Ithangi Lensimbi Ehlanganiswe Nengilazi Lemisebenzi Yokwelapha Amanzi Angcolile Okufuya Izinhlanzi
Kwadalwa ngo 02.25
Ithangi Lensimbi Elincibilikiswe Ngengilazi Lamaphrojekthi Okuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile Okufuya Izinhlanzi
Ithangi lengilazi elihlanganiswe nensimbi lokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile okufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini linikeza onjiniyela umngcele wamanzi ongenzi lutho, onganamatheli, okungeke kufinyelelwe yinsimbi ekhabhoni ngokugcotshwa. Ungqimba lwe-enamel luhlanganiswa nepuleti lensimbi ku-820–930 °C, okunikeza ukubekezelela i-pH okungu-1–14, ukuqhubeka kobuso okungaphansi kuka-0.8 µm Ra kanye nempilo yokusebenza yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu noma ngaphezulu. Kuma-RAS, amachibi kanye nemisebenzi yamakheji inzuzo engokoqobo ukuncipha kwemijikelezo yokususa amatshe, i-pH ezinzile phakathi nemijikelezo yokuhlanza kanye nezikhathi zokuhlola ezingalindelekile esikhundleni sokulungiswa kokugcotshwa okungalindelekile.
Ungunjiniyela wenqubo onikezwe uhlangothi lwamanzi angcolile ekukhuleni kwepulazi: amazinga aphezulu e-ammonia ngemva kokuphakela, imithwalo kasawoti evela ekujikelezisweni kwamanzi olwandle, ukushaqeka kwe-peroxide noma i-bleach ngezikhathi zokuhlanza, kanye nekhasimende elibuza ukuthi kungani ithangi lokulinganisa liguga eminyakeni emine. Insimbi ye-carbon efakwe i-epoxy ibiza kancane ekuqaleni bese idinga ukulungiswa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili; ukhonkolo luyaqhephuka futhi luvuze emihlanganisweni yokuthulula; kanti insimbi engagqwali ibizelwe umsebenzi engawudingi. Ukukhetha igobolondo elingalungile kuguqula into evamile yokugcina ibe yinto yokulungisa engahleliwe esizeni esingami ekukhiqizeni. Indlela yesisombululo iqala ngethangi lensimbi elihlanganiswe nengilazi lamaphrojekthi okwelapha amanzi angcolile okufuywa kwezinhlanzi, lapho indawo yokugcina iyingilazi, hhayi upende.
Kungani Ukuhlangana Kwe-Enamel Nensimbi Kunqoba Ukumboza
Ubukhulu koqweqwe lwe-enamel kanye nezinga lokushisa lokuncibilika kunquma umngcele wokwehluleka. Ithangi lensimbi elihlanganiswe nengilazi lenziwa ngephaneli yensimbi ethambile ethwala ungqimba lwe-vitreous enamel olushiswa ku-820–930 °C, ngakho ingilazi nensimbi kuba into eyodwa eqinile eqhubekayo esikhundleni sezinto ezimbili ezibanjwe ndawonye ngokunamathela. Ngenxa yokuthi i-enamel ayinazinto eziphilayo, ayishisi, ayithambi futhi ayenzi i-plasticise lapho ipulazi lisebenzisa i-chlorine shock enamandla; ngenxa yokuthi ixhunywe ngokushisa, ayihlukaniswa ngendlela i-coating efakwayo evuvukala ngayo lapho amanzi engena ngaphansi kwayo. Ungqimba lwe-enamel lukalwa ngaphezu kuka-3450 N/cm² ekugobeni nasekucindezelweni, okusho ukuthi umthelela ovela emabhokisini okugcina izilwane, izingxhaso zamapayipi kanye nabasebenzi bokulungisa umunca insimbi esekelayo esikhundleni sefilimu ebuthakathaka. Izindlela ezimbili zokwehluleka okufanele ziqondwe ngokumelene nazo ukwakheka kwezimbotshana ezivela ekuhlaselweni kwamakhemikhali endaweni ethile kanye nokuqhekeka emaphethelweni ephaneli lapho i-enamel isikwa khona, ngakho ukugaywa kwamaphethelo ephaneli kanye nemingcele yezimbobo kucaciswa efektri, hhayi ngokwenziwa endaweni.
