Ukukhethwa Nokucaciswa Kwethangi Lokugcina Udaka Lwamanzi Angcolile Okunzima
Kwadalwa ngo 09.04
Ukukhetha Nokucacisa Ithangi Lokugcina Udaka Loketshezi Olunzima
Ithangi lokugcina udaka likalwa ngokuqinile okomile okufanele likugcine kanye nezinsuku okufanele likugcine ngazo, hhayi ngesibalo sokugeleza. Umthamo osebenzisekayo ulingana nokuqinile okomile kwansuku zonke okuhlukaniswe ngokugxilile okugciniwe, kuphindwe ngezinsuku zokugcina, kanye nendawo eyengeziwe yenzika kanye negwebu okuhlehla phansi. Insimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi ibhekana noketshezi ngoba uqweqwe lwengilazi alunamthelela kuyo yonke i-pH 1–14 futhi luthwala indawo engaphansi kwe-Ra 0.8 µm, okunciphisa ukunamathela kodaka olunamathelayo. Izinto ezimbili zokuklama ezinquma ukuthi ithangi liyasebenza ukugovuza ukugcina okuqinile kuhamba, kanye nokukhishwa komoya kanye nokwelashwa kwendawo yegesi ye-hydrogen sulphide ekhiqizwa udaka olugciniwe.
I-sludge iwuketshezi oluncane olukhazimulayo endaweni yokuhlanza futhi olulimaza kakhulu ithangi. Lujiyile, luyahlala phansi, lungena ekuphelelweni umoya ngamandla phakathi namahora ambalwa ngemva kokuma, lunuka, futhi luphethe ingxube egqwalayo ye-sulphide, i-ammonia ne-organic acid. Ithangi lensimbi ye-carbon enendawo yangaphakathi ependiwe likwenza lokhu iminyaka embalwa bese lihluleka emgqeni woketshezi nangaphansi kwentlenga. Le ndatshana ihlanganisa ukubalwa komthamo, imfuneko yokuxubha, umbuzo wokufaka isembozo, isikhala segesi esinganakwa, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinga nokuhlolwa okuvimbela ithangi lodaka ukuba libe ukuphuphuma.
Ukulinganisa kusukela ezintweni ezomile nasezinsukwini zokugcina
Umbuzo womthamo uwukulinganisa kwesisindo sezinto ezomile, futhi uthembeke kakhulu kunanoma yisiphi isibalo sokugeleza. Qala ngesisindo sansuku zonke sezinto ezomile esivela enqubweni yaphezulu, sihlukanise ngokugxila ithangi elizokugcina, futhi usunomthamo wansuku zonke; phindaphinda ngenani lezinsuku okufanele ithangi lihlanganisele, elibekwa uhlelo lokukhipha noma lokukhipha amanzi kanye nesidingo sokubamba impelasonto noma ukuma kokulungisa. Bese wengeza isikhala esikhululekile somhlabathi ozinza kanye negwebu elikhuphukayo, ngoba kokubili kudla umthamo osebenzisekayo phakathi namasonto.
Icala elisetshenzisiwe: amathani angu-8 ezinto eziqinile ezomile ngosuku afika ekugxilweni kwamaphesenti angu-5 angu-160 m³ ngosuku lodaka. Ukugcina izinsuku ezinhlanu kusho ukuthi kungu-800 m³ wesitoreji esisebenzisekayo, futhi ngesibonelelo senhlabathi negwebu cishe samaphesenti angu-15 umgqomo ucaciswa cishe ku-920 m³. Leso sibalo siphansi kuthangi eliboshiwe futhi asilula echibini elakhiwe endaweni, okuyisizathu esivamile sokuthi umnikazi agcine ngokuthenga ithangi esikhundleni sokumba elinye. Izitshalo ezinkulu zikala ngale ndlela futhi, futhi amathangi aboshiwe angawodwa anikezwa afika ku-60,000 m³ lapho isidingo sebhafa sikhula khona.
