Ukuvalwa Kwamaphahla e-Aluminium Dome Okuphephile Emkhakheni Wokuhluza Uwoyela: Izimo Zomthwalo Nokuhlolwa
Kwadalwa ngo 09.04
Uphahla Lwedome Lwe-Aluminium Yokuphepha Endaweni Yokuhluza Uphethiloli: Ukufaka Izimo Zomthwalo Ngaphansi Kwezimo Ezivikelayo Nokuhlola
I-dome roof ye-aluminium yokuphepha kwe-refinery iyisakhiwo esivikelayo umsebenzi waso ukugcina indawo yomhwamuko ilawulwa: ukubamba ibhendi yengcindezi, ukugcina imvula neqhwa lingangeni ethangini, ukugcina isivalo emgodini, nokuhlala simi esimweni somoya neqhwa sendawo. Kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA D108 noma API 650, nemithwalo yomoya neqhwa ethathwe ku-ADM 2015 noma ASCE 7-10. Lapho umgodi uyisistimu eboshiwe, uphahla luyisihlanganisi esiboshiwe, esine-gasket esigabeni esiphezulu esikhundleni sepuleti elishiselwe. Izinto ezintathu ezinquma ukuthi luyasebenza yimininingwane yesivalo somgodi-nophahla, ukulinganisa kwe-vent ne-pressure-vacuum relief ngokuhambisana nezinga lokuphefumula kwethangi, nokuhlolwa komthungo ne-gasket ngesikhathi sokucishwa ngakunye.
Uphahla lwedome ethangini yasefektri iyithuluzi lokuphepha elivame ukucaciswa njengesakhiwo. Ithangi kungenzeka libambe i-hydrocarbon eguquguqukayo, umfudlana wamanzi ane-asidi, noma umkhiqizo onomkhawulo wokukhishwa komhwamuko, futhi uphahla luyingxenye yomkhumbi edibana nomoya womkhathi usuku lonke: luphefumula ngokushintsha kwezinga loketshezi, luqoqa imvula neqhwa, luthola umoya ophakamayo kuzo zonke iziphepho futhi luthwala noma yimuphi umfutho womhwamuko umqubo owubeka kulo. Ukulucacisa njengephelethi elinomthambeka kuphuthelwa izinto ezine ezibalulekile ngempela. Le ndatshana ihlanganisa izimo zomthwalo, ukuxhumana kwesivalo nomoya, ukukhethwa kwezinto zokwakha endaweni yasefektri, kanye nohlelo lokuhlola.
Izimo zomthwalo kanye nendlela ejwayelekile yokubhekisela
Uphahla kufanele lukwazi ukumelana nezinimo ezine zomthwalo ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi azihambisani ngendlela efanayo. Amandla adonsela phansi kanye nomthwalo weqhwa kucindezela uphahla phansi; umoya udonsa futhi udonsela phezulu; ingcindezi yangaphakathi iwucindezela phezulu uma indawo yokukhulula incane kakhulu; futhi imiphumela yokuzamazama komhlaba nokwehla komhlabathi ingena ngendandatho yegobolondo nophahla. Ireferensi yejometri yedome nokuziphatha kwayo kwesakhiwo yi-AWWA D108 noma i-API 650, kanti izimo zomoya neqhwa zithathwa ku-ADM 2015 noma i-ASCE 7-10. Izinhlanganisela zemithwalo yizo okuzogxilwa kuzo ukubuyekezwa kwemboni yokuhluza uphethiloli, ngoba uphahla oluklanyelwe isimo esisodwa kuphela luvame ukwehluleka kunhlanganisela: iqhwa eligcwele kanye nomoya onamandla, noma ingxenye yeqhwa eligqitshwayo eduze kwesakhiwo kanye nesimo esigcwele somoya ongenalutho wangaphakathi.
Ukukhushulwa yikhona okubamba abantu ngokungalindelekile. Idome elinesigaxa esiqinile nesikhumba esilula lingakhuphuka emkhakathini wengubo lapho kunomoya ohamba ngendlela eqondile ngenkathi ithangi lingaphansi komfutho omncane, okwenzeka ngemva kokukhishwa kwamanzi, ngesikhathi sokuvalwa isikhathi eside, noma ngobusuku obufudumele lapho umhwamuko ujijisana. Yingakho indawo yokubopha egobolondweni ilinganiselwe inhlanganisela futhi kungani amabhawudi engubo kanye nephethini yawo yokuqinisa kubaluleke kakhulu kunobukhulu bamapuleti. Lapho uphahla luyisistimu yezinambrane ezimbili esikhundleni sedome eliqinile, inambrane yangaphakathi ithwala umfutho wangaphakathi olinganiselwe cishe ku-2–3 kPa kanti inambrane yangaphandle ithatha isimo sezulu, okuhambisa umbuzo wokukhushulwa endaweni yokubopha inambrane.