Ukuhlela Ngosayizi Ne-Hydraulic
Ivolumu ibalwa kusukela ekugelezeni okuphezulu, hhayi ukuqagelwa kusukela endaweni esetshenzisiwe. Amathangi okulawula nokulinganisa epulazini anikezwa usayizi kusukela ekugelezeni kwasehora eliphezulu, ukukhishwa kwansuku zonke okuphezulu kusukela emjikelezweni wokuvuna noma wokuhlanza, kanye nesikhathi sokuhlala esidingekayo ngaphambi kokwelashwa kwebhayoloji noma kwamakhemikhali. Umjikelezo we-nursery RAS ungase ugcine amahora ambalwa kuphela womthamo wokujikeleza, kuyilapho isigaba se-anaerobic noma sequencing-batch polishing singase sidinge ithangi elanele ukukhokhela impelasonto ngaphandle kokukhishwa. Uhlelo lwamaphaneli lwenza i-geometry ibe lula: amaphaneli acishe abe ngu-1.2 m ububanzi, amaphaneli angu-3–12 mm ubukhulu ngokwakhiwa, ahlanganiswe abe isilinda, ukuze ipulazi liqale ngethangi elilodwa bese lengeza iyunithi yesibili ehambisanayo lapho umugqa wokukhiqiza ukhula. Ngenxa yokuthi imikhumbi ye-GFS isemkhathini, icala lokwakhiwa liyingawezi ehlala njalo ene-freeboard yegwebu nokugxuma, hhayi umngcele wengcindezi.
Isembozo Sokugqwala Samanzi Anosawoti Namakhemikhali Okuhlanza
I-chloride kanye nokubekezelela i-oxidiser yilapho ukukhethwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo kunqunywa khona. Ukujikeleziswa kabusha kwamanzi olwandle kuletha i-chloride ehlasela insimbi ye-carbon steel engavikelwe futhi eyenza igobolondo elijwayelekile le-304 libe ne-pitting; izindlela zokuhlanza amapulazi ezinhlanzi zengeza i-peracetic acid, i-sodium hypochlorite kanye ne-caustic soda ngamazinga okugxilisa agqamisa amafilimu e-organic epoxy. Ubuso be-enamel abusebenzi ku-pH 1–14, futhi ukuphela okubushelelezi okungaphansi kuka-0.8 µm Ra kushiya indawo encane yomgodi lapho i-biofilm ingabambelela khona, okunciphisa umthamo wamakhemikhali okuhlanza adingekayo ukuze kufinyelelwe umgomo ofanayo wenhlanzeko. Lapho umgudu wenqubo unama-chloride aphezulu ngempela futhi uhlanzekile kakhulu ngesikhathi esisodwa, impendulo yobunjiniyela iwukuhlukanisa umsebenzi: ingilazi ehlanganiswe nensimbi yokugcina okukhulu kanye nemigqa yokwelapha, i-316L stainless yezihlanzi ezincane eziphezulu zokuhlanzeka.
Ukucaciswa Kwezobuchwepheshe
Ipharamitha | Inani Elijwayelekile / Ibanga | Inothi |
Izinga lokushisa lokuncibilikisa i-enamel | 820–930 °C | ingilazi nensimbi kuncibilikiswa kanye kokukodwa |
Ubukhulu bongqimba lwe-enamel | 0.25–0.45 mm | kukalwa ngephaneli ngayinye ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa |
Amandla e-enamel | ≥ 3450 N/cm² | isilinganiso sokugoba nokucindezela |
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Spark | 1500 V DC | ukutholwa kwezimbobo ezincane kanye namaholide kuwo wonke amaphaneli |
Ukuqedwa kwendawo | Ra < 0.8 µm | i-biofilm anchor ephansi, i-CIP elula |
Isikhathi sokuphila komklamo | ≥ 30 iminyaka | kwiwindi le-pH nezinga lokushisa elicacisiwe |
Ukumelana ne-pH | 1–14 | kuhlanganisa ukuhlanza nge-asidi nokukhipha i-alkali |
Ukuhlanganisa ngezibhawodi | Amabhawodi ezinga le-8.8, i-EPDM gasket | amaphaneli asebenzisekayo, ahlolwa nge-torque endaweni |
Ukukhetha Ukuhlelwa Kwe-Aquaculture
Isakhiwo kanye nobubanzi bokulethwa yizinto ezimbili ezinquma uhlelo lwesikhathi. I-oda lasemapulazini elijwayelekile liyisethi yamasilinda asezisekelweni zikaringi, elilodwa noma amabili awo afakwe ukusabalalisa okokungena, amachweba okuchichima, umgwaqo womuntu, indawo yokuphuma enomlomo kanye nokukhethwa kophahla lokulawula iphunga nemfucumfucu. Ngenxa yokuthi amaphaneli afika ehlanganiswe futhi ehlolwe efektri, umsebenzi wasesizeni ukuhlanganisa nokulawula i-torque, futhi ithangi lingaqaliswa ukusetshenziswa emasontweni ambalwa ngemuva kokugxunyekwa kwezibophezelo ze-anchor. Izixhumanisi zibalulekile ezindaweni ezisogwini: ukufafazwa kukasawoti ebusweni bangaphandle kubhekwa ngokuqedwa kwangaphandle okusetshenziswe efektri nangokugcina isikhala phakathi kwethangi nodonga lomfula kukhipha amanzi, futhi ukuhlala phansi kukaringi kufanele kukhawulwe ukuze amalunga aboshiwe angangeni ekugobeni. Lapho isiza sikude, njengamachibi okukhulisa asezindaweni ezingaphakathi, ukulethwa okuhlukanisiwe kwamaphaneli ayisicaba nakho kususa umkhawulo wosayizi ithangi elishiselwe lalingawuthwala emgwaqeni wokungena omncane.
