Amathangi Amakhulu Amanzi Ezolimo: Ukugcina Amanzi Kokunisela Nokugcina Imfuyo Ngezinga Elikhulu
Kwadalwa ngo 09.03
Amathangi Amakhulu Amanzi Ezolimo: Ukunisela Nokugcinwa Kwemfuyo Ngezinga Elikhulu
Ithangi elikhulu lamanzi ezolimo likalwa lisuselwa kuwindi lwesidingo esibi kakhulu: umthamo odingekayo phakathi kokugcwaliswa, okuthi kwezokunisela kusho i-evapotranspiration yansuku zonke ephezulu kanye nesibonelelo sokumpompa phakathi nenkathi eyomile kakhulu yesizini, kanti kwezifuyo kusho inani lezilwane eliphindwe ngokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kanye nesikhala sesevisi. Uma umthamo usunqunyiwe, ububanzi nokuphakama kulandela endaweni yepulani kanye nendawo etholakalayo, futhi into yokwakha ilandela ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali amanzi. I-Glass-fused-to-steel iyimpendulo evamile kulezinga ngoba i-enamel lining ayisebenzi, inendawo engaphansi kwe-Ra 0.8 µm, futhi isekelwa isitifiketi somkhiqizo sokusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuphuzwayo. Izithiyo ezimbili zendawo ezinquma ukuma yindawo kanye nephanele elikhulu kakhulu umgwaqo ongayamukela.
Umphathi wepulazi uyazi ukuthi ithangi lincane kakhulu. Baye babuka izinga lehla izinsuku ezintathu zilandelana phakathi nesikhathi somile futhi banokukhetha: ukumpompa ngamandla, ukwamukela isizini emfushane, noma ukuthenga amanzi. Unjiniyela ucelwa inombolo futhi wethula incazelo eshintsha ibe yisisekelo, umzila wamapayipi kanye nepompo, futhi yonke into kufanele ibe seyimi ngaphambi kokuthi isizini ivulwe. Ukulinganisa usayizi yingxenye okufanele ilunge kuqala, ngoba umthamo ubeka konke okulandelayo. Le ndatshana icubungula ukubalwa kwesidingo, i-geometry, ukukhethwa kwe-lining yamanzi ezolimo, nokuthi ithangi lamaphaneli aboshiwe lilethwa kanjani endaweni ekude.
Ukulinganisa kusukela kuwindi lwesidingo
Ithangi lamanzi likalwa ngokwesikhathi esibi kakhulu sokudinga amanzi, hhayi isilinganiso sonyaka. Izibalo ezimbili ezihlukene zihlanganisa izimo ezijwayelekile zezolimo. Okokunisela, linganisa isidingo samanzi esikhulu sansuku zonke endaweni yezitshalo, okuwukuphela kokuhwamuka kwamanzi ezitshalweni kususwa imvula esebenzayo esikhathini esomile kakhulu, bese uphindaphinda ngenani lezinsuku ezomile ezilandelanayo ofuna ukuzimela kuzo futhi wengeze imajini yokuhlunga nokulahlekelwa ukupompa. Okwemfuyo, phindaphinda inani lezilwane ngokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke ngesilwane ngohlobo oluklanyelwe, bese wengeza umjikelezo wokusebenza womugqa wokubelisa noma wokuphakela amanzi. Kunoma yikuphi, iphethini yezikhathi zonyaka, hhayi isamba sonyaka, iyona eqhuba umthamo.
Icala elisetshenzisiwe lenza ukuma kucace. Amahektha angamakhulu amabili esitshalo esiniselwa ngamaconsi ngo-5 mm ngosuku isidingo esiphezulu singu-1,000 m³ ngosuku wesidingo sengqikithi; engeza amaphesenti angu-20 okuhlunga, ukumpompa kanye nokulahleka kwemigqa bese ipulazi lidinga ukuthi likwazi ukudonsa u-1,200 m³ ngosuku. Ukumboza izinsuku ezinhlanu ezilandelanayo ezomile kunikeza u-6,000 m³ wesitoreji esisebenzisekayo, futhi ngesikhala sokugcina kanye nesibonelelo senhlabathi igobolondo licaciswa cishe ku-7,000 m³. Leso sibalo sincane kuthangi eliboshiwe futhi sikhulu emgodini owakhiwe ensimini, okuyiphuzu: kulesi sikali igobolondo elenziwe efektri iwukuthenga okuhlakaniphe kakhulu kunesakhiwo esakhiwe endaweni.
