Umhlinzeki Wamathangi Nezitsha ze-NSF Wamathangi Okuphuza Nokudla Osezingeni Lokudla
Kwadalwa ngo 09.03
Umhlinzeki Wamathangi Nezilo ze-NSF Wamathangi Amanzi Aphuzwayo Nezinga Lokudla
Umphakeli wethangi le-NSF kanye ne-silo kufanele abuzwe ubufakazi, hhayi iziqinisekiso. Ethangini lokuphuza noma elithinta ukudla ubufakazi isitifiketi somkhiqizo sezinto ezithinta uketshezi, amarekhodi amapuleti nemithungo, iphrothokholi yokuhlola ulwelwesi, kanye nomklamo wophahla lwe-silo nomoya ogcina umkhiqizo uhlanzekile phakathi kokugcwaliswa. Amaphaneli ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi aphethe uqweqwe oluncibilikisiwe ku-820–930 °C lube ungqimba lwe-0.25–0.45 mm olunendawo engaphansi kwe-Ra 0.8 µm, futhi izinto zangaphakathi zokuxhuma, ama-gasket namasango zine Sitifiketi sazo. Imibuzo ehlukanisa iphakethe elihambisana nemithetho kulelo elibukeka lihambisana nemithetho iphathelene ne-gasket nomthungo, hhayi umzimba wethangi.
Ukuthengwa kwesinqumo kuncike emthethweni wokuhambisana. Incazelo ithi i-NSF/ANSI 61, noma i-FDA ne-LFGB yomkhiqizo wokudla, futhi wonke umuntu uyanqekuzisa ikhanda. Bese kufika ithangi futhi akekho ongakwazi ukukhiqiza isitifiketi se-gasket efakiwe ngempela, noma irekhodi lokugezwa kwangaphakathi kokugcina, noma ubufakazi bokuthi imithungo ngaphakathi kwe-silo yahlolwa. Ngaleso sikhathi umkhumbi uba yimpahla engahambisani nomthetho engenakugcwaliswa, futhi uhlelo lwezikhathi luyahlulwa. Le ndatshana ibeka isethi yobufakazi okufanele ibe sekhithini noma kuphakheji ye-silo ehambisanayo, umbuzo wezinto zokwakha womsebenzi wamanzi ophuzwayo nokudla, kanye nejometri ye-silo nemininingwane yophahla enquma ukuthi umkhiqizo uhlala uhlanzekile yini ngemuva kokugcwaliswa kokuqala.
Ukuthi isitifiketi se-NSF nokuthintana nokudla kuhlanganisa ini ngempela
Isitifiketi sinamathela ezintweni zokuxhumana zomkhiqizo, hhayi ensimbi esemhlabathini. I-NSF/ANSI 61 ihlanganisa izinto ezizoxhumana namanzi aphuzwayo: isembozo sangaphakathi, i-gasket, izinto zokuxhuma zokungena nokuphuma, isivalo kanye nezingxenye zangaphakathi. I-WRAS iyindlela efanayo e-United Kingdom nasemingxenyeni eningi ye-Commonwealth. Mayelana nokuxhumana nokudla, i-FDA ne-LFGB zihlanganisa indawo yokuxhumana yomkhiqizo kanye nezinto ezingangena ekudleni. Lezi yizitifiketi zezinto, futhi umhlinzeki ophethe isitifiketi somfuziselo owodwa wethangi akasinayo ngokuzenzakalelayo kwenye i-gasket noma ubukhulu obuhlukile besembozo sangaphakathi.
Lokho kwehlukanisa yikho okwenza umbuzo wethenda ubaluleke: yiluphi ulwelwesi, iyiphi inhlanganisela ye-gasket, iyiphi i-hatch seal, futhi yikuphi kwalokho okunencwadi yobufakazi yamanje yomkhiqizo oqondile. Iphaneli yensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi iletha indawo ye-enamel ehlanganiswe nensimbi ngomjikelezo owodwa ku-820–930 °C, kanti ungqimba luphakathi kuka-0.25 no-0.45 mm, lukalwa ngaphezu kuka-3,450 N/cm², luhlolwa nge-spark ku-1500 V DC ngemva kokuhlanganiswa futhi lucaciswa iminyaka engu-30 okungenani. Indawo ye-enamel ihlezi ngaphansi kuka-Ra 0.8 µm, okuyisici esinciphisa ukugcinwa kwezinto ezincane eziphilayo futhi okwenza ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlanza kube nokwenzeka. I-gasket kanye ne-hatch seal kumele kugunyazwe ngokwehlukana, okuyisinyathelo esivame ukweqiwa.
