Ingabe i-Hydrogen Sulphide Ililimaza Kanjani Amathangi Okugcina
Kwadalwa ngo 09.07
Ingabe i-Hydrogen Sulphide Ililimaza Kanjani Amathangi Okugcina
I-Hydrogen sulphide yonakalisa ithangi lokugcina ngezindlela ezimbili: ukuhlaselwa yi-acidic wet H₂S okunciphisa insimbi ngqo, kanye nokungena kwe-athomu ye-hydrogen okubangela ukuqhekeka kwe-sulphide stress cracking ensimbini eqinile kakhulu. Izinga lalokhu lincike ku-pH, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi yengxenye kanye nokuthi ingabe amanzi amahhala akhona yini. Indawo ye-fused enamel ihlukanisa ngokuphelele uketshezi negesi ensimbini, njengoba i-enamel ingenzi lutho ku-pH 1–14 futhi igcina indawo yokugcina ingaphansi kuka-0.8 µm Ra; igobolondo lensimbi eline-coating lincike ekutheni i-coating ihlale iphelele, futhi ukwehluleka kwayo kuqala ezindaweni ezingenalutho.
Isibonakaliso sokuqala senkinga ye-H₂S akuvamisile ukuba kube yithangi eligqwalile. Kuba yiphunga elisencongweni lethangi, imvamisa engavamile yokufundwa kokukhishwa komhwamuko, bese kuba umthungo oconsayo kanye nepuleti legobolondo elinciphe ngokushesha kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuyisibonelelo sokugqwala. Ngaleso sikhathi isu lokususa isulfure nokungenisa umoya ngokuvamile selithathwe njengento yokugcina, futhi umsebenzi wokulungisa uphenduka umsebenzi wokufaka kabusha ngaphakathi kokuvalwa okwakuhlelwe okunye. I-Hydrogen sulphide iyaphathwa esitolo, kodwa kufanele iphathwe endaweni yokuklama: yiziphi izindawo ezihlangana negesi, yini ekhishwa yi-vent, nokuthi igobolondo lenziwe ngani. Ukwenza lezi zinto ezintathu kahle yiyo ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi, futhi lezo zinto ezintathu ziyisihloko sokuthi i-hydrogen sulphide ilimaza kanjani amathangi okugcina. Kufanele zibe kumdwebo wokuqala kunokuba zibe kumbiko wokuhlola wokuqala.
Izindlela Ezimbili Zokugqwala Okufanele Uzihlukanise
I-hydrogen sulphide emanzi igqwala insimbi; i-hydrogen encibilikile iyayiqhekeza. Endleleni yokugqwala emanzi, i-H₂S incibilika oqweqweni lwamanzi olusemhlabeni wensimbi futhi isabela yakhe i-iron sulphide ne-hydrogen ekhululekile, okususa insimbi ngqo futhi kukhiqize uqweqwe olumnyama olunamathelayo olufihla umonakalo ongaphansi. Endleleni yokuqhekeza, leyo hydrogen efanayo ingena emseleni wensimbi; lapho insimbi inokuqina okuphezulu noma ingcindezi ephezulu esetshenzisiwe, i-hydrogen ihlangana ne-sulphide futhi yakhe imifantu emincane esakazekayo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ubukhulu obukalekayo nhlobo, yingakho ithangi lingehluleka ukuhlolwa kodwa libe nomfantu obucayi. Insimbi enamandla aphansi, ekhululwe ingcindezi kahle kanye ne-pH ene-alkaline kunciphisa kokubili, kodwa akukuqedi nhlobo, futhi iphuzu lokulawula ukugcina igesi ikude nensimbi ekuqaleni.
