Ihlanganiswa Kanjani Ingilazi Nensimbi: Izinga Lokushisa Lokuhlanganisa, Isendlalelo Nokuhlola
Kwadalwa ngo 09.08
Ingabe Ingilazi Ihlanganiswa Kanjani Nensimbi: Izinga Lokushisa Kokuhlanganisa, Ungqimba Nokuhlola
Ingilazi ihlanganiswa nensimbi ngokufaka i-vitreous enamel slip epaneleni lensimbi elungisiwe bese ishiswa ku-820–930 °C, lapho ingilazi ithamba futhi igelezele ebusweni bensimbi bese iphola ibe ungqimba oluqhubekayo olungu-0.25–0.45 mm ubukhulu. Lolu ngqimba alusona isembozo esisensimbi kodwa luyingxenye yayo, yingakho lungeke lixebuke. Lukalwa ngaphezu kuka-3450 N/cm², luhlolwa nge-spark ku-1500 V DC ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa futhi lucaciswa ukuthi luhlale iminyaka engamashumi amathathu; izindlela ezimbili zokwehluleka ezaziwayo izimbobo ezincane ezivela ekuhlaselweni kwamakhemikhali endaweni ethile kanye nokuqhekeka emaphethelweni endaweni yokunisela yasefektri.
Buza abantu abane ukuthi ithangi lengilazi elihlanganiswe nensimbi lenziwa kanjani futhi uzothola izimpendulo ezine ezihlukene, eziningi zazo ezichaza into efakwa ngaphakathi. Umehluko ubalulekile ngoba unquma ukuthi ithangi lingagcina ini, lihluleka kanjani nokuthi uhlelo lokuhlola luyini. Ethangini lengilazi elincibilikisiwe ingilazi nensimbi kuyisistimu yento eyodwa: ingilazi ayihlali phezu kwensimbi, ixhunywe kuyo ngezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ngokwanele ukuthi zombili zihlangane endaweni yokuhlangana. Konke okunye — umkhawulo wokugqwala, ukuhlanzeka, ukuziphatha kokushaywa kanye nokuhlolwa okufakazela iphaneli — kulandela lelo qiniso elilodwa. Lena inqubo echazwe ngendlela uminjiniyela angayifuna ngayo, ngaphandle kokukhangisa.
Isinyathelo Sokushisa Siwukho Konke Inqubo
Ingilazi iyathamba futhi igeleze ingene ensimbi, bese ibambelela kuyo lapho iphola. Iphaneli iyahlanzwa futhi igxishwe ibe yindawo ebambelelayo ecacisiwe, igcotshwe nge-vitreous enamel slip — i-glass powder suspension — bese ishiswa esithandweni ku-820–930 °C. Ngaphakathi kwalelo windi i-enamel iyathamba, imanzise insimbi futhi igeleze, futhi lapho iphola iqina ibe ungqimba lwengilazi oluqhubekayo oluhlanganiswe nensimbi. Ukujiya kongqimba ekugcineni kufika ebangeni lika-0.25–0.45 mm, futhi amandla okuhlanganisa alinganiswa ngaphezu kuka-3450 N/cm² ekugobeni nasekucindezelweni. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlanganisa kwakhiwa ukushisa hhayi nge-adhesive, akukho mugqa wokuhlanganisa ozogcwala, uphakame futhi ube namabhamuza, okuyinto ngqo eyenzeka kuliningi olusetshenzisiwe lapho amanzi efika ensimbi engemuva kwayo.
Ukushiswa kabili kuvamile, futhi okwesibili kwenza iphaneli isebenze. Ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa kokuqala, amaphaneli ayahlolwa, noma yiphi iphutha liyalungiswa nge-enamel efanayo ekushiseni kwesibili, bese iphaneli idlula ekuhlolweni kokugcina: ukukalwa kobukhulu, ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1500 V DC ethola ama-holiday, kanye nokuhlolwa kwendawo engaphezulu kanye nokuqedwa komphetho. Ukuhlolwa kwe-spark yikona okubalulekile — i-holiday iyimbobo encane edlula engilazini, futhi ukuyithola efektri kuyinto yokulungisa kuyilapho ukuyithola ngemuva kokufakwa kuyisikhathi sokuvalwa. Indawo engaphezulu eqediwe ibushelelezi futhi iqhubekayo, ngaphansi kuka-0.8 µm Ra, okuyikona okwenza iphaneli efanayo yamukeleke ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi okuphuzwayo nokudla ngaphansi kwe-NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS, FDA kanye ne-LFGB.