Amanzi aphuzwayo nomsebenzi wokudla: ukuqhathanisa izinto
Emanzini aphuzwayo anevolumu enkulu, insimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi ngokuvamile iyaphumelela kukho kokubili ukuhambisana nemithetho kanye nezindleko. I-enamel ayisebenzi futhi ayikhiphi izinto kusukela ku-pH 1–14, indawo engaphezulu icwebe kakhulu kangangokuthi ukuhlanza ngokubulala amagciwane akudingi kulwe nendawo engaphezulu emahhadlahhadla, futhi ukwakheka kwamaphaneli aboshiwe kusho ukuthi ingaphakathi alikaze ligcotshwe endaweni ngempahla okufanele yome ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa. Emsebenzini wokuhlanzeka okuphezulu, lapho ukungcola kwe-ion yensimbi kungabaluleka khona, indlela yensimbi engagqwali ene-304 noma i-316L kanye nokuqedwa okucwebezelisiwe noma kwe-2B iyimpendulo evamile, futhi izindleko zayo nge-cubic metre ngayinye ziphindwe izikhathi eziningana kunezinsimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi. Yingakho amaphakethe ahlanganisiwe evamile: ithangi elikhulu lamanzi aluhlaza ku-enamel, ithangi elincane lokucwebezelisa noma lamanzi ahlanziwe ensimbini engagqwali.
Okwe-silo lokudla okungamanzi noma okomile okusakazwayo, imigomo ishintsha ibheke ekuhlanzekeni nasekulawuleni uthuli. Ukujiya kwamanzi ngaphansi kophahla kuconsa phezu komkhiqizo, ngakho uphahla ludinga ukufakwa kwe-insulation enesivalo somhwamuko kanye ne-vent ehlungiwe elilinganisa ingcindezi ngaphandle kokungena komoya ongahlungiwe. I-silo yamaphaneli aboshiwe enezihlanganisi ezinamagaskethi kanye namabhawudi ezinga le-8.8 inikeza indawo yangaphakathi ehlanzekile kanye nomphetho wophahla oboshiwe, ohlolwayo. Lapho into isengozini yephunga elibi noma i-oxidation, uphahla olunesikhumba esingangenisi igesi olunesikhumba sangaphakathi esithwala i-2–3 kPa eyisilinganiso kanye nesithiyo sokuphumula iyindlela eqinile kakhulu, kanti i-dome ye-aluminium eqinile ebhekiswe ku-AWWA D108 noma i-API 650 enomoya neqhwa elivela ku-ADM 2015 noma i-ASCE 7-10 iyindlela ehlukile lapho isikhala sengqondo sincane.
Ijiyometri ye-silo, ukukhipha nokuhlanza umbuzo
Isisekelo esiyisicaba noma ikhoni, futhi impendulo imayelana nezindleko zensalela nesisekelo. Isisekelo sekhoni noma sehopper sinikeza izinga eliphezulu lokuhlanza ngensalela encane, okubalulekile kumthako obizayo, impushana edonsa umswakama, noma noma yini ezokhunta. Kubiza isisekelo esijulile kanye nesakhiwo eside. Isisekelo esiyisicaba sishibhile ukusungula futhi silula ukumisa, futhi sincike ekushelweni kokuphuma, i-air slide noma i-screw discharge ukuze kufinyelelwe ensaleleni encane. Kuzo zombili izimo izinga lokuphuma kufanele lihambisane nenqubo elandelayo, futhi umoya wophahla kufanele ulinganiswe ngokushintshwa okwenziwa ukukhishwa.
Imininingwane emibili enquma ukuthi i-silo ihlala ihlanzekile ngonyaka wokuqala esikhundleni sonyaka wesithathu. Eyokuqala ukushintsha kusuka kugobolondo oluyisilinda kuya kwi-cone: ukushintsha okubushelelezi, okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kwethala elibamba umkhiqizo, ngoba umkhiqizo oqinile yilapho izinambuzane nesikhunta ziqala khona. Eyesibili indlela yokuphefumula: isiphefumuli esingahlungiwe sivumela umoya wegumbi nezinambuzane njalo lapho izinga lehla, okuyikho kanye ukungcola okufanele kuvinjwe isimangalo se-sterile noma sezinga lokudla. Kokubili kushibhile esigabeni sokudweba futhi kuyabiza njengokuvalwa komsebenzi.