Ububanzi uma buqhathaniswa nobude esiqeshini sepulazi
Uma ivolumu isilungisiwe, isakhiwo sikhulisa ubukhulu. Ubudlelwano abukuhle kodwa bunquma: ivolumu ilingana no-0.785 ophindwe ngesikwele sedayamitha ophindwe ngobude boketshezi. Izinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa zamamitha ayikhubhu esakhiweni esingama-20 m zinikeza ukujula koketshezi okungama-22 m, okuphakeme, kudinga isitebhisi eside noma izitebhisi, futhi kubeka umthwalo omkhulu womoya emgodini. Ivolumu efanayo kububanzi obungama-31 m inikeza ukujula koketshezi okungama-9 m, okulula ukufinyelela, okulula ukuhlanza, futhi okulula kakhulu emgodini weringi. Izindawo eziningi zezolimo zisebenzelwa kangcono ngobubanzi obukhulu nokuphakama okulinganiselayo ngenxa yalezo zizathu ngqo.
Ubude buphinde buhlangane nephampu. Ithangi elide linikeza ikhanda lokudonsa elingcono kuphampu kodwa ikholomu ende umsebenzi kufanele ayilawule kumjikelezo wokugcwalisa. Ithangi elibanzi elingajulile lisho ukuthi iphampu idonsa eduze kwezinga lephedi futhi indaba yokudonsa idinga ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe esimweni sokushisa lapho umkhawulo wengcindezi yomhwamuko uncipha. Futhi emsebenzini wemfuyo noma wokukhiqiza ubisi, ithangi elingajulile kulula ukulihlanza phakathi kwamaqembu, okuyimpikiswano yangempela yezabasebenzi hhayi impikiswano yenhlanzeko.
Ukufaka ulwelwesi, izinga lamanzi kanye nesitifiketi
Ngamanzi ezolimo, umbuzo wokufakwa kwengubo (lining) umayelana ne-chlorine, ubulukhuni kanye nokusetshenziswa kokugcina. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye namanzi emithonjeni yokumba (bore water) avamise ukuba lukhuni futhi abe nokukhula kwe-scaling; amanzi angaphezulu kanye namanzi edamu athwala udaka, i-algae kanye nomthwalo wezinto eziphilayo; ukunikezwa kwamanzi kukamasipala noma okulinganiswa ngemitha kungase kube ne-chlorine. Amaphaneli ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (glass-fused-to-steel) anengqimba ye-enamel ehlanganiswe ku-820–930 °C, engu-0.25–0.45 mm ubukhulu, engasebenzi ku-pH 1–14, enendawo engaphansi kwe-Ra 0.8 µm emelana nokunqwabelana kwe-biofilm, futhi eqinisekisiwe ukuthi ingathinta amanzi okuphuza ngaphansi kwe-NSF/ANSI 61 kanye ne-WRAS. Epulazini elikha amanzi okunisela kanye nemfuyo, lokho kuhlanganisa isimo esivamile ngomkhiqizo owodwa. Lapho i-chloride iphezulu ngempela, njengamanzi angaphansi komhlaba asogwini noma anomunyu, qinisekisa ukuthi indlela ye-enamel isalungile ngaphambi kokusho intengo, futhi lapho ukusetshenziswa kokugcina kuwumkhiqizo wokudla, kusebenza ukuqinisekiswa kwe-FDA ne-LFGB.
I-epoxy ehlanganiswe ngokushisa iyindlela ehlukile yokumboza engqimbeni ye-180–280 µm enokumelana nokufafazwa kwamanzi anosawoti amahora angaphezu kuka-4000 ngaphansi kwe-AWWA C550, futhi ifaneleka kahle lapho ukumboza kuthandwa khona mayelana nokuma komumo noma lapho igobolondo elikhona lingensimbi. Ukugalvaniswa ngokushisa okujulile ngokwe-GB/T 13912-2020 ngokuvamile kukhawulelwe emisebenzini yamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nezinto ezomile ezisakazwayo ngoba ukuhamba kwe-zinc namanzi ane-asidi kuyinkinga ekugcinweni nasekuthintaneni. Ingxenye esele yempikiswano yokugqwala iwukuhlangana: ukuhlangana kwamaphaneli okuboshiwe okufakwe ama-gasket nge-EPDM kanye namabhawodi ezinga le-8.8, okuhlolwa nge-spark nge-1500 V DC ngemva kokuhlanganiswa, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuphinda kuqiniswe ngemva kokugcwaliswa kokuqala yisikhathi esisebenzayo sokuhlola.
