Amathangi Ezimboni: Ukukhethwa Kwezinto Zokwakha Kwezamakhemikhali, Ukudla Nokugcina Amandla
Kwadalwa ngo 09.03
Amathangi Ezimboni: Ukukhethwa Kwezinto Zokwakha Zamakhemikhali, Ukudla kanye Nokugcina Amandla
Ukukhetha amathangi ezimboni kuqala ngoketshezi, hhayi ngomkhumbi: chaza ikhemistri, izinga lokushisa, okuqukethwe okuqinile kanye nemijikelezo yokushintsha, bese kuthi impahla ivele ngokwayo. Insimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi ihlanganisa iningi lamanzi, amanzi angcolile, amanzi okuqeda umlilo kanye nomsebenzi omncane wamakhemikhali ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu zomjikelezo wokuphila, i-epoxy ehlanganiswe ngokuncibilika ilungele amakhemikhali anolaka kanye nokufafazwa kwamanzi olwandle, i-stainless 304 noma i-316L isebenza ekusetshenzisweni okuhlanzekile kakhulu nokuqukethe i-chloride ephezulu, kanti insimbi egayiziwe ilungele izinto ezomile ezisakazwayo namanzi ahlanzekile kuphela. Amagobolondo ashukiwe anikeza isakhiwo esisodwa futhi alungele imiqulu emincane; amagobolondo amaphaneli aboshiwe anikeza ukulethwa kwemoduli, ukulungiswa kwesikhathi esizayo kobude kanye nezinhlelo ezimfushane zasensimini. Ukukhetha kuyavikeleka uma kubhalwe njengempikiswano yokugqwala enokuhlolwa okucashuniwe.
Ungcweti wemboni yezitshalo akuvamisile ukuthi akwazi ukukhetha uketshezi kuqala. Inqubo isivele inqume ukuthi yini engena ethangini, futhi ithangi ngokuvamile liyingxenye yokugcina ye-P&ID okufanele ilungiswe, okusho ukuthi ukukhethwa kwempahla kwenziwa ngokushesha yilowo obhala incazelo yezimfuneko ngalolo suku lantambama. Umphumela ubonakala ekuphumeni kwesikhathi okulandelayo: ithangi elinengubo yangaphakathi eyayikhethelwe isimo sokuklama hhayi ukushintshwa kwanyanga zonke, igobolondo elashiselwa ukulethwa kwezinto eziyingxenye lapho kwakudingeka khona, noma incazelo yezimfuneko ebiza izikhathi ezintathu kunalokho obekudingwa umsebenzi. Le ndatshana ibeka ukulandelana kokukhetha esikushintsayo emisebenzini yezimboni, kusukela ekuhlukaniseni uketshezi kuya emibandela yokwamukela.
Hlukanisa uketshezi kuqala
Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo kuyimpikiswano yokugqwala, futhi kufanele icaphune ucwaningo hhayi umkhuba. Imibuzo emine ixazulula iningi lalo. Iyini i-pH futhi iyashintshashintsha? Ngabe ikhona i-chloride, futhi ingakanani ukugxila kwayo kanye nezinga lokushisa? Ngabe zikhona izinto eziqinile noma ingxenye ehlikihlayo ezokhuhla indawo engaphezulu emgqeni woketshezi? Futhi yiluphi ububanzi bezinga lokushisa, kuhlanganise nesimo sokuphuma lapho inqubo ishisa ngokweqile? Lezi zimpendulo ezine zihlukanisa ingilazi ehlanganiswe nensimbi ku-epoxy ehlanganiswe ngokuncibilika kunensimbi engagqwali kunensimbi egcotshwe ngokugqwalisa ngokuthembeka okukhulu kunanoma yikuphi ukuthanda komhlinzeki.