Ukunyakazisa: into enquma ukuthi ithangi liyawugcina yini umthamo walo
Ithangi lodaka olungaxutshwanga liyithangi lokuhlehlela phansi, futhi ithangi lokuhlehlela phansi lilahlekelwa umthamo njengoba ingubo yodaka ikhula. Udaka luhlehlela phansi ngokushesha; phakathi neshifu yomsebenzi umphansi wethangi elingaxutshwanga uba nombhede ocindezelwe, futhi ngemva kwenyanga lowo mbhede ungaba ingxenye yesithathu yethangi. Ukuxutshwa ngomshini noma ukuxutshwa ngegesi kugcina izinto eziqinile zilenga noma zikwazi ukuhamba ngokwanele ukuze zikwazi ukupompa, futhi kokubili kunomthelela wezindleko: izixutshi zomshini zidinga amandla kanye nokuvikelwa kwamabheringi ekuhlabeni kwezihlabathi, ukuxutshwa ngegesi kusebenzisa igesi ye-digester noma isiphephetha-moya futhi kudinga isihloko sokusabalalisa esingavaleki.
Kunemininingwane emibili ebaluleke kakhulu kunohlobo lwesixubezi. Eyokuqala iwuhlelo: izinto zokuxuba zibekwe ngendlela yokuthi zingadali ikhona lapho kuhlangana khona izinhlayiya ezisindayo, kanye nomgudu wokuphuma odonsa endaweni engenakho ukuthatha indawo eqinile yodaka ingene empompini. Eyesibili indawo yegesi: udaka oluxutshiwe lukhipha i-hydrogen sulphide ne-methane endaweni ephezulu, ngakho umgudu wokukhipha umoya kufanele ulinganiswe ngokokukhiqizwa kwegesi futhi insimbi yendawo ephezulu kufanele ilashwe ukuze imelane nomoya olumelayo. Ukuxuba ngaphandle kwesu legesi kumane kudlulisele inkinga yokugqwala isuka emgudwini wamanzi iye ophahleni.
Ukufaka uphawu kanye necala le-enamel
I-sludge blanket iyindawo enolaka kakhulu engaphakathi ethangini ezoyibona, futhi ine-asidi futhi iqukethe i-sulphide. Ngokushesha lapho udaka luyeka ukunyakaza, amabhaktheriya e-anaerobic akhiqiza ama-volatile fatty acids ne-hydrogen sulphide, i-pH yehla endaweni, futhi i-sulphide ihlasela insimbi. I-Glass-fused-to-steel isusa i-lining kuleyo nkinga: i-enamel ihlanganiswa nensimbi ku-820–930 °C ibe ungqimba lwe-0.25–0.45 mm olulinganiselwa ngaphezu kwe-3,450 N/cm², olungenzi lutho ngamakhemikhali ku-pH 1–14, luhlolwe nge-spark ku-1500 V DC ngemva kokuhlanganiswa, futhi lucaciswe iminyaka engu-30 okungenani. Ubuso balo buphansi kwe-Ra 0.8 µm, okuyinto okufanele iqashelwe ngodaka olunamathelayo ngoba kunciphisa ukunamathela odongeni naphansi.
Izinhlobo zokwehluleka ezisele i-delamination ne-pinhole, futhi impendulo esebenzayo irekhodi lokuhlolwa kwenhlansi yasefekthri esikhundleni sokulungiswa kwensimu. Enye indlela ye-epoxy ehlanganiswe ngokuncibilika engqimbeni ye-180–280 µm enokumelana nokufafazwa kwetshe okungaphezu kwamahora angu-4000 ngaphansi kwe-AWWA C550 iyindlela yokumboza lapho kukhethwa khona i-lining; i-hot-dip galvanising ayikho indawo yayo lapha, ngoba i-zinc ihlaselwa ngokushesha udaka olune-asidi ne-sulphide. Kuqweqwe oluboshiwe amajoyinti afakwa ama-gasket futhi aboshwa ngamabhawodi e-8.8-grade, ayahlolwa, futhi iphaneli ingashintshwa futhi uqweqwe luhlolwe kabusha ngaphandle kokukhipha amanzi ethangini uma umsebenzi uvuma.