Kungani Ukukhetha Indawo Yesikhumba Kunquma Umphumela
Ingaphezulu le-enamel elihlangene lisusa ngokuphelele indawo ehlaselwayo. Ezingqimbeni zengilazi ezihlanganiswe nensimbi, ungqimba lwe-vitreous lushiswa phezu kwephaneli lensimbi ku-820–930 °C, luba ngugqinsi lwe-0.25–0.45 mm futhi lulinganiswa ngaphezu kuka-3450 N/cm², ngakho uketshezi olune-sulphide negesi akulokothi kuthinte isisekelo sensimbi. I-enamel ayisebenzi ku-pH 1–14 futhi ingaphezulu layo lingaphansi kuka-0.8 µm Ra, okunikeza futhi amabhaktheriya akha i-sulphide indawo encane yokuhlala. Igobolondo lensimbi elifakwe i-coating lisebenza kuphela uma ifilimu iqhubeka: uma amanzi efika endaweni evulekile, ukugqwala kuqala ngaphansi kwe-coating futhi kusakazeke ngaphansi kwayo, yikho kanye okwenza ukutholwa kwezindawo ezivulekile kubaluleke — ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1500 V DC kuwo wonke amaphaneli e-enamel ukuhlolwa kwasefektri, futhi ukuhlolwa okufanayo kwezindawo ezivulekile ku-epoxy ku-AWWA C550 ku-180–280 µm yikho okukutshela ukuthi kufanele ungenele nini. I-hot-dip galvanizing ku-GB/T 13912-2020 inemikhawulo yayo futhi ayisiyona into ekhethwayo endaweni ene-sulphide.
Ukukhipha Umoya, Isikhala Sekhanda Nomzila Wegesi
I-headspace yilapho kwenzeka khona ukuchayeka okukhulu. Ithangi eligcina umsinga we-septic likhiqiza i-H₂S oketshezini bese liyikhiphela e-headspace, kanti i-vent ephefumula ithangi ihambisa lelo gesi emkhathini. Ukulinganisa i-vent ngokususela ekukhishweni komhwamuko kuphela kuyiphutha elivamile: izinga lokukhiqizwa kwegesi elivela emsingeni kufanele lifakwe, futhi indlela ye-vent kufanele iye ku-scrubber, ku-biofilter noma ohlelweni lwegesi lwesikhungo esikhundleni sokukhiphelwa emgqeni wethangi. Lapho ithangi lihambisa isigaba se-anaerobic, igesi eqoqiwe ingeyekhava ye-digester nokuvikelwa kwayo; iqokobhe le-digester lihlala lingaphansi komoya kanti igesi igcinwa kuma-kilopascal ambalwa kuphela, kube ne-valve yokuphepha yengcindezi ne-flame arrestor, futhi i-H₂S isuswa phansi komgudu kunokuba kuguqulwe into yeqokobhe.
Ukucaciswa Kobuchwepheshe
Ipharamitha | Inani Elijwayelekile / Ibanga | Qaphela |
Izinga lokushisa lokuncibilikisa i-enamel | 820–930 °C | ingilazi incibilikiswe ensimbi, ihlukanisa igesi ensimbi |
Ubukhulu bongqimba lwe-enamel | 0.25–0.45 mm | ilinganiselwa ngaphezu kuka-3450 N/cm² |
Ukumelana ne-pH ye-enamel | 1–14 | imifudlana ye-sulphide ene-asidi ne-alkaline |
Ukuqedwa kwendawo | Ra < 0.8 µm | i-biofilm encane ephethe amabhaktheriya e-sulphide |
Ukutholwa kwe-holiday | Ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1500 V DC | ukuhlolwa kokukhishwa kwephaneli ye-enamel |
enye indlela ye-FBE | 180–280 µm, AWWA C550 | insimbi embotshiwe yomsebenzi omnene |
Umngcele wengcindezi yegesi | ama-kPa ambalwa, nge-flame arrestor | ububanzi bekhava ye-digester |
Isikhathi sokuphila komklamo | ≥ iminyaka engama-30 | ngaphakathi kwe-H₂S envelope ecacisiwe |
Izikhathi Zokuhlola Ezibamba Lokho Kusenesikhathi
Linganisa lokho i-H₂S ekwenzayo hhayi ukuthi ibukeka kanjani. Esikhwameni sensimbi esine-coating, yenza ukuhlolwa kwe-holiday endaweni emanzi ngesikhathi sokuvalwa kwemboni futhi urekhode inani nendawo, ngoba ukubola okusakazekayo ngaphansi kwefilimu kuqala endaweni eyi-holiday futhi inani liyisikhombisi sakho esihamba phambili. Esikhwameni sensimbi esisebenza ku-H₂S emanzi ngempela, ukulinganisa ukujiya ezindaweni ezilindelekile zokushisa — umugqa wamanzi, isigaba esiphezulu, indawo yokuphuma kanye nanoma iyiphi indawo lapho amanzi ehlala khona — kanye nokuhlolwa kokuqina nokuqhekeka kuma-fastener anamandla aphezulu nasezindaweni ezishiselwe, ngoba ukuqhekeka kwe-sulphide stress cracking akunikezi isixwayiso sokujiya. Esikhwameni se-enamel, ukuhlolwa kulula: ukuhlola okubonakalayo kwendawo ngesikhathi sokuvulwa ngakunye, ukuhlola i-torque yebhawudi ngemuva kokugcwalisa kokuqala nangemuva konyaka wokuqala, kanye nokuhlolwa kabusha kwe-spark kunoma yiliphi iphaneli elikhishwe ukuze lilungiswe. Iminyaka engamashumi amathathu iyisikhathi sokuphila esiklanyelwe, futhi isikhawu yisona esigcina lokho kuyiqiniso.