Izindlela Ezimbili Zokwehluleka, Futhi Ezimbili Kuphela
I-Delamination kanye ne-pinhole yimikhawulo yesikhala sokuklama. I-Delamination ukulahleka koqweqwe oluvela ensimbi, futhi kwenzeka lapho isibopho sokuhlangana sasiphazamisekile noma lapho ukushayisana kuye kwaphula khona ungqimba lubuyele ensimbi; ukwehluleka okuhlangabezana nakho ngokujwayelekile ithangi eline-adhesive-lined, futhi akuvamile kupanele elishiswe kahle. I-Pinhole iyisici esincane esidlula ubukhulu ku-enamel, kungaba kusuka ezinhlayiyeni eziboshiwe ngesikhathi sokushisa noma ekuhlaselweni ngamakhemikhali endaweni ngesikhathi sokusebenza, futhi ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1500 V DC iyithuluzi elithola kokubili efektri. Ukuchithwa kwemiphetho kuyinto yesithathu okufanele iqashelwe, ngoba i-enamel iyasikwa futhi ibhobozwe emiphethweni yephaneli futhi leyo yindawo esengozini kakhulu kupanele. Konke okusemthethweni wokuhlola kuhloswe ngakho lokho kuthathu.
Lokho Okushiwo Umhlahlandlela Kumchazi Wemfuneko
I-chemistry kanye newindi lokushisa yizona oziklama ngokumelene nazo. I-enamel ayisebenzi ku-pH 1–14, ngakho ukushintshashintsha okune-asidi ne-alkaline okubhubhisa ulwelwesi lwe-organic kuhlala ngaphakathi kwesikhwama sayo; izinga lokushisa akulona inkinga yengilazi kodwa inkinga ye-gasket ne-vent, njengoba amazinga aphezulu okushisa koketshezi nomhwamuko anquma lezo zinto. I-substrate yensimbi ithwala umthwalo wesakhiwo, ngakho iphaneli ihlolwa njengento yesakhiwo enobuso be-enamel. Iminyaka engamashumi amathathu iyisikhathi sokuphila okuklanyelwe ngaphakathi komsebenzi ocacisiwe, futhi umkhuba wekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye leminyaka ukubhala isikhwama emgomeni nasencwadini yokusebenza ukuze kube yisikhwama, hhayi umcabango, esilawula lokho ithangi elicelwa ukuba ligcine.
Incazelo Yezobuchwepheshe
Ipharamitha | Inani Elijwayelekile / Ibanga | Qaphela |
Izinga lokushisa lokushisa | 820–930 °C | ingilazi iyageleza futhi ihlangane nensimbi |
Ubukhulu bongqimba lwe-Enamel | 0.25–0.45 mm | kukalwa ngephaneli ngayinye yokukhiqiza |
Amandla okubopha | ≥ 3450 N/cm² | isilinganiso sokugoba nokucindezela |
Ukutholwa kwe-Holiday | Ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1500 V DC | iphaneli ngayinye ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa |
Ukuqedwa kwendawo | Ra < 0.8 µm | ukuhlanza okuphephile ekudleni nasezitsheni zokuphuza |
Ukumelana ne-pH | 1–14 | umsebenzi we-asidi kuya ku-alkaline |
Imoduli yephaneli | cishe 1.2 m ububanzi | ukuhlanganiswa okuboshiwe, ipuleti elingu-3–12 mm ngokwakhiwa |
Isikhathi sokuphila komklamo | ≥ 30 iminyaka | ngaphakathi kwesikhawu esishiwo |
Lapho Inqubo Ikhokhela Khona Endaweni
Amaphaneli enziwa efektri futhi ahlanganiswe endaweni, okushintsha isimiso sesikhathi. Ngenxa yokuthi i-enamel isetshenziswa futhi ihlolwe embonini, umsebenzi wendawo uwukuhlanganisa ngamabhawodi amaphaneli acishe abe ngu-1.2 m ububanzi ngamabhawodi ezinga le-8.8 kanye ne-EPDM gasket, ngaphansi kokuqondisa komkhiqizi, esikhundleni somkhankaso wokufaka ulwelwesi nokushisela. Amaphaneli athunyelwa ecwebe, ngakho ithangi elikhulu lingahamba ngendlela yokungena endaweni okungeke kukwazi umkhumbi oshiselwe esitolo, futhi ukuhlangana okufanayo okubhawodiwe kusho ukuthi ithangi lingandiswa ngamakhosi engeziwe noma iyunithi ehambisanayo, noma lihlakazwe futhi limiswe kabusha kwenye indawo. Ukuhlolwa ngemuva kokuqaliswa kuhambisana nenqubo: ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwe-enamel ngesikhathi sokuvalwa ngakunye, ukuhlolwa kwe-torque ngemuva kokugcwaliswa kokuqala nangemuva konyaka wokuqala, kanye nokuhlolwa kabusha kwe-spark kunoma yiliphi iphaneli elikhishiwe futhi lafakwa kabusha.