Incazelo Yezobuchwepheshe
Ipharamitha | Inani Elijwayelekile / Ibanga | Qaphela |
Isisekelo sokuklama | izinto ezomile zansuku zonke zihlukaniswa ngokugxilile okugciniwe kuphindwe ngezinsuku zokugcina | ibhalansi yesisindo, hhayi ukugeleza |
Isibonelo | 8 t/d izinto ezomile ku-5 pesenti TS, izinsuku ezi-5 zokugcina | cishe u-920 m³ wogobolondo onesikhala esikhululekile |
Isikhala esikhululekile | roughly 15 percent for sediment and foam | kokubili kudla umthamo osebenzisekayo |
Ukunyakazisa | ukuxuba ngomshini noma ngegesi | ivimbela ukulahleka komthamo kwengubo |
Indawo yokuphuma | idonsa endaweni egwema umbhede ominyene | 30,469 m³ isiyonke |
Izinga lokuncibilika kwe-enamel | 820–930 °C | umjikelezo owodwa wokuncibilika kokushisa |
Ubukhulu bongqimba lwe-enamel | 0.25–0.45 mm | 1500 V DC ukuhlolwa kwenhlansi ngemva kokuhlanganiswa |
ukuhlangana kwe-pH kwe-enamel | 1–14 | engasebenzi kulo lonke ingubo ye-anaerobic |
Ukungalingani kobuso bangaphakathi | Ra < 0.8 µm | reduces adhesion of sticky sludge |
Isikhala somoya ekhanda | I-H₂S ne-methane evela ku-sludge ozinze phansi | i-vent elinganiselwe ukukhiqizwa kwegesi |
Ikilasi lengcindezi | kusuka emoyeni kuya engcindezini ephansi | uphahla ne-vent kuchaza umngcele |
Impilo yokuklama | okungenani iminyaka engu-30 | ngaphansi kwensizakalo yodaka olucacisiwe |
Ukulawulwa kwezinga, ukufutha kanye nokuchichima okungazange kuhlelwe
Ithangi lodaka lehluleka emlandweni womphakathi lapho licika, futhi imbangela cishe ayilona ulwelwesi. Yisilinganiso sezinga: ithangi lodaka eligcwaliswa ngokungaboni alinasixwayiso kuze kube yilapho izinga libonakala ngamehlo phezulu, futhi impelasonto yehlisa umthamo wokukhipha kuyilapho inqubo yangenhla iqhubeka nokukhiqiza. Chaza isilinganiso sezinga esinokuboniswa kude egumbini lokulawula, isixwayiso sezinga eliphezulu, kanye nenqubo ecacisiwe yokukhipha echaza ukuthi kwenzekani lapho kuba nokuphazamiseka. Leyo yinto yohlelo lokulawula, hhayi into yethangi, futhi iwumshwalense oshibhile kakhulu kuphrojekthi.
I-venti ingeyesibili. Isikhala sekhanda esivaliwe phezu kwe-sludge esebenzayo sikhiqiza igesi, ngakho itanki lidinga i-vent noma ukukhululeka kwengcindezi ne-vacuum okulinganiswe nokukhiqizwa nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, kanye nakuphi ukusingathwa kwangaphansi okucatshangelwayo lapho igesi ikhishwa khona. Lapho isikhala sekhanda sivalelwe ngenxa yephunga, uphahla lwe-membrane olungangenisi igesi olunengcindezi ye-membrane yangaphakathi ecishe ibe ngu-2–3 kPa kanye nedivayisi yokukhululeka iyimpendulo evamile, futhi izimo zomthwalo zenketho yophahla oluqinile zivela ku-ADM 2015 noma i-ASCE 7-10.
Icala Lomsebenzi
Iphrojekthi | Indawo | Umkhiqizo | Umthamo | Ububanzi |
Amathangi emanzini angcolile e-Brewery | China, Sichuan | Amathangi e-GFS | 14,655 m³ | ukuhlinzekwa kwethangi eliboshiwe nophahla |
Ingxenye ye-anaerobic yamanzi angcolile okucubungula ubhontshisi | China, Hebei | Amathangi e-digester e-GFS | ingxenye yenqubo ye-anaerobic | ukuhlinzekwa kwamathangi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwenqubo |
Amathangi amanzi angcolile ezimbonini, amayunithi angu-27 | China, Xinjiang | Amathangi e-GFS | ukuhlinzeka nokugada | ukuhlinzeka nokugada |
Amathangi amanzi angcolile kamasipala, amayunithi angu-10 | China, Sichuan | Amathangi e-GFS | 17,420 m³ isiyonke | ukuhlinzeka nokuhlanganisa esizeni |
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela le-Center Enamel
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina anezibophezelo kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ehlanganiswe ne-enamel angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingama-150,000 m² sengezwe ukukhulisa umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukuklama kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550 ne-NFPA lapho uhlelo lokusebenza ludinga khona.
Ngenkonzo yodaka ibanga elifanele iyingaphakathi kwe-enamel enerekhodi yayo yokuhlolwa kwenhlansi, ukuhlelwa kokugovuza nokuphuma okugcina umthamo ukwazi ukusetshenziswa, kanye nophahla, isiphephetha nomngcele wokukhululeka okulethwa kanye nogobolondo ukuze indawo yegesi isetshenziswe kusukela ekuqaleni.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Uwukala kanjani umthamo wokugcina udaka?