Isihlanganisi sogobolondo nophahla kanye nokuxhumana komoya wokuphuma
I-seal esesigabeni esiphezulu yilapho uphahla lwedome luyeka ukuba yisakhiwo futhi lube umngcele wokuphepha. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uphahla luyizingxenye ze-aluminium eziqinile eziboshelwe esigabeni esiphezulu, noma luyisistimu yemembrane, ukuxhumana kufanele kuqhubeke futhi kuhlolwe. Umhlangano wesiketi esiboshiwe esine-gasket unika umnikazi umhlangano angawuvula, aphinde afake i-gasket futhi aphinde aqinise i-torque ngesikhathi sokumiswa komsebenzi; umthungo odidiyelwe awunakho lokho. Impahla ye-gasket kufanele ihambisane nendawo yomhwamuko we-hydrocarbon kanye nobubanzi bokushisa kwesiza, futhi amabhawodi ezinga le-8.8 ohlelweni oluvimbela ukugqwala abamba umhlangano ndawonye kuso sonke isikhathi somjikelezo wengcindezi.
I-vent ingxenye yesibili yomngcele. Ithangi lokugcina alisona isitsha sokucindezela: liyaphefumula, futhi i-vent kufanele idlulise izinga lokuphefumula ngaphandle kokucindezela ngokweqile noma ngaphansi kophahla. Izinga lokuphefumula libekwa izinga lokugcwalisa nokukhipha, ukushintsha kokushisa kosuku, futhi endaweni yokuhluza ngokwanoma yikuphi ukulingana komhwamuko okubekwa inqubo. Linganisa ukukhululeka kwengcindezi ne-vacuum ekuphezulu, hhayi isilinganiso, futhi uyihambise nge-flame arrestor lapho isikhala somhwamuko siqukethe ingxube evuthayo. I-flame arrestor iyingxenye yomsebenzi kusukela ekuqaleni, ngoba ukuyifaka ku-vent stack ekhona kusho ukungena okusha ophahleni.
Impahla nokugqwala endaweni yokuhluza uphethiloli
I-Aluminium ikhethwa ngenxa yesisindo sayo esilula, ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokuphatha okungenazinhlansi, kodwa izinto zokuxhumana zibalulekile. Idome le-aluminium elibhekiselwe ku-AWWA D108 noma i-API 650 lilula, okunciphisa umthwalo esiqongweni somgogodla kanye nasekubanjweni, futhi limelana kahle nokugqwala komoya endaweni yokuhluza uwoyela lapho uphahla luchayeka khona kusulfure nosawoti. Lapho i-chloride ikhona endaweni yokuhluza uwoyela yasogwini, hlola i-alloy ngokumelene nomoya wendawo esikhundleni sokucabanga nje, ngoba inkinga yokugqwaleka kwama-fastener ophahla iyinkinga yokuvalwa kokusebenza.
Ukuchayeka ekugqwaleni akukho ngaphandle kuphela. Indawo yomhwamuko wethangi lokuhlanza iphethe i-hydrogen sulphide, umhwamuko wamanzi kanye nokujiya okune-asidi ngezikhathi ezithile, ngakho-ke ingaphansi kophahla ibona indawo ehlukile kuneyaphezulu. Impendulo esebenzayo ukuthi ingaphansi kophahla kuthathwe njengendawo ehlanganisiwe noma evikelwe enokuhlolwa okuchaziwe, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ze-gasket neze-fastener zihambisana nomhwamuko, hhayi imvula kuphela. Lapho uketshezi luwumfudlana one-asidi, khumbula ukuthi i-enamel lining yangaphakathi kwethangi ibhekana nohlangothi lukaketshezi, kuyilapho uphahla ludinga i-corrosion allowance yalo kanye necebo lokuvikela lesigaba somhwamuko.