Ama-paneli e-glass-fused-to-steel akhiqizwa ngokuhlanganisa i-enamel nensimbi ku-820–930 °C, okunikeza ungqimba olungu-0.25–0.45 mm ubukhulu olulinganiswa ngaphezu kuka-3,450 N/cm² nendawo engaphansi kuka-Ra 0.8 µm, engasebenzi ngamakhemikhali ku-pH 1–14 futhi ecaciswe okungenani iminyaka engu-30. Leyo ngqimba ihlanganisa iningi lemisebenzi yezimboni yamanzi namanzi angcolile okuhlanganisa i-biological effluent, amanzi okuqeda umlilo kanye nezixazululo eziningi zamakhemikhali ezihlala ngaphakathi kwebhendi ye-pH. I-fusion-bonded epoxy powder, esetshenziswa nge-electrostatic futhi yelashwe ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kuze kufike kubukhulu befilimu engu-180–280 µm futhi ihlolwe ngaphezu kwamahora angu-4000 okufafazwa ngosawoti ngaphansi kwe-AWWA C550, iyimpendulo evamile lapho i-chloride iphezulu noma umsebenzi unzima futhi indawo kufanele ithathe ukuhlanza ngomshini. I-Stainless 304 ihlanganisa ukuxhumana okujwayelekile kokudla namanzi, i-316L ihlanganisa uketshezi olune-chloride nesulphur, futhi insimbi ye-galvanised ngokwe-GB/T 13912-2020 ilinganiselwe emanzini ahlanzekile kanye ne-dry bulk ngoba ukuhamba kwe-zinc nokuhlaselwa yi-asidi kuyikhipha kwezinye izindawo.
Okushiswelwe ngokushisela kuqhathaniswa nokuboshwe ngezibophelelo
Umbuzo wesakhiwo ukuthi ingabe isiza singathatha igobolondo elishiselwe noma sidinga elenziwe ngezingxenye ezihlukene. Ithangi lensimbi elishiselwe liyisakhiwo esisodwa esinomthungo oqhubekayo, futhi iyimpendulo efanele yemithamo emincane, yokugcinwa okuphezulu kwekhwalithi, nalapho uketshezi luyi-solvent engahlasela umhlanganiso we-gasket. Lithwala ukushisela okwengeziwe emkhakheni, futhi imithungo eshiselwe emkhakheni idinga ukuhlolwa okungonakalisiyo njengokuhlolwa kwe-radiographic noma kwe-penetrant ngaphambi kokuba ithangi liqale ukusetshenziswa. Ithangi lamaphaneli aboshiwe lithunyelwa njengamaphaneli ayisicaba emalolini, lihlanganiswa ngamakhozi anomhlanganiso we-gasket namabhawodi e-8.8-grade, futhi iyimpendulo efanele yemithamo emikhulu, izindawo ezikude, izinhlelo zexesha elifushane nanoma yisiphi isitshalo esilindele ukukhula. Amathangi anikezwa njengamayunithi angawodwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³, futhi amaphaneli anobubanzi obucishe bube ngu-1.2 m enza icala lokuthumela nokuphatha libe lula.
Okunye okucatshangelwayo okwesithathu yilokho okuthengwa yisibophelelo esiboshiwe ekusebenzeni. Kunikeza indawo yokuhlola: isibophelelo singabonakala, sikhululwe futhi siphinde siboshwe nge-torque. Futhi kunikeza indlela yokulungisa, ngoba iphaneli eyodwa ingashintshwa futhi ugobolondo luhlolwe kabusha nge-spark ku-1500 V DC. Ugobolondo olushiswelwe ngeke lukwazi ukwenza nokukodwa kwalokho ngaphandle kokusika. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, yonke into eboshwe ngezibophelelo iyisigaxa esimele sikhule, ngakho-ke ukucaciswa kufanele kusho into yesigaxa kanye nesikhathi sokuphinda kuboshwe nge-torque esikhundleni sokukushiya kumfaki.
