa komoya kubeka ukuboshwa. Ithangi elincane elinobubanzi obukhulu endaweni evulekile liyaphakama endaweni yokuboshwa engasohlangothini lomoya esimweni esingenalutho, okuyisimo esibi kakhulu ngoba ithangi lilula kakhulu futhi ukudonsa phezulu kuphezulu. Bala ukukhushulwa kwesimo esingenalutho, hlola ukugxiliswa kwesibopho ku-ring beam, futhi ungalinganisi ukuboshwa kusukela esimweni esigcwele. Ukulandelana kokwakha nakho kubalulekile: amaphaneli akhula ukusuka ku-ring beam, ukuyindilinga kuhlolwa phezulu kwesigaba ngasinye, futhi i-torque yebhawudi isetshenziswa ngendlela echaziwe hhayi ngokunganaki yiqembu labasebenzi.
Icala Lomsebenzi
Umsebenzi | Indawo | Umkhiqizo | Umthamo | Ububanzi |
Amathangi emanzini angcolile asembonini yotshwala | China, Sichuan | Amathangi e-GFS | 14,655 m³ | ukuhlinzekwa kwethangi eliboshwe ngamabhawudi nophahla |
Ingxenye ye-anaerobic yamanzi angcolile okusetshenziswa kubhontshisi | China, Hebei | Amathangi e-GFS digester | ingxenye yenqubo ye-anaerobic | ukuhlinzeka ngamathangi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwenqubo |
Amathangi amanzi angcolile kamasipala, amayunithi angu-10 | China, Sichuan | Amathangi e-GFS | Ingqikithi engu-17,420 m³ | ukuhlinzeka nokuhlanganisa endaweni |
Amathangi amanzi angcolile ezimbonini, amayunithi angu-27 | China, Xinjiang | Amathangi e-GFS | 30,469 m³ isiyonke | ukuhlinzeka nokugada |
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela le-Center Enamel
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina anezibophezelo kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi angu-300,000 ahlanganiswe ne-enamel ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kuka-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukuze kukhuliswe umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukuklanywa kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550 ne-NFPA lapho uhlelo lokusetshenziswa ludinga khona.
Ngokuklanywa kwethangi lodaka lelo khono lisho uchungechunge oluphelele kusukela ekulinganisweni kwesisindo kuya ekuboshweni: i-enamel lining kanye nerekhodi layo lokuhlolwa kwe-spark, ukujiya kwephaneli kanye nohlelo lwe-torque yebhawodi, uphahla nomngcele wegesi, kanye ne-ring beam kanye namacala okukhuphuka abalwa ndawonye.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Q1: Ingabe umthamo wokuklama kufanele usekelwe phezu kwani?
A1: Ukulinganisela kwesisindo sezinto ezomile: izinto ezomile zansuku zonke zihlukaniswa ngokugxilile okugciniwe, ziphindwe ngezinsuku zokugcina, kanye nendawo yokwengeza yomhlabathi kanye namagwebu. Izibalo zokugeleza azithembekile oketshezini olungelona olukaNewton.
Q2: Uyikhetha kanjani isilinganiso sobubanzi nobude?
A2: Kusukela esakhiweni, ukudonsa kwepompo kanye nobubanzi bokuxubha. Isilinganiso esiseduze no-1.0 siyisisekelo esihle sethangi eliyindilinga eliboshiwe, kanye nethangi elibanzi elingajulile lapho indawo yaphansi ikhona kanye negobolondo elide lapho ingekho.
Q3: Ingabe ukujiya kodonga lwegobolondo lethangi eliboshiwe kuyefana kuze kube phezulu?
A3: Imvamisa yebo kusilinda esiboshiwe, okuyinzuzo engokoqobo yezinto zokushintsha, kanti izigaba eziphezulu zingashintsha isimo. Igobolondo elishiseliwe ngokuvamile lincipha ngokuya phezulu. Chaza ukujiya kwephaneli ngesigaba ngasinye kumklamo.
Q4: Ingabe ukufakwa kwezinto zokuvikela ukushisa kudingeka nini ethangini lodaka?
A4: Noma nini lapho udaka kufanele luhlale lungaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elipompeka ngesikhathi sokubanda. Vala ngokuvimbela umhwamuko, ngoba ungqimba lokuvikela olumanzi lubi kakhulu kunokungabi nalutho, futhi cabanga nangophahla kanye nomzimba.
Q5: Ingabe ithangi lidinga uphahla olungangenisi igesi?
A5: Kuphela uma indawo idinga ukuvalwa noma ukubanjwa kwegesi. Udaka olugciniwe lusakhiqiza i-hydrogen sulphide ne-methane, ngakho uphahla, isiphephetha nomgudu wokukhulula kufanele kulinganiswe nalokho okukhiqizwayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi luhlobo luni lophahla.
Q6: Iyiphi iphutha lesisekelo elivame kakhulu?
A6: Umehluko wokuhlala ongalawulwanga. I-ring beam edwetshwe njenge-slab eyisicaba ivumela umzimba ukuthi uphume ngokungalingani, futhi uphawu lokuqala ukukhala kwengcwecwe ephezulu yesigaba sesibili sasebusika.
Q7: Ukukhukhuleka komoya kusingathwa kanjani?
A7: Bala ukukhukhuleka kwesimo esingenalutho, hhayi isimo esigcwele, bese ulinganisa ukujula kokugxilisa isibophezelo ku-ring beam ngakho. Amaphaneli abese emiswa kusukela ku-ring beam kanti ukuzungeza kuhlolwa ikhosi ngayinye.
Ukuklanywa kwethangi lokugcina udaka kuwukulandelana: ibhalansi yesisindo isetha umthamo, isiza kanye nephampu kusetha isilinganiso, ukuklanywa kwephaneli kusetha udonga kanye nomhlangano, i-insulation nophahla kuphendula izinga lokushisa kanye negesi, kanti i-ring beam kanye ne-anchorage kubamba konke ndawonye. Sebenza ngokulandelana futhi ukuklanywa kuyavikeleka; yeqa isinyathelo futhi ukwehluleka kuwukukhala phezulu esigabeni sesithathu emva kobusika obuthathu.
Sithumelele ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezomile, ukugxila, izinsuku zokugcina, isiza kanye nezimo zesiza, futhi sizokubuyisela ukubalwa komthamo, isilinganiso, udonga kanye namacala e-anchorage, kanye nephakethe yefayela lobuchwepheshe.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Letha idatha yodaka kanye nesiza futhi sizosebenzisa ukulandelana kokuklanywa nawe. Uzothola ibhalansi yesisindo, ububanzi nokuphakama, ukucaciswa kwephaneli nomhlangano, isisekelo kanye namacala okuphakama, kanye nemidwebo yokubuyekezwa. Impendulo yobunjiniyela kuqala, akukho sibopho futhi akukho ukuthengisa ngamandla.
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