Incazelo Yezobuchwepheshe
Ipharamitha | Inani Elijwayelekile / Ibanga | Qaphela |
Inkomba yedome | AWWA D108 / API 650 | ukuziphatha kwesakhiwo kanye ne-geometry |
Umthwalo womoya neqhwa | ADM 2015 / ASCE 7-10 | izimo eziqondene nesizinda |
Ibhendi yengcindezi yangaphakathi | ama-kPa ambalwa, i-2–3 kPa ebizwayo ye-membrane | isihlinzeki sokusiza siyadingeka |
Ukuxhumana kophahla nendebe | isihlanganisi se-skirt esine-gasket esiboshwe ngamabhawudi | siyahlolwa futhi singaphinde sifakwe i-gasket |
Izinga lamabhawudi | amabhawudi ezinga le-8.8 | ukuxhumana okuvimbela ukugqwala |
Isicishi somlilo | emugqeni wokukhipha umoya | kudingeka lapho umusi uvutha khona |
Ukulinganisa umoya | ukukhululeka kwengcindezi ne-vacuum ngesilinganiso esiphezulu sokuphefumula | izinga lokugcwalisa kanye nokushintsha kokushisa |
Ukukhetha kwe-membrane | ulwelwesi lwangaphandle lwesimo sezulu, ulwelwesi lwangaphakathi wengcindezi | lula esigabeni esiphezulu |
I-Gasket | into eqinisekisiwe yomhwamuko we-hydrocarbon kanye nezinga lokushisa | iminyaka yokusebenza |
Imvume yokugqwala | ingaphansi kuthathwa njengendawo yomhwamuko | I-H₂S nokujiya okunomswakama |
Ukufakwa kwe-enamel, ingaphakathi lethangi | okungasebenzi ku-pH 1–14 | uhlangothi lwamanzi, hhayi uphahla |
Impilo yokuklama | okungenani iminyaka engu-30 | ngaphansi kwensizakalo yokuhluza ekhonjiwe |
Ukuhlolwa nokunakekela okugcina uphahla luvaliwe
Uhlelo lokuhlola uphahla lwedome lasezindaweni zokuhluza uphelele futhi luqondile, futhi kufanelekile ukuthi lubhalwe ohlelweni lokumiswa kokusebenza esikhundleni sokushiyela ekwahluleleni kwabasebenzi. Ekumisweni ngakunye: hamba phezu kophahla, hlola ukuhlangana kwemithungo kanye nokuhlangana kwesiketi ukuze uthole ukuguqulwa noma ukuqhekeka, hlola i-gasket esiketini nakuwo wonke umnyango wokungena, qinisekisa isimo samabhawodi kanye ne-torque, hlola i-vent kanye ne-pressure-vacuum relief mayelana nokusethwa nokuvaleka, futhi hlola i-elementi ye-flame arrestor kanye nomsele wayo. Phakathi kokumiswa, izinto zezinga lomsebenzi zihlanganisa umsele ku-vent, indlela yokudonsa amanzi ophahleni ngemva kwesiphepho ngasinye, kanye nanoma yiluphi uphawu lokuvuza esigabeni esiphezulu ngemva kwemvula enkulu.
Ukwehluleka okubili okubusa umlando wophahla lwedome futhi kokubili kuyabonakala ngaphambi kokuba kube ukuvuza. Okokuqala isiketi esigwegwile esivela eqhweni elingalawulwa noma ukushayiswa, okubese kuvumela umhlangano ukuba uvuleke futhi i-gasket iphume. Okwesibili umoya ovimbile, oshintsha ngokuthule ithangi lomoya libe elinomfutho futhi kungaholela ekukhohlakaleni kophahla noma ukwehluleka kwe-gasket ekugcwaliseni okulandelayo. Ukuhlola umoya kanye ne-arrestor ngesikhathi sokucisha konke kuyinto encane yomsebenzi evimbela kokubili.
Icala Lomsebenzi
Iphrojekthi | Indawo | Umkhiqizo | Umthamo | Ububanzi |
Ithangi lamanzi elikhulu lobubanzi | INamibia | Ithangi le-GFS elinophahla lwedome | 44,900 m³ | ukuhlinzeka nokugada |
Amathangi amanzi okuqeda umlilo, amayunithi amabili | China, Sichuan | amathangi e-GFS | 8,930 m³ | φ19.87 × 14.4 m lilinye, ukuhlinzeka |
Ithangi lamanzi angcolile amakhemikhali | China, Zhejiang | Ithangi le-GFS | 11,613 m³ | φ24.45 × 19.8 m, ukuhlinzeka |
Amathangi e-epoxy amakhemikhali, amayunithi angu-11 | China, Guangxi | amathangi e-epoxy ahlanganiswe ngokuncibilikisa | 4,771 m³ isiyonke | ukuhlinzeka nokugada |
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela Be-Center Enamel
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina anezibophezelo kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ehlanganiswe ne-enamel angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukuze kunyuswe umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukwakhiwa kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09, i-AWWA C550 ne-NFPA lapho uhlelo ludinga khona.
Okwendawo yokugcina uphethiloli namakhemikhali asetshenziswa ekwenzeni uphethiloli, indawo efanele iw uphahla nomngcele: ukwenziwa kophahla lwedome le-aluminium nolophahla lwe-membrane ngaphansi kwe-AWWA D108 noma i-API 650 ngamacala omthwalo avela ku-ADM 2015 noma i-ASCE 7-10, ukuhlangana kwe-skirt joint ene-gasket nemininingwane ye-hatch, kanye nokuxhumana kwe-vent, i-relief ne-flame arrestor okulinganiswa ne-shell.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Yisiphi isilinganiso esilawula uphahla lwedome le-aluminium?