Ukucaciswa Kobuchwepheshe
Ipharamitha | Inani Elijwayelekile / Ibanga | Qaphela |
Isisekelo sokuklama | isikhathi sesidingo esibi kakhulu, izinsuku ezi-5–10 ezomile zilandelana ngokujwayelekile | ukunisela noma inani lezifuyo |
Isibonelo sokudonsa okuphezulu | cishe u-1,200 m³ ngosuku ngemva kokulahlekelwa | 200 ha ku-5 mm/ngosuku kanye namaphesenti angu-20 |
Isibonelo somthamo wegobolondo | cishe u-7,000 m³ | isitoreji esisebenzisekayo kanye nebhodi yamahhala |
Izilinganiso ezijwayelekile | ububanzi obukhulu, ukuphakama okulinganiselayo | ukufinyelela okulula, ukuhlanza kanye ne-ring beam |
Izinga lokushisa lokuhlangana kwe-enamel | 820–930 °C | ukuhlangana okukodwa kokushisa endaweni yensimbi |
Ubukhulu bongqimba lwe-enamel | 0.25–0.45 mm | Ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1500 V DC ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa |
Amandla okucindezela ongqimba lwe-enamel | ngaphezu kuka-3,450 N/cm² | kukalwa ngongqimba lwe-enamel |
Ubukhulu bendawo yangaphakathi | Ra < 0.8 µm | imelana ne-biofilm, kulula ukuyihlanza |
Ukumelana ne-pH kwe-enamel | 1–14 | ayinamsebenzi emanzini anzima, ane-alkaline noma ane-chlorine |
Isitifiketi sokuphuzwa | NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS | qinisekisa ukuthi kungenxa yesitoko noma ukuxhumana nokudla |
Ububanzi bephaneli | cishe u-1.2 m | kuthunyelwa kucaba, ukuhlanganiswa okuhlanganisiwe okunamabhawodi |
Isikhathi sokuphila komklamo | okungenani iminyaka engu-30 | ngaphansi kwenkonzo yamanzi ecacisiwe |
Ukuletha ithangi eliboshiwe endaweni ekude
Isizathu sokuthutha nokufaka ithangi lensimbi elihlanganisiwe nelingagqamile elenziwe ngengilazi epulazini ngokuvamile sinamandla kunaleso sobuchwepheshe. Amaphaneli angaba ngu-1.2 m ububanzi ahamba ngeloli eliyisicaba esejwayelekile edlula emzileni wasepulazini okungeke kudlule kuwo umcengezi owakhiwe ngaphambili noma ingxenye yegobolondo elishiselwe, futhi ithangi elilodwa lingahlinzekwa lifike ku-60,000 m³ lapho isidingo sikhulu ngempela. Ukuhlanganisa kuwumsebenzi wokubopha ngamabhawudi nokufaka ama-gasket: ithimba lisebenza lisuka ku-ring beam likhuphuke, futhi isisekelo siyi-ring beam kakhonkolo noma iphedi enomehluko wokuhlala phansi olawulwayo kanye nephethini ye-anchor ehambisana nezimbobo zamaphaneli.
Imininingwane emibili yasensimini inquma ukuthi iyasebenza yini kusukela osukwini lokuqala. Eyokuqala i-ring beam: iphedi yezolimo ivamise ukwakhiwa ngokushesha, futhi i-ring beam engalingani yenza umugqa wokuqala ungabi mqondofana futhi imihlanganiso iconsa phezulu. Eyesibili i-outlet ne-overflow: kuthangi lwezolimo lezi zivamise ukuba i-ball valve noma i-propeller valve ezansi, i-overflow emugqeni we-freeboard, kanye ne-washout noma i-drain endaweni ephansi kakhulu yomhlabathi. Ukuthola izindawo ze-nozzle ngendlela efanele efektri kusho ukuthi akukho ukusika emkhakheni epaneleni eline-lining, okuyindawo lapho kungeniswa khona izimbobo ezincane.
Icala Lomsebenzi
Umsebenzi | Indawo | Umkhiqizo | Umthamo | Ububanzi |
Ithangi lamanzi okuphuza | Malaysia | Ithangi le-GFS | 20,380 m³ | ukuhlinzeka nokugada |
Ithangi lamanzi okuphuza | Indonesia | Ithangi le-GFS | 21,099 m³ | φ42.04 × 15.2 m, ukuhlinzeka |
Ithangi lamanzi elinobubanzi obukhulu | INamibia | Ithangi le-GFS | 44,900 m³ | ukuhlinzeka nokugada |
Amathangi amanzi okuqeda umlilo, amayunithi amabili | I-China, i-Sichuan | Amathangi e-GFS | 8,930 m³ | φ19.87 × 14.4 m lilinye, ukuhlinzeka |
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela be-Center Enamel
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina anezikulufu kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ehlanganiswe ne-enamel angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kuka-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukuze kunyuswe umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukwakheka kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550 ne-NFPA lapho uhlelo ludinga khona.