Incazelo Yezobuchwepheshe
Ipharamitha | Inani Elijwayelekile / Ibanga | Inothi |
Isitifiketi samanzi aphuzwayo | NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS | kuncike ezintweni ze-lining ne-gasket |
Isitifiketi sokuthintana nokudla | FDA, LFGB | yendawo yokuxhumana nomkhiqizo kanye nokuhlanza |
Izinga lokushisa lokuncibilika kwe-enamel | 820–930 °C | ukuncibilika okukodwa kokushisa ku-base yensimbi |
Ubukhulu bongqimba lwe-enamel | 0.25–0.45 mm | Ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1500 V DC ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa |
Ukuqina kwendawo yangaphakathi | Ra < 0.8 µm | isekela ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlanza |
Ukumelana ne-pH ye-enamel | 1–14 | ukungaphumi kulo lonke umsebenzi wamanzi aphuzwayo nokudla |
Impilo yokuklama | okungenani iminyaka engama-30 | ngaphansi kwenkonzo ebekiwe |
I-Gasket | I-EPDM noma inhlanganisela evunyelwe | kumele iphathe isitifiketi sayo |
Ububanzi bephaneli | cishe u-1.2 m | i-silo yamaphaneli aboshiwe, ithunyelwa icwecwe |
Izinga lebhawodi | amabhawodi e-8.8-grade | ukuxhumana okuvimbela ukugqwala |
Izinketho zophahla | i-aluminium dome, noma i-two-membrane gas-tight | AWWA D108 / API 650, umthwalo we-ADM 2015 |
Ingcindezi ye-Inner membrane nominal | cishe u-2–3 kPa | isihlinzeko sokusiza emugqeni wegesi |
Iqoqo lamadokhumenti okufanele lifunwe ngaphambi kokunikezwa
Yicela ngokubhaliwe futhi ubambelele kumphakeli kukho. Isethi ithi: isitifiketi somkhiqizo wempahla ngayinye yokuxhumana kanye nenombolo yaso yesitifiketi nokuphelelwa kwaso isikhathi, isitifiketi sempahla yepuleti, irekhodi lenqubo yokushisela kanye nerekhodi lokufaneleka komshiseli kanye nemibiko ye-NDT yanoma iyiphi ingxenye eshisiwe, ilogi yokuhlangana kanye nokujiya kwe-enamel, irekhodi lokuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1500 V DC, izitifiketi zempahla ye-gasket kanye nebhawudi, irekhodi lokugcina lokuhlanza kwangaphakathi kanye ne-passivation noma yokugeza, kanye ne-general arrangement enesitembu ekhombisa izinto zangaphakathi kanye nendlela yokungena komoya. Engeza izitifiketi zohlelo lokuphatha, i-ISO 9001 kanye ne-ISO 45001, kanye nezinkomba zokuklama lapho zisebenza khona.
Uma umhlinzeki engakwazi ukukhiqiza lokhu njengengxenye yepakethe, lokho kuwulwazi okufanele ube nalo ngaphambi kwe-oda hhayi ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa. Lapho iphrojekthi isesigabeni esingenakho ukulethwa okuqhathanisekayo ngqo efayeleni, isitatimende esithembekile ukuthi imikhumbi eqhathanisekayo inikeziwe yensizakalo kamasipala neyezimboni ngomthamo oqinisekiswe ngesicaciso sephrojekthi, futhi noma yisiphi isimangalo esingaphezu kwalokho kufanele sithathwe njengengaqinisekisiwe.
Icala Lephrojekthi
Iphrojekthi | Indawo | Umkhiqizo | Umthamo | Ububanzi |
Ithangi lamanzi okuphuza | I-Indonesia | Ithangi le-GFS | 21,099 m³ | φ42.04 × 15.2 m, ukuhlinzeka |
Ithangi lamanzi aphuzwayo | I-Malaysia | Ithangi le-GFS | 20,380 m³ | ukuhlinzeka nokugada |
Ithangi lamanzi elikhulu | I-Namibia | Ithangi le-GFS | 44,900 m³ | ukuhlinzeka nokugada |
Amathangi amanzi okuqeda umlilo, amayunithi amabili | I-China, i-Sichuan | Amathangi e-GFS | 8,930 m³ | φ19.87 × 14.4 m ngayinye, ukuhlinzeka |
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela Be-Center Enamel
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina ancikisiwe kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi angu-300,000 ahlanganiswe ne-enamel ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukukhulisa umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukwakheka kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550 ne-NFPA lapho uhlelo ludinga khona.
Kokuphuza, ukudla kanye nomsebenzi wesilo lokugcina lokhu kuyisisekelo sokuhambisana: izinto zokuxhumana eziqinisekisiwe zokufaka, ama-gasket kanye nokuhlanjululwa kwangaphakathi, indawo ye-enamel ehlanganisiwe enemibhalo kusukela kungxenye yelogi kuya ekuhlolweni kwenhlansi, kanye nokucushwa kophahla nokungena komoya okulethwa kanye negobolondo.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Ingabe i-NSF/ANSI 61 ihlanganisa ithangi lonke?