Impendulo 1: I-AWWA D108 noma i-API 650 yokwakheka kwesakhiwo sedome ne-geometry, kanye namacala omthwalo womoya neqhwa athathwe ku-ADM 2015 noma i-ASCE 7-10 futhi ahlanganiswe njengeqoqo lamacala omthwalo.
Umbuzo 2: Ingabe uphahla lwedome luyisitsha somfutho?
A2: Cha. Ithangi lisebenza emfuthweni womoya noma emfuthweni ophansi; uphahla, ukukhululeka kwengcindezi nomoya kanye nendawo yokuphuma komoya kuchaza umngcele kumakhilopaskali ambalwa. Lapho inqubo idinga ngempela ingcindezi, leso sitsha sakhiwe ngokwezicaciso namakhodi okuvunyelwene ngawo enkontilekeni.
Umbuzo 3: Kungani kukalwa indawo yokuphuma komoya ngenani eliphezulu lokuphefumula?
A3: Ngoba indawo yokuphuma komoya ekalwe ngesilinganiso ishoda kumjikelezo wokugcwalisa nangosuku lokushintsha okukhulu kokushisa. Uma ingakwazi ukudlula inani eliphezulu, uphahla lubona ingcindezi engaklanyelwe yona futhi i-gasket esikirtini iyaphuma.
Umbuzo 4: Idome eliqinile noma ama-membrane amabili ethangini lokuhluza uwoyela?
A4: Idome ye-aluminium eqinile lapho isikhala somhwamuko sincane futhi kudingeka uphahla oluqinile oluhambekayo; uphahla olune-membrane ezimbili lapho isikhala sengqondo sikhulu futhi isisindo esigabeni esiphezulu sibalulekile, kanti i-membrane yangaphakathi ibamba i-2–3 kPa eyisisekelo.
Q5: Yini ehluleka kuqala kuphahla lwedome?
A5: Ngokuvamile umhlangano we-skirt: i-skirt ekhohlisiwe evela eqhweni elikhukhulayo noma umthelela ovula umhlangano futhi ukhiphe i-gasket. Isizathu sesibili esivame kakhulu umoya ovimbekile, oenza ithangi elijwayele ukuba nomoya womkhathi ube nomfutho.
Q6: Ngidinga i-flame arrestor?
A6: Lapho isikhala somhwamuko siqukethe ingxube evuthayo, yebo, kulayini wokukhipha umoya, futhi kufanele kube sengxenyeni yokuqala yomsebenzi ngoba ukufaka kabusha kusho ukungena kophahla olusha futhi ukungena kophahla olusha kuyinto yokuvala umsebenzi.
Q7: Luhlu luni lokuhlola lokuvala umsebenzi?
A7: Hamba phezu kophahla kanye nomthungo, hlola i-gasket yesiketi kanye nama-gasket esivalo sokungena, qinisekisa isimo samabhawodi kanye ne-torque, hlola umoya kanye nokulungiselelwa kokukhulula, hlola i-elementi ye-flame arrestor kanye nokudonsa amanzi, futhi hlola ukudonsa amanzi kophahla ngemuva kwesiphepho phakathi kokucisha.
Uphahla lwedome lwe-aluminium yokuphepha endaweni yokuhluza uphethiloli luwumngcele wokuphepha okuvele kwenzeke ukuthi uyisakhiwo. Lubamba ibhendi yengcindezi enomoya wokuphuma nokukhululeka okulinganiselwe kahle, luvale ngqo ogobolondweni ngesihlanganisi esinegasketi esiboshiwe umhloli angasivula, futhi luthwala isethi yemithwalo echaziwe. Uma kucaciswa kanjalo luvikela ithangi; uma kucaciswa njengephelethi elitshekile liba ukulungiswa kophahla okulandelayo.
Sithumele ububanzi bethangi noketshezi, isimo somoya womhwamuko, isimo somoya nesithwathwa sendawo kanye nezinga lokugcwalisa, futhi sizokubuyisela isiphakamiso sophahla, izimo zomthwalo, ukulinganisa komoya wokuphuma nokukhulula, kanye nephakethe yefayela lobuchwepheshe.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Letha idatha yethangi nezimo zendawo futhi sizosebenza nomngcele wophahla nawe. Uzothola isincomo sedome noma ulwelwesi, izimo zomthwalo, ukulinganisa komoya wokuphuma nesibambi somlilo, ububanzi bokuhlola kanye nemidwebo yokubuyekezwa. Impendulo yobunjiniyela kuqala, akukho sibopho futhi akukho ukuthengisa okuqinile.
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