Isimo Somklamo
Iphrojekthi | Indawo | Umkhiqizo | Umthamo | Ububanzi |
Uchungechunge lokugcina indle | I-Zhejiang, e-China | Ithangi le-GFS | 11,613 m³ (φ24.45 m × 19.8 m) | ukuhlinzeka + ukugadwa kokufakwa |
Uchungechunge lwamanzi angcolile kamasipala | I-Sichuan, e-China | Ithangi le-GFS | 17,420 m³ emathangini ayi-10 | ukuhlinzeka + ukusekelwa kokusebenza |
Uchungechunge lwamanzi angcolile endaweni yokulahla udoti | I-Beijing, e-China | Ithangi le-GFS | 9,682 m³ (φ16.23 m × 23.4 m × 2) | ukuhlinzeka + ukugadwa kokufakwa |
Uchungechunge lwamanzi angcolile ezimbonini | Xinjiang, China | Ithangi le-GFS | 30,469 m³ emathangini angama-27 | ukuhlinzeka + ukugadwa kokufakwa |
Amandla Obunjiniyela be-Center Enamel
I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina axhunywe ngamabhawudi kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi e-glass-fused-to-steel (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ane-enamel angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukuze kunyuswe amandla okukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS, FDA, LFGB, CE (EN 1090), ISO 28765, FM, BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi idizayini ibhekisela ku-AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550 ne-NFPA lapho uhlelo ludinga khona.
Emsebenzini we-hydrogen sulphide amandla afika njengomngcele we-enamel othatha uketshezi negesi kusuka ensimbi, indlela yokukhipha umoya negesi eklanyelwe izinga langempela lokukhiqiza, ukususwa kwesulphur emanzini okulinganiswe ngomfudlana wegesi, kanye namarekhodi okuhlolwa kwe-spark ezingeni lamaphaneli efayela lempahla.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Ingabe i-enamel imelana ne-hydrogen sulphide?
A1: Yebo ngaphakathi kwesikhwama sayo. Ungqimba lwe-enamel alunazinto eziphilayo futhi alunasenzo ku-pH 1–14, ngakho uketshezi olunomhlanzi kanye negesi akukaze kuthinte isisekelo sensimbi, futhi ukuphela kwendawo engaphansi kuka-0.8 µm Ra kubamba kancane i-biofilm lapho amabhaktheriya akha umhlanzi ehlala khona.
Q2: Uyini umehluko phakathi kwezindlela ezimbili ze-H₂S?
A2: Ukugqwala kwe-H₂S emanzi kunciphisa insimbi futhi kwakha isikali se-iron sulphide, okutholwa ukulinganisa ukujiya. Ukuqhekeka kwengcindezi ye-sulphide ukufakwa kwe-hydrogen ensimbi okukhiqiza imifantu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukujiya, ngakho kutholwa ngokutholwa kwemifantu nokuqina kwesikhathi eside kunokulinganisa ngegeji.
Q3: Ingabe ukumboza kwanele ethangini lensimbi emsebenzini we-H₂S?