Impendulo 1: Hlukanisa isisindo sezinto ezomile zansuku zonke ngokugxilile okugciniwe ukuze uthole umthamo wansuku zonke, phindaphinda ngezinsuku zokugcina, bese wengeza isikhala esikhululekile senzika negwebu. Ukulinganisa kwesisindo kunokwethenjelwa kakhulu kunenani lokugeleza koketshezi olungelona olwe-Newtonian.
Umbuzo 2: Kungani ukugovuza kudingeka?
A2: Ngoba i-sludge iyazinza futhi icindezelane, futhi umbhede ocindezelene udla umthamo osebenzisekayo futhi ekugcineni uvimba indawo yokuphuma. Ukunyakazisa kugcina izinto eziqinile zihamba ukuze ithangi lisagcine lokho ebelikwenzelwe ukukugcina unyaka kamuva.
Q3: Ingabe ithangi le-GFS lingagcina i-sludge eluhlaza?
A3: Yebo. I-enamel ayisebenzi ku-pH 1–14, okuhlanganisa ingubo ene-asidi ene-sulphide. Qinisekisa ukuhlelwa kwendawo yokuphuma ne-pump ngokuya ngokugxilwa okugciniwe esikhundleni sokucabanga umsebenzi wokupompa.
Q4: Ingabe ithangi lidinga i-vent?
A4: Yebo. Ukukhiqizwa kwegesi ye-sludge egciniwe kungena esikhaleni sengqondo, ngakho i-vent noma ukukhululeka kwengcindezi ne-vacuum okulinganiselwe kulokho kukhiqizwa kuyadingeka, kanye nokusingathwa kwegesi kwangaphansi kucatshangelwa.
Q5: Ingabe ithangi i-pressure vessel?
A5: Cha. Kuyi-atmospheric noma ingcindezi ephansi, futhi umngcele uchazwa uphahla, isifutho kanye nokukhululeka. Imikhumbi yengcindezi, lapho inqubo iyidinga khona, yakhiwe ngokwencazelo namakhodi okuvunyelwene ngawo enkontilekeni.
Q6: Yini ebangela ukuthi ithangi lodaka lichichime?
A6: Ukuphathwa kwezinga, hhayi ukwehluleka kwesembozo. Ithangi lodaka eligcwaliswe ngokungaboni ngaso linye ngaphandle kwesixwayiso esikude nangaphandle kwenqubo ecacisiwe yokukhipha lizogcwala, futhi ukuxhumana kokukhipha okwakucatshangwa ukuthi kukhona yikhona okuyimbangela evamile.
Q7: Luyini uhlelo lokuhlola?
A7: I-coating yangaphandle namakhanda e-bolt, i-gasket emajoyintini avuliwe, i-vent nokukhululeka, ithuluzi lezinga, i-outlet nokujula kwentlenga lapho kungenalutho ngakunye, kanye nokuhlolwa kabusha kwe-spark ngemva kokushintshwa kwephaneli.
Ithangi lokugcina udaka lisebenza lapho ligcina umthamo walo: lilinganiswa kusukela ezintweni ezomile, linyakaziswa ukuze ingubo yodaka ingadli umthamo, lifakwe ngento engayinaki i-sulphide ne-asidi, futhi lifakwe i-alamu yezinga kanye ne-vent eyayicaciswe ngamabomu. Yenza ibhalansi yesisindo kanye nokunyakazisa kahle bese ithangi lingabonakali; uma ugeja lokho liba into yokulungisa yonyaka yemboni.
Sithumelele umkhiqizo wama-solids omile, ukugxilisa ongakugcina, izinsuku zokugcina kanye nezimo zesiza, futhi sizokubuyisela ukubalwa kwevolumu, ukulinganisa kwethangi, isiphakamiso sokugovuza nokukhipha umoya, kanye nephakethe lefayela lobuchwepheshe.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Xoxa ngesimo se-sludge, umthwalo wansuku zonke wama-solids kanye neshejuli okudingeka uyihlinzeke, futhi sizolinganisa ithangi nawe. Uzothola ukulinganisa kwesisindo, i-geometry yegobolondo, isincomo se-lining nokugovuza, kanye nemidwebo yokubuyekezwa. Impendulo yobunjiniyela kuqala, akukho sibopho.
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