Icala Lomsebenzi
Iphrojekthi | Indawo | Umkhiqizo | Umthamo | Ububanzi |
Uchungechunge lwamanzi angcolile ezimbonini | Xinjiang, China | Ithangi le-GFS | 30,469 m³ emathangini angama-27 | ukuhlinzeka + ukugadwa kokufakwa |
Uchungechunge lwamanzi okufuya izinhlanzi | Shandong, China | Ithangi le-GFS | φ10.7 × 2.4 m | ukuhlinzeka + usizo lokwakha |
Uchungechunge lwamanzi angcolile okuzalanisa | Yunnan, China | Ithangi le-GFS | 11,603 m³ emathangini angama-7 | ukuhlinzeka + ukusekela ukusebenza |
Uchungechunge lwamanzi angcolile kamasipala | eSichuan, eChina | Ithangi le-GFS | 17,420 m³ emathangini angu-10 | ukuhlinzeka + ukugadwa kokufakwa |
Amandla Obunjiniyela be-Center Enamel
I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina axhunywe ngezibophezelo kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi e-glass-fused-to-steel (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi ehlanganiswe ne-enamel angu-300,000 ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukuze kunyuswe amandla okukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS, FDA, LFGB, CE (EN 1090), ISO 28765, FM, BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi idizayini ibhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550 ne-NFPA lapho uhlelo ludinga khona.
Okokufuywa kwezinhlanzi nokuzalanisa amanzi, lokhu kusho ukuthi amakhemikhali e-enamel akhethwe ngokuhambisana ne-chloride yangempela kanye ne-oxidiser profile, amaphaneli ahlolwe nge-spark akhishwa ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa, kanye nohlelo lokulethwa ngezigaba oluvumela ipulazi ukuthi lengeze umthamo ngaphandle kokuvala umugqa wokukhiqiza okhulayo.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Ingabe ithangi le-glass fused to steel lifanele izinhlelo zokujikeleza amanzi olwandle?
A1: Yebo ekubambeni, ekulinganiseni nasekucubunguleni ama-buffer. Isendlalelo se-enamel simelana nokuhlaselwa yi-chloride kangcono kune-coated carbon steel futhi kangcono kune-304 stainless, futhi sigcina i-pH 1–14 phakathi nemijikelezo yokuhlanza nge-asidi nokukhipha i-alkali. Gcina noma yimaphi ama-polisher e-high-purity ku-316L lapho imikhawulo ye-metal ion iqinile.
Q2: Ithangi le-GFS lihlala isikhathi esingakanani emsebenzini wendle yasepulazini?
A2: Impilo yokuklama icaciswa njengeminyaka engamashumi amathathu noma ngaphezulu uma umfudlana uhlala ngaphakathi kwewindi le-pH nezinga lokushisa okuvunyelwene ngalo. Izinto eziguquguqukayo eziyinhloko ezinciphisa impilo yayo ukugqashuka kwemishini emaphethelweni amaphaneli nokusebenza isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwebanga le-pH elicacisiwe, kokubili okusingathwa ekuhlelweni kwamaphaneli hhayi ekulungiseni kamuva.
Q3: Ingabe ithangi lingakhuliswa ngemuva kokusebenza?