A3: Kuphela uma isaqhubeka. Uma kuvela iholidi, ukugqwala kuqala ngaphansi kwefilimu futhi kusakazeke ngaphansi kwayo, yingakho ukutholwa kweholidi ngokuvama kanye nokubalwa okulotshiwe kubaluleke kakhulu kunokujiya kwefilimu yokuqala.
Umbuzo 4: Ingabe i-vent kufanele ilinganiswe ngokukhiqizwa kwegesi?
Impendulo 4: Yebo. Ukulinganisa ukunyakaza komhwamuko kuphela kweqiwa igesi ekhiqizwa umfudlana, futhi indlela ye-vent kufanele iholele ku-scrubber noma ku-biofilter kunokuba ikhiphe emgqeni wethangi lapho abasebenzi kanye nomakhelwane bekhona.
Umbuzo 5: I-desulphurisation ingena kuphi?
Impendulo 5: Ngemuva kwegesi eqoqiwe, ohlangothini lwegesi, kusetshenziswa i-ferric chloride dosing noma i-dry desulphurisation ukuvikela injini, i-boiler noma i-flare. Ivikela imishini yegesi hhayi ithangi.
Umbuzo 6: Ingabe i-digester ingafakwa ingcindezi ukuze ibambe igesi?
A6: Cha. Igobolondo le-digester lisemkhathini; igesi ibanjwa yisembozo esiguquguqukayo ngamakhilopaskali ambalwa kuphela ngevalvu yokuphepha yengcindezi kanye ne-flame arrestor. Ukufaka ingcindezi egobolondweni le-enamel eliboshwe ngamabhawudi akukho emkhakheni walo wokuklama.
Q7: Yini ehlolwayo ethangini le-enamel emsebenzini we-H₂S?
A7: Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwangaphakathi ngesikhathi sokuvalwa komsebenzi ngakunye, ukuqina kwamabhawudi ngemuva kokugcwalisa kokuqala nangemuva konyaka wokuqala, ukuhlolwa kwendlela yokukhipha umoya nendlela yegesi, kanye nokuhlolwa kabusha kwe-spark kunoma yiliphi iphaneli elikhishiwe futhi labuyiselwa. I-enamel ngokwayo ayidingi ukukalwa kobukhulu.
I-Hydrogen sulphide yonakalisa ithangi ngokunciphisa insimbi noma ngokuyiqhekeza nge-hydrogen emunyiwe, futhi zombili lezi zindlela zilawulwa ngokuthembekile kakhulu ngokugcina uketshezi lwe-sulphide negesi kude nensimbi kunokwengeza isibonelelo sokugqwala. Iphaneli ye-enamel ehlanganisiwe yenza khona kanye lokho, isekelwa yi-pH ebamba ukusuka ku-1–14 kanye nokuhlolwa kwenhlansi yasefektri kuwo wonke amaphaneli; igobolondo lensimbi elinamekwe lisebenza kuphela uma ifilimu ihlala iqhubeka futhi lidinga ucwaningo lwamaholide ukukuqinisekisa. I-vent, indlela yegesi kanye nokukhipha isulphur emuva kufanele kube esicini esisodwa sokucaciswa. Thumela ukugxila kwe-H₂S, i-pH, izinga lokushisa kanye noketshezi, bese indlela yokuphatha igobolondo negesi iyalandela.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Thumela i-H₂S concentration kanye ne-pH yomfula, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu loketshezi nomhwamuko, ukuthi ingabe amanzi amahhala ahlala ethangini, izinga lokukhiqizwa kwegesi noma ukuxhumana kwe-digester, ububanzi nobude bethangi, imikhawulo yokukhishwa kwesizinda kanye nokufinyelela kokuhlola. Ithimba lobunjiniyela lizobuyisela isincomo sempahla yegobolondo kanye nesizathu, isiphakamiso sokuphuma komoya nokuphathwa kwegesi, inothi lokususa isulfure lapho kusebenza khona, isikhathi sokuhlola kanye nezindlela ezithile zokuhlola, kanye nohlu lwerekhodi lokuhlola lasefekthri. Lapho igobolondo lensimbi eline-coating lifaneleka kangcono umsebenzi, lishiwowo eceleni kunokuba lithathe indawo yokukhetha kwe-enamel.
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