Impendulo 1: Ihlanganisa izinto ezithintana nomkhiqizo: i-lining, i-gasket, izinto zokuxhuma kanye ne-internal trim. Igobolondo lensimbi ngokwalo lingaphandle kobubanzi, yingakho isitifiketi kufanele sihlaniswe nezinto ezifakiwe ngqo, hhayi umndeni womkhiqizo.
Umbuzo 2: Ingabe ngisadinga isitifiketi se-gasket esihlukile?
A2: Yebo. I-gasket iyinto ethintana nomkhiqizo uma ivimbela ukuxhumana okumanzi noma i-manway. Isitifiketi se-lining asidluliseli kwenye inhlanganisela ye-gasket ehlukile, futhi lokho kuyisikhala esivamile ngesikhathi sokunikezela.
Q3: Ingabe i-glass-fused-to-steel yamukelekile emanzini okuphuza?
A3: Yebo, nge-lining ne-gasket eqinisekisiwe ngaphansi kwe-NSF/ANSI 61 noma i-WRAS. Ingaphezulu le-enamel alikhiphi izinto futhi lingaphansi kwe-Ra 0.8 µm, okusekela kokubili isitifiketi nokudlula kwe-disinfection.
Q4: Kunini lapho i-stainless iyimpendulo engcono yokuhambisana?
A4: Emanzini e-high-purity lapho ukulawulwa kwe-metal ion kubalulekile, noma emsebenzini wokudla lapho ingaphezulu elithile le-metallic licacisiwe. Lindela izindleko eziphindwe izikhathi ezimbalwa nge-cubic metre ngayinye yethangi le-glass-fused-to-steel elinobubanzi obukhulu.
Q5: Uyihlanzeka kanjani i-silo phakathi kokugcwaliswa?
A5: Ukushintsha okubushelelezi okungaguquki kusuka egobolondweni kuya kwi-cone ngaphandle kwendlela yokuhamba, uphahla oluvikelwe ngomhwamuko olune-insulation, i-vent ehlungiwe elingalinganisa ngaphandle kokungenisa umoya ongahlungiwe, kanye nokukhishwa okukhipha isitsha kuze kube yinsalela ephansi.
Q6: Uhlobo lwophahla olufanele i-silo yokudla noma eyenzelwe ukungabi nazifo?
A6: Uphahla olunama-membrane amabili angavumeli igesi lapho isikhala esiphezulu kufanele sihlukaniswe, noma i-dome eqinile ye-aluminium ebhekiswe ku-AWWA D108 noma i-API 650 kanye nesimo somoya neqhwa sendawo esivela ku-ADM 2015 noma i-ASCE 7-10.
Q7: Yini okufanele ibe sefayeleni yokunikezela?
A7: Isethi yesitifiketi sayo yonke into yokuxhumana, amarekhodi amapuleti ne-weld anemingcwabo ye-NDT, ilogi yokuhlangana kwe-enamel nerekhodi lokuhlolwa kwe-spark, ukuhlolwa kwe-torque yebhawudi, kanye nomdwebo wangemva kokwakhiwa okubonisa izinto zangaphakathi nendlela yokungena komoya.
Umhlinzeki wamathangi e-NSF kanye namasilo uhlolwa ngemibhalo kanye nemininingwane yokuxhumana, hhayi ngomzimba wethangi kuphela. Izitifiketi kufanele zihambisane ne-lining efakiwe, i-gasket kanye ne-trim; uphahla lwesilo, i-vent kanye ne-cone transition kufanele ziklanyelwe ukugcina umkhiqizo uhlanzekile ngemuva kokugcwaliswa kokuqala; futhi ifayela lokunikezela kufanele liqedwe ngaphambi kokuthi isitsha sigcwaliswe hhayi ngemuva kokuthi senqatshiwe. Bamba umhlinzeki ebufakazini ngesikhathi sokuklonyeliswa futhi iviki lokusebenza lizoba nokuthula.
Sithumele uketshezi noma umkhiqizo, umthamo, isitifiketi esidingekayo emakethe yakho kanye nomdwebo, futhi sizokubuyisela iphakethe elihambisana nomthetho elinohlu lwemibhalo, ukukhethwa kwezinto kanye nefayela lobuchwepheshe.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Sitshele ukuthi ithangi noma isilo liqukethe ini, imakethe oyihlinzekayo kanye nezinga okufanele uhlangabezane nalo, futhi sizokuthumela ukukhethwa kwezinto nobufakazi baso besitifiketi, isiphakamiso sophahla nokungena komoya kanye nohlu lwemibhalo yokudlulisela. Impendulo yobunjiniyela kuqala, akukho sibopho, futhi akukho ukuthengisa ngamandla.
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