A3: Yebo. Amaphaneli aboshelwe ngezibhawodi, ububanzi cishe obungu-1.2 m, ngakho umthamo ungenyuswa ngokwengeza amaphaneli kuqweqwe olukhona, ngokunyusa ukuphakama kwethangi, noma ngokufaka ithangi lesibili elihambisana nelinye elixhunywe ku-header efanayo. Isisekelo sokuqala kufanele sihlolwe umthwalo owengeziwe.
Q4: Yisiphi isisekelo osidingayo endaweni yasogwini?
A4: I-concrete ring beam noma indandatho ye-concrete elula ene-anchorage efakiwe, nokuhlalisana okuhlukene kulawulwa kufinyelele inani elikusemfanekisweni wokuhlanganisa. Ubuso bangaphandle buvikelwe nge-factory external finish, futhi isikhala se-annular kufanele sigcinwe sikhishwe amanzi anosawoti.
Q5: Ukuvuza kutholakala kanjani ngaphambi kokuba ithangi liqale ukusebenza?
A5: Wonke amaphaneli e-enamel ahlolwa nge-spark test ku-1500 V DC efektri, amajoyinti ahlanganisiwe ahlolwa nge-torque, futhi igobolondo eliphelele lihlolwa ngokubuka nangesivivinyo seleveli. Izimbobo ezincane kanye namaphutha okugqoka yizinto eziphambene ne-spark test eyenzelwe ukuzithola, futhi ziyalungiswa ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa, hhayi endaweni.
Q6: Ingabe indawo ye-enamel isekela i-biofilm?
A6: Ngaphansi kakhulu kunendawo emahhadlahhadla. Ngaphansi kuka-0.8 µm Ra ukuqedwa kunikeza i-biofilm indawo encane yokubambelela, okwehlisa umthamo wamakhemikhali odingekayo wokuhlanza endaweni futhi kunciphisa imvamisa yokukhuhla ngesandla.
Q7: Yimaphi amadokhumenti owakhiphayo okwamukelwa?
A7: Izitifiketi zephaneli yokugaya, ukujiya koqweqwe kanye namarekhodi okuhlolwa kwenhlansi, izinga lamabhawodi kanye namarekhodi e-torque, ukuhlolwa kokumboza kwesiphetho sangaphandle, imidwebo yokuhlanganisa, kanye nezincwadi zokusebenza nokulungisa ezinesheduli yesikhathi sokuhlola.
I-enamel surface eboshelwe ensimbi ku-820–930 °C ishintsha indlela yokunakekela uhlelo lwamanzi angcolile asepulazini: akukho ukulungisa ngamaholide, akukho mkhankaso wokususa isikala, kanye nesikhathi sokuhlola esibikezelwayo esikhundleni sokulungiswa kwegobolondo okungalindelekile. Isinqumo sobunjiniyela sicacile uma nje umgudu ophakeme, ikhemikhali yokuhlanza enamandla kakhulu kanye nezinga le-chloride kubhaliwe, ngoba lezo zinombolo ezintathu zikhetha into kanye nokujiya kwephaneli. Kumaphrojekthi amaningi okukhulisa kanye nokujikeleza kabusha ithangi lengilazi elihlanganiswe nensimbi lamaphrojekthi okwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile okufuywayo iyindlela yezindleko eziphansi kanye eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu, ngisho nalapho izindleko zokuqala zihlala ngaphezu kwensimbi yekhabhoni ependwe. Thumela umdwebo wokugeleza, ukukhishwa okuphezulu, uhlu lwamakhemikhali kanye nezimo zendawo, futhi ukukhethwa kungaguqulwa kube iphakethe lokulethwa nokuhlola elinosuku.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Yabelana ngezinga lakho eliphezulu lokugeleza ngehora, amakhemikhali okuhlanza kanye nemithamo esetshenziswa esizeni, izinga le-chloride noma le-salinity, indawo etholakalayo kanye nenyanga okuhloswe ngayo ukuqalisa ukusebenza. Ithimba lobunjiniyela lizobuyisela ububanzi nokuphakama kwethangi, uhlelo lwamaphaneli namabhawodi, isifinyezo somthwalo wesisekelo, uhlu lwamadokhumenti okwamukela kanye nohlelo lokulethwa. Uma umsebenzi wakho udinga enye into yegobolondo, shono lokho futhi kuzoshiwo eceleni kwenketho yoqweqwe nesizathu, hhayi ukuthi kushintshwe ngesincomo sokuthengisa.
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