I-ISO 28765 Standard: Umhlahlandlela Wokuhlola Nokuthobela Amathangi E-Vitreous Enameled
Kwadalwa ngo 06.23
I-ISO 28765 Standard: Umhlahlandlela Wokuhlola Nokuthobela Amathangi Agqoke Ingilazi
I-ISO 28765 yiyona ehamba phambili yamazwe omhlaba elawula ukuklama, ukuhlola, kanye nokulawula ikhwalithi kwamalaphu e-vitreous ne-porcelain asetshenziswa ezindaweni zensimbi eziboshiwe. Ngokukhethekile kuhlanganisa izindawo ezisetshenziselwa ukugcina nokwelapha amanzi, imfucuza kamasipala, kanye nodaka lwezimboni, leli zinga liqinisekisa ukuba khona kwe-metallurgical ne-chemical ye-Glass-Fused-to-Steel (GFS) technology. Kumaphrojekthi omhlaba wonke wezobunjiniyela, ukuthobela izimiso zokuhlola ze-ISO 28765 kuqinisekisa ukuthi isendlalelo esisetshenziswa efektri sizohlinzeka ngempilo yesevisi engadingi ukugcinwa, ngokuvamile idlula iminyaka engu-30 ezindaweni ezonakalisa kakhulu.
1. Isihloko se-ISO 28765
Ngokungafani namazinga agxile kuphela ekulayisheni kwensimbi yesakhiwo (njenge-EN 1090), i-ISO 28765 igxila kakhulu ekugqokeni kwengilazi-enamel uqobo. Ichaza izimvume zokukhiqiza ezichazayo, izidingo zokulungisa indawo, nezinqubo zokuhlola ngemuva kokushisa ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlukaniswe iphaneli njengokwamukelekayo ukugcina uketshezi olubucayi.
Izinga lisebenza ku:
● Ingqalasizinda yokugcina amanzi okuphuzwayo.
● Ama-anaerobic digesters nama-biogas reactors.
● Amathangi okwelapha amanzi angcolile embonini kanye ne-leachate.
● Izindawo zokugcina i-sludge.
2. Iziqondiso Eziyinhloko Zokuhlola ze-ISO 28765
Ukuze kufezeke ukuhambisana ne-ISO 28765, abakhiqizi kufanele badlulise amaphaneli abo aqediwe e-GFS ezinhlobonhlobo eziqinile zezivivinyo zokulawula ikhwalithi ngaphambi kokuba bavunyelwe ukuthunyelwa nokuhlanganiswa.
A. Ukuhlolwa kwe-High-Voltage Spark (Holiday Test)
Lona ukuhlolwa okubaluleke kakhulu kokuqina kokugcinwa kwezinto ezingamanzi. Induku yokuhlola ekhethekile ifaka ugesi ophakeme (ngokuvamile kusuka ku-700V kuye ku-1100V, kuye ngesigaba sokugqoka esichaziwe) kuwo wonke umhlaba oboshwe nge-enamel.
● Inhloso: Ukuthola izimbobo ezincane kakhulu (holidays), imifantu, noma izindawo lapho i-glass coating incane kakhulu.
● Imibandela Yokudlula: Ngaphakathi kwangaphakathi (indawo ethintana noketshezi) yethangi elisezingeni eliphezulu, indinganiso ifuna umphumela ongenaziphetho. Noma yikuphi ukukhanya kukagesi kubonisa ukungena esisekelweni sensimbi, futhi iphaneli kufanele yenqatshwe.
B. Ukulinganisa Ubukhulu Bokugqoka
Ukuqina kwethangi le-GFS kuncike ekusebenzeni kahle kwengilazi. Uma ingalubanzi kakhulu, ilahlekelwa ukumelana namakhemikhali; uma ingagqinsi kakhulu, iba brittle futhi kulula ukuthi iqhekeke.
● Indlela Yokuhlola: Izilinganiso zobukhulu befilimu eyomile ezisekelwe kumagagasi kagesi noma ezomsindo.
● Ibanga Elivamile: I-ISO 28765 ichaza ukuthi ubukhulu be-enamel eshisiwe kufanele buvamise ukuba phakathi kuka-200μm no-460μm ukuze kube nokuvikeleka nokuguquguquka okuhle kakhulu.
C. Ukuhlola Ukunamathela Nokushayeka
Ngoba amathangi akhiwa ngama-bolts athunyelwa emhlabeni wonke futhi ahlanganiswe endaweni, ingubo yengilazi kufanele ikwazi ukumelana nokucindezela komshini ngaphandle kokuhlukana nensimbi eyinhloko.
● Indlela Yokuhlola: Kufakwa umthelela owenziwe ngendlela elawulwayo endaweni ethile yepheneli.
● Ukuhlola: Onjiniyela bahlola indawo enomthelela. Ngenkathi ingilazi endaweni eqondile yomthelela ingase yaphuka, i-enamel ezungezile akufanele ihlehle noma ikhune kude nensimbi.