Kulo msebenzi wamanzi wezolimo lona umongo walokho okwenziwa umkhiqizo: i-lining eqinisekisiwe yezinga lokuphuza, ifomethi yephaneli eboshiwe efinyelela izindawo lapho ukuthutha okusindayo kungenakufika khona, kanye negobolondo elakhelwe isikhathi esiyiminyaka engu-30 okulindelekile ukuthi impahla yokunisela ibe nayo.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Ulinganisa kanjani ithangi lokunisela?
A1: Linganisa isidingo sansuku zonke esiphezulu sekholo, engeza ukulahleka kokuhlunga nokumpompa, phindaphinda ngenani lezinsuku ezomile ezilandelanayo ofuna ukuzimboza, bese wengeza i-freeboard. Okuguquguqukayo komklamo yisikhathi esomile, hhayi umthamo wonyaka.
Q2: Ingabe ithangi kufanele libe lide futhi lincane noma libanzi futhi lingajulile?
A2: Ngokuvamile zibanzi futhi zingashoni epulazini. Kulula ukuzihlanza, kulula ukufinyelela ku-valve, kulula kuma-ring beam, futhi kunikeza umthwalo omncane womoya. Amathangi amade futhi amancane afaneleka kangcono lapho indawo ilinganiselwe.
Q3: Ingabe ithangi lensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi liqinisekisiwe ngamanzi okuphuza?
A3: Izinto zokufaka kanye ne-gasket zineziqinisekiso zomkhiqizo zokuxhumana namanzi okuphuza okuhlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61 ne-WRAS, kanye ne-FDA ne-LFGB lapho uketshezi luwumkhiqizo wokudla. Qinisekisa isiqinisekiso ngokuhlaziywa kwamanzi akho athile ngaphambi kokunikezwa.
Q4: Ingabe ingakwazi ukubhekana namanzi ane-hardness ephezulu noma anomunyu?
A4: Amanzi ane-hard scaling awanankinga endaweni ye-enamel. Amanzi ane-chloride ephezulu noma ane-brackish kufanele ahlolwe kuqala, futhi lapho i-chloride iphezulu kakhulu indlela yezinto zokwakha ingase isuke iye ensimbi ehlanganisiwe noma ku-alloy ethile, ngakho hlola esikhundleni sokucabanga.
Q5: Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukumisa ithangi lasemapulazini?
A5: Ithangi le-modular eliboshiwe likhuphuka ngamazinga lisuka ku-ring beam, futhi uhlelo luholwa ukulethwa kwamaphaneli kanye nosayizi weqembu lokumisa kunokuba kuholwe yinhlangano eyodwa noma ukuphulukiswa isikhathi eside. Qinisekisa ukulandelana kwezinto ngokuhambisana nosuku lwakho lwesizini.
Q6: Yiluphi unakekelo oludinga ithangi lamanzi lezolimo?
A6: I-coating yangaphandle, amajoyinti aboshiwe kanye nama-gasket awo, isilinganisi sezinga, i-valve yokuphuma kanye nokugezwa kwentlenga. Ukuphinda uqinise nge-torque ngemuva kokugcwalisa kokuqala, bese kuba ukuhlola kwaminyaka yonke, wuhlelo olusebenzayo.
Q7: Ingabe ithangi lingakhuliswa kamuva uma indawo etshaliwe ikhula?
A7: Yebo. Amaphaneli engeziwe akhuphula ubude, amabheyi engeziwe andisa ububanzi, noma ithangi lesibili lingafaniswa. Ukulinganisa i-ring beam yesimo esikhulu ekuqaleni kuwumshwalense ongabizi.
Ithangi lamanzi elikhulu lezolimo kufanele lilinganiswe kusukela esikhaleni sesidingo, limiswe yipulazi hhayi umkhuba, futhi lifakwe ngento eqinisekisiwe yamanzi elizowagcina. Ukwenza kahle lezi zinto ezintathu kunikeza ithangi elingagcwalisi njalo, elihlanza ngantambama, futhi elisaqhubeka nokuphila lapho ipulazi litshala kabusha. Umsebenzi osele ujwayelekile: i-ring beam eqinile, ama-nozzle abekwe kahle kanye ne-alamu yezinga.
Sithumele indawo enqunyiwe noma inani lezilwane, ukuhlaziywa kwamanzi, isiza kanye nosuku lwakho lwesizini, futhi sizokubuyisela ukubalwa kosayizi, ububanzi nokuphakama, kanye nephakethe lefayela lobuchwepheshe.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Sitshele ukuthi ithangi kufanele lisetshenziselwe ini futhi isikhathi esingakanani, futhi sizolilinganisa nawe. Uzothola ukubalwa komthamo, i-geometry yegobolondo, isincomo se-lining ne-gasket kanye nemidwebo yokubuyekezwa, kanye nephaneli eliyisipele nesethi ye-gasket enenani elibandakanyiwe kusukela ekuqaleni.
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