I-geometry yogobolondo, isisekelo kanye nomngcele wengcindezi
Amaphutha amaningi okukhetha ezimbonini ayenzeka emngceleni phakathi komkhumbi nendawo, hhayi ngaphakathi kuwo. I-GFS noma ithangi lensimbi elingaphansi komfutho womoya noma ophansi alinawo umngcele wengcindezi ogobolondweni; icala lengcindezi wuphahla, isiphephetha-moya kanye nomshini wokukhulula ingcindezi. Ukunquma lokho kusenesikhathi kuvimbela iphutha elijwayelekile lokucacisa indlela yekhodi yomkhumbi wengcindezi wethangi elingakaze lisebenze ngaphezu kwamakhilopaskali ambalwa. Uma inqubo idinga ngempela umkhumbi wengcindezi, lowo mkhumbi uklanyelwe incazelo kanye namakhodi okuvunyelwene ngawo enkontilekeni futhi uwukuthengwa okuhlukile kumathangi okugcina.
Isisekelo nokubopha kuvala umjikelezo. Ithangi eliboshiwe lidinga i-ring beam noma i-concrete pad enomehluko wokuhlala phansi olawulwayo kanye nephethini ye-anchor ehambisana nezimbobo zamaphaneli; ithangi elishiseliwe esigabeni esiyisicaba lidinga indilinga eyisicaba. Uma ukuhlala phansi kungalungile, igobolondo elinobubanzi obukhulu liyaphuma emjikelezweni, lokho okwenza ukuthi amajoyinti aboshiwe akhale kuqala esigabeni esiphezulu. Izimo zomthwalo womoya neqhwa, ezithathwa ku-ADM 2015 noma i-ASCE 7-10 lapho kusetshenziswa uphahla lwedome le-aluminium, kufanele zibe engxoxweni efanayo nesisekelo, ngoba uphahla luthwala i-uplift futhi igobolondo lithwala umphumela.
Ukucaciswa Kobuchwepheshe
Ipharamitha | Inani Elijwayelekile / Ibanga | Qaphela |
Izinga lokushisa lokuncibilika kwe-enamel | 820–930 °C | umjikelezo wokushisa owodwa, ingilazi iya ensimbi |
Ubukhulu bongqimba lwe-enamel | 0.25–0.45 mm | Ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1500 V DC ngemva kokuhlanganiswa |
Amandla okucindezela kwengqimba ye-enamel | ngaphezu kuka-3,450 N/cm² | kulinganiselwe ingqimba ye-enamel |
Ukungalingani kwendawo yangaphakathi | Ra < 0.8 µm | ukungcola okuphansi, kulula ukukuhlanza |
Ukumelana ne-pH kwe-enamel | 1–14 | okungasebenzi kuyo yonke indawo yokusebenza |
Isikhathi sokuphila komklamo | okungenani iminyaka engu-30 | ngaphansi kokusebenza kwamakhemikhali okucacisiwe |
Ubukhulu befilimu ye-FBE | 180–280 µm | i-electrostatic powder, ukwelapha okushisa okuphezulu |
i-FBE salt spray | ngaphezu kuka-4000 h | kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA C550 |
I-Hot-dip galvanising | GB/T 13912-2020 | amanzi ahlanzekile kanye nemisebenzi yempahla eyomile kuphela |
Ububanzi bephaneli | cishe u-1.2 m | iphaneli ehlanganisiwe ngamabhawodi, ehlanganiswa endaweni |
Izinga lamabhawodi | Amabhawodi ezinga le-8.8 | ukuxhumana okuvimbela ukugqwala |
Ikilasi lengcindezi | kusuka emkhathini kuya ekucindezelweni okuphansi | uphahla nomoya kuchaza umngcele |
Ukucaciswa nokwamukelwa kwethangi lezimboni
Ikhodi ephelele yokucacisa ibiza uketshezi nokuhlaziywa kwalo, umthamo wokuklama nezinga lokusebenza, ububanzi bokushisa, izinga le-pH nokuqukethwe kwe-chloride, isitifiketi esidingekayo soketshezi esifana ne-NSF/ANSI 61 noma i-WRAS yamanzi okuphuza, i-FDA noma i-LFGB yokuxhumana nokudla, kanye nereferensi yokuklama esebenzayo efana ne-AWWA D103-09 noma i-AWWA C550. Ibese ibiza iphrothokholi yokuhlola: ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ku-enamel, ukutholwa kwe-holiday ku-epoxy, ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic noma kweleveli njengoba kuvunyelwene, inani le-torque yebhawudi nesikhathi sokuphinda ku-torque, kanye nemvamisa yokuhlola. Izincazelo ezingacacile zibanga ukuhumusha kwensimu, futhi ukuhumusha kwensimu yilapho kuzalwa khona ama-oda okushintsha.