D. Ukuhlola Ukumelana Namakhemikhali
Amanzi angcolile embonini nama-anaerobic digesters abeka amathangi ezingeni eliphezulu le-pH kanye negesi elibi njenge-hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
● Indlela Yokuhlola: Amalungiselelo abekwa ezindaweni ezinezinsipho eziqinile (njenge-citric acid noma i-hydrochloric acid) kanye namanzi abilayo isikhathi esinqunyiwe.
● Ukuhlolwa: Amapaneli ayahlolwa ngokusekelwe ekulahlekelweni kwesisindo nasekuhlehlweni okubonakalayo, okuqinisekisa ukuthi angamelana nemidiya yokugcina enama-asidi kakhulu noma i-alkaline kakhulu ngaphandle kokubola.
3. Izigaba Zekhwalithi Yokugqoka (I-Matrix)
I-ISO 28765 ihlukanisa ukugqoka kwangaphakathi kwamathangi e-GFS ngezigaba ezahlukene ngokusekelwe ekuguguleni kwemidiya egciniwe. Onjiniyela bephrojekthi kufanele bacacise isigaba esilungile phakathi nesigaba sokuthenga.
Isigaba Sokugqoka | Isicelo Sokugcina | Ukuqina Kokuhlola (Ukuhlolwa kwe-Spark) | Amaphutha Avumelekile (Ngaphakathi) |
Isigaba A | Amanzi amdaka ezimboni anolaka, Izindawo zokugaya i-Biogas | Ugesi Ophezulu (>1000V) | Amaphutha ayi-zero avunyelwe. |
Isigaba B | Amanzi amdaka omphakathi, Amanzi okuphuza | Ugesi Ojwayelekile (700V) | Amaphutha ayi-zero avunyelwe. |
Isigaba C | Ukugcina okomile okuningi, Izindawo ezithambile | Ugesi Ongaphansi | Kunomkhawulo omkhulu kakhulu; kuyaqashwa. |
4. Kungani i-ISO 28765 Ibhalela Ukuthengwa Kwemikhiqizo Emhlabeni Wonke
Kumaqembu okuthenga ahlole abahlinzeki ukunweba ingqalasizinda, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezifana neNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia noma iMiddle East, ukufuna imibiko yokuhlola eqinisekisiwe ye-ISO 28765 kusebenza njengesithiyo esiqinile sokukhiqiza okungekho sezingeni eliphezulu.
● Kuvimbela Ukwehluleka Emkhakheni: Ngokuqinisekisa ukuhlolwa komshini okungu-100% nge-Holiday Test, ingozi yokuqalisa ithangi elinezindawo zokugqwala isuswa cishe.
● Izindleko Zokuba Nazo Zizonke (TCO): Amathangi adlula izivivinyo zokumelana namakhemikhali nokushayeka kwe-ISO 28765 angadingi ukugqwala ngesihlabathi nokugqoka kabusha njalo, kunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokusebenza ze-OPEX eminyakeni engu-30 kuya kwengu-50.
5. Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (FAQ)
Q: Ingabe i-ISO 28765 ihlanganisa i-sealant esetshenziswa phakathi kwamaphaneli?
A: Cha. I-ISO 28765 ilawula ngokuqinile ungqimba lwe-vitreous enamel kumaphaneli ensimbi. Izinto zokubopha nezindandatho ezisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa kufanele zihambisane namanye amazinga afanele (njenge-NSF/ANSI 61 amanzi okuphuza noma izindinganiso ezithile zokumelana namakhemikhali ezinto eziphuma embonini).
Q: Ingabe iphaneli ingalungiswa uma yehluleka ukuhlolwa kwe-high-voltage spark efektri?
A: Uma iphaneli yehluleka ukuhlolwa kwe-zero-defect spark kumagobolondo angaphakathi e-Class A noma i-B efektri, ngokuvamile iyalahlwa futhi ilahlwe. Inqubo ye-thermal fusion ilawulwa kakhulu, futhi ukulungiswa efektri ngokuvamile akuvamile ukwamukelwa kumpompi wokuxhumana nolwazi oluyinhloko ngaphansi kokulalela ngokuqinile ileveli.
Q: I-ISO 28765 iqhathaniswa kanjani ne-AWWA D103?
A: I-AWWA D103 (American Water Works Association) yindinganiso ebanzi ehlanganisa yonke imiklamo yesakhiwo nokugqoka amathangi aboshwe ngezikulufu. I-ISO 28765 igxile kakhulu, ingena kabanzi eminganisweni ethile yezinto zensimbi, amakhemikhali, nokuhlolwa kwe-glass-enamel coating uqobo. Abakhiqizi abahamba phambili emhlabeni baklama amathangi abo e-GFS ukuze ahambisane nalezi zindinganiso zombili ngesikhathi esisodwa.
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