Icala Lomsebenzi
Umsebenzi | Indawo | Umkhiqizo | Umthamo | Ububanzi |
Ithangi lamanzi elinobubanzi obukhulu | Namibia | Ithangi le-GFS | 44,900 m³ | ukuhlinzeka + ukugadwa kokufakwa |
Uchungechunge lwamanzi aphuzwayo | Indonesia | Ithangi le-GFS | 21,099 m³ (φ42.04 m × 15.2 m) | ukuhlinzeka + ukusekelwa kokusebenza |
Uchungechunge lokugcina indle | Zhejiang, China | Ithangi le-GFS | 11,613 m³ (φ24.45 m × 19.8 m) | ukuhlinzeka + usizo lokwakha |
Uchungechunge lwamanzi okuqeda umlilo | Sichuan, China | Ithangi le-GFS | 8,930 m³ (φ19.87 m × 14.4 m × 2) | ukuhlinzeka + ukugadwa kokufakwa |
Ikhono Lobunjiniyela be-Center Enamel
I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina axhunywe ngamabhawudi kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi e-glass-fused-to-steel (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ane-enamel angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukuze kunyuswe amandla okukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS, FDA, LFGB, CE (EN 1090), ISO 28765, FM, BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi idizayini ibhekisela ku-AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550 ne-NFPA lapho uhlelo ludinga khona.
Kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi, ikhono lihlala njengamaphaneli ahlanganiswe futhi ahlolwe nge-spark efektrihi nemibhalo egciniwe, i-envelope ye-enamel ehambisana nekhemistri elinganisiwe nezinga lokushisa, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okuboshiwe kanye nohlelo lokuhlola olugcina impilo yokuklama yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu iqinisekiseka.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Ingabe i-enamel iyisembozo esisetshenziswe ensimbi?
Impendulo 1: Cha. Ihlanganiswa nensimbi ku-820–930 °C, ngakho ingilazi nensimbi kuyinto eyodwa. Akukho ungqimba lwenamathisela, yingakho ingeke ihlukane njengoba isembozo esisetshenzisiwe senza amabhamuza.
Umbuzo 2: Kungani ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1500 V DC kubalulekile?
A2: Ithola amaholide, okuyizimbobo ezincane ezidlula ku-enamel. Uma kusetshenziswa njengokuhlolwa kokukhishwa kwefektri, kusho ukuthi ithangi lifika lingenasici; uma kusetshenziswa ngemva kokufakwa, isici esifanayo siba ukuphazamiseka esikhundleni sokuba yinto yamaphepha.
Q3: Ingabe ibanga le-pH 1–14 lisho ukuthini empilweni yangempela?
A3: I-enamel ihlala ingasebenzi kulo lonke ibanga le-asidi ne-alkaline, ngakho ukushintsha kwe-asidi ne-alkaline okukhipha umugqa wezinto eziphilayo akushintshi ukukhethwa kwezinto. Izinga lokushisa kusafanele liqoshwe, ngoba lilawula i-gasket kanye ne-vent.