Ukwamukelwa kufanele futhi kuhlanganise izinto ze-envelope ezikhunjulwa abasebenzi: isicabha sokungena ne-gasket ye-manway, i-vent nesihlungi sayo, ubuso be-nozzle flange nokuhlanzeka kwe-blast, isitebhisi ne-platform, kanye ne-spare panel ne-gasket kit. Ithangi elethulwa line-spare panel set yithangi elinezinga lokulungisa elishibhile eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala.
Icala Lomsebenzi
Iphrojekthi | Indawo | Umkhiqizo | Umthamo | Ububanzi |
Ithangi lamanzi elinobubanzi obukhulu | INamibia | Ithangi le-GFS | 44,900 m³ | ukuhlinzeka nokuqondisa |
Amathangi amanzi okuqeda umlilo, amayunithi amabili | I-China, i-Sichuan | Amathangi e-GFS | 8,930 m³ | φ19.87 × 14.4 m lilinye, ukuhlinzeka |
Amathangi ane-epoxy-coated | I-China, i-Hebei | amathangi e-epoxy ahlanganiswe nge-fusion | 32,363 m³ | ukusebenza kwamakhemikhali nemithi |
Amathangi e-epoxy yamakhemikhali, amayunithi angu-11 | I-China, i-Guangxi | amathangi e-epoxy ahlanganiswe nge-fusion | 4,771 m³ isiyonke | ukuhlinzeka nokugada |
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela le-Center Enamel
UCenter Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina anezibophezelo kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi ensimbi ehlanganiswe nengilazi (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi angu-300,000 ahlanganiswe ne-enamel ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukukhulisa umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, i-WRAS, i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-CE (EN 1090), i-ISO 28765, i-FM, i-BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukuklanywa kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550 ne-NFPA lapho uhlelo lokusebenza ludinga khona.
Leyo sethi yekhono elilodwa ivumela umhlinzeki oyedwa ukuthi akhokhele ibhethri lesitshalo sonke: ingilazi ehlanganiswe nensimbi yamanzi kanye namanzi angcolile, i-epoxy ehlanganiswe nge-fusion yomsebenzi wamakhemikhali anolaka, i-stainless yokuhlanzeka okuphezulu, kanye nophahla lwedome le-aluminium lapho icala lengcindezi yophahla lidinga isigaxa esiqinile.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Yiluphi uhlobo lwethangi olulungile lwethangi lamanzi lasezimbonini ezijwayelekile?
Impendulo 1: Ingilazi ehlanganiswe nensimbi ngokuvamile iyindleko ephansi kakhulu yomjikelezo wokuphila: ayisebenzi ku-pH 1–14, ingaphezulu elingaphansi kuka-Ra 0.8 µm, ubude bokuphila obungu-30 iminyaka okungenani, kanye nokuhlangana okuboshiwe okungahlolwa futhi kulungiswe.
Umbuzo 2: Inini lapho insimbi engagqwali idingeka ngempela?
A2: Lapho uketshezi lukhulu kakhulu, lune-chloride ephezulu noma isulfure ephezulu, noma lapho ukucaciswa komkhiqizo kukudinga. I-316L iyingxenye evamile ye-chloride; i-304 yanele ekudleni okujwayelekile nasekuxhumaneni namanzi. Kubiza izikhathi ezimbalwa ithangi le-GFS nge-cubic metre ngayinye.