Q4: Kwenzekani uma i-enamel ilimala isetshenziswa?
A4: Ibobo elincane noma ukuqhekeka kuyilungiselelo lendawo, okufanele kwenziwe ngokunengqondo ekumisweni okulandelayo lapho indawo ilungisiwe futhi ukulungiswa kuqinisekisiwe. Indlela yokwehluleka ebucayi i-delamination, eyivelakancane kuphaneli elishiswe kahle futhi ngokuvamile iwumphumela wokushayisana emaphethelweni ephaneli.
Umbuzo 5: Ingabe iphaneli ingasikwa noma ibhobozwe endaweni?
Impendulo 5: Cha. I-enamel isikwa futhi ibhobozwe efektrihi ngomphetho ogayiwe kanye nephethini yezimbobo ebekiwe. Ukusika endaweni iyona ndlela ethembekile kakhulu yokudala umphetho oqhekezile, ngakho izimbobo zokusebenza kufanele zibe kumdwebo wokusebenza.
Umbuzo 6: Ingabe ithangi le-GFS iyisitsha sokucindezela?
Impendulo 6: Cha. Iyisitoreji somoya womkhathi noma sokucindezela okuphansi. Uphahla lwakhelwe umoya kanye nomthwalo weqhwa futhi isiphephetha somoya silinganiselwe ukukhishwa komhwamuko; ngisho indawo yegesi ye-digester igcinwa kuma-kilopascal ambalwa kuphela ngesembozo esiguquguqukayo.
Umbuzo 7: Iminyaka engamashumi amathathu iqinisekiswa kanjani?
A7: Ngokwamarekhodi efektri — ukujiya kwephaneli nedatha yokuhlolwa kwenhlansi okuhambisana nezinombolo zephaneli — kanye nesimiso sasesizeni: ukuhlolwa ngokubona ngesikhathi sokumiswa ngakunye, i-torque ngemuva kokugcwaliswa kokuqala nangemuva konyaka wokuqala, kanye nokuhlolwa kabusha kwenhlansi kunoma yiliphi iphaneli elikhishiwe laphinde lafakwa.
Ingilazi ehlanganiswe nensimbi iyinqubo yokushisa, hhayi inqubo yokumboza: i-vitreous enamel slip eshiselwa ensimbi elungisiwe ku-820–930 °C, igeleza ingene ensimbi bese iphola ibe ungqimba oluqhubekayo luka-0.25–0.45 mm olukalwa ngaphezu kuka-3450 N/cm². Lolo shintsho olulodwa lususa ukwehluleka komugqa wokuhlanganisa okuhlupha izinto zokumboza eziphilayo, lushiya indawo ebushelelezi engaphansi kuka-0.8 µm Ra, futhi lwenza ukuhlolwa kwenhlansi ye-1500 V DC kube umsebenzi wangaphambi kokuthunyelwa esikhundleni sokuba umsebenzi wangemva kokuqaliswa. Imbobo encane nokuqhekeka emaphethelweni yizona zimo zokwehluleka zangempela, futhi zombili izinto zokukhiqiza nezesimiso. Thumela uketshezi, izinga lokushisa kanye nobubanzi be-pH, futhi ukukhethwa kwephaneli kanye nethangi kulandela ngqo.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Thumela uketshezi kanye nebanga lalo le-pH, amazinga okushisa aphezulu oketshezi nomhwamuko, okuqukethwe kwe-chloride ne-sulphide, umthamo odingekayo, umoya wendawo kanye nomthwalo weqhwa kanye nezimo zomhlabathi, kanye nesitifiketi esidingekayo. Ithimba lobunjiniyela lizobuyisela incazelo yephaneli enamavelu okuhlanganisa nokujiya, ububanzi nokuphakama, uhlelo lwamabhawodi nama-gasket, uhlu lwerekhodi lokuhlolwa kwasefekthri, uhlelo lokuhlola kanye nohlelo lokulethwa. Lapho iqokobhe lensimbi elinekhothi noma insimbi engagqwali lilingana kangcono nomsebenzi, lelo khetho lishiwo eceleni kunokuba lithathe indawo yesincomo se-enamel.
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