Q3: Ingabe ithangi elihlanganisiwe liqinile njengelishisisiwe?
A3: Emsebenzini womkhathi, yebo, uma ama-gasket efanele futhi i-torque yamabhawodi ihlolwa. Ukuhlangana okubhawodiwe ukuhlangana okunama-gasket, ngakho into yokulungisa i-gasket nebhawodi, hhayi ipuleti. Igobolondo elishisisiwe alinayo i-gasket kodwa alikwazi ukuhlolwa noma ukunwetshwa.
Q4: Ingabe ithangi le-GFS lingasetshenziswa njengethangi lamakhemikhali?
A4: Ngaphakathi kwe-pH 1–14 futhi ngemuva kokuhlolwa ngokumelene nekhemikhali ethile kanye nokugxila kwayo kanye nezinga lokushisa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-epoxy ehlanganiswe nge-fusion ku-180–280 µm, noma i-stainless, iyisinyathelo esilandelayo esivamile.
Q5: Yiluphi isitifiketi okufanele sibe naso ithangi lamanzi okuphuza?
A5: I-NSF/ANSI 61 kanye ne-WRAS ezimakethe eziningi, kanye ne-FDA noma i-LFGB lapho uketshezi luwumkhiqizo wokudla. Isitifiketi kufanele sibe sesokufakwa kwangaphakathi kanye nempahla ye-gasket ethintana namanzi, hhayi insimbi kuphela.
Q6: Umngcele wengcindezi usingathwa kanjani ethangini lokugcina lezimboni?
A6: Igobolondo lisebenza emkhathini noma ngengcindezi ephansi; uphahla, umoya kanye nedivayisi yokukhulula kuchaza umngcele. Imikhumbi yengcindezi iwumkhakha ohlukile okhelwe ngokucaciswa kanye namakhodi okuvunyelwene ngawo enkontilekeni.
Q7: Ingabe ithangi elilodwa lingasebenza uketshezi olubili oluhlukene phakathi nokuphila kwalo?
A7: Kuphela uma ushintsho lwenziwa ngamabomu. Ubuso be-enamel buhlala bukhona ekuhlanzeni okuningi, kodwa i-gasket nama-nozzle gaskets kungenzeka kungabi njalo, futhi ushintsho lomkhiqizo ngokuvamile ludinga ukubuyekezwa kwe-lining ne-gasket kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokuhlanza.
Amathangi ezimboni akhethwa ngokusho kwe-fluid kanye nomkhawulo wokulethwa, hhayi ngefashini. Hlukanisa i-chemistry nezinga lokushisa, nquma ukuthi isiza sidinga i-welded monolith noma i-modular bolted shell, beka umkhawulo wengcindezi ophahleni hhayi ku-shell, futhi usho izivivinyo kunkontileka. Yenza lokho futhi umkhumbi uzodlula inqubo eyakhiqiza isicelo.
Sithumele ukuhlaziywa koketshezi, amavolumu, ibanga lokushisa kanye nomkhawulo wendawo, futhi sizokubuyisela isincomo sezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezizathu, iphrothokholi yokuhlola kanye nephakethe yefayela lobuchwepheshe.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Singathanda ukubuyekeza icala lakho lomsebenzi ngaphambi kokuba uzibophezele esimweni esithile. Yabelana ngoketshezi, ivolumu, izinga lokushisa kanye nokuthi ingabe indawo ingakwazi ukuthatha ithangi elidayisiwe, futhi uzothola isincomo sezinto ezibonakalayo esibhaliwe, imigomo yokwamukela okufanele ifakwe enkontilekeni, kanye nesethi yemidwebo ukuze ibuyekezwe. Akukho ingcindezi, akukho kulandela ngemuva kwempendulo.
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