Uphahla Oluntantayo Olunezitezi Ezimbili Lwamathangi Kawoyela Ongahluziwe: Ubunjiniyela, Ukuphepha, Nokusebenza
Kwadalwa ngo 2025.08.07
Uphahla Oluntantayo Olunezitezi Ezimbili Lwamathangi Kawoyela Ongahluziwe: Ubunjiniyela, Ukuphepha, Nokusebenza
Ezikhungweni ezinkulu zokugcina uphethiloli, ukulawula ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali aphilayo aguquguqukayo (VOC), ukuvimbela ukulahleka komhwamuko, nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesakhiwo ngaphansi kwesimo sezulu esibi kubalulekile. Uphahla Oluntantayo Olunezitezi Ezimbili (DDFR) luwumklamo osezingeni eliphezulu wokumboza okuntantayo osetshenziswa emathangeni amakhulu anophahla oluntantayo lwangaphandle (EFRTs) agcina uwoyela ongahluziwe, i-condensate, nama-hydrocarbon aguquguqukayo.
Idizayinelwe ngokwe-API 650 Annex C, uphahla oluntantayo olunezitezi ezimbili lwakhiwe ngezitezi ezimbili eziqhubekayo zensimbi—isitezi esiphezulu nesitezi esingezansi—ezihlukaniswe uhlaka lwesakhiwo lwe-radial and circumferential bulkheads. Lokhu kwakha isakhiwo esihlukaniswe ngokugcwele, esintantayo esintanta ngqo ebusweni bukawoyela ongahluziwe, kuqedwe isikhala somhwamuko esibangela ukulahleka ngenxa yokuhwamuka nezingozi zokuqhuma.
Izici Eziyinhloko Zesakhiwo & Izimiso Zokusebenza
1. Indawo Enhle Yokuntanta & Ukwahlukaniswa
Ngokungafani nezitezi ezintantayo ezinophahla olulodwa, lapho ingxenye emaphakathi inophahla olulodwa lwe-membrane, uphahla oluntantayo olunezitezi ezimbili lunabela kuwo wonke ububanzi bethangi ngezitezi ezimbili eziqhubekayo.
Isikhala sangaphakathi phakathi kwezitezi ezingaphezulu nezingezansi sihlukaniswa sibe yizingxenye ezingenakuketshezi ezingenakuketshezi nge-radial and circumferential bulkheads:
● Ukuntanta Okungaphezu Kwezidingo: Noma ngabe izigaba ezingaphandle noma ezingaphakathi eziningi zibhoboziwe noma zigcwele amanzi ngenxa yokugqwala noma umonakalo ovela ezingozini, izigaba ezisele ezivaliwe zikhiqiza amandla okuntanta anele ukuze kugcinwe uphahla luntanta ngokuphepha.
● Ukufakwa Kwezivalo Zomoya Oshile: Igebe lomoya elivaliwe phakathi kwamapuleti ensimbi aphezulu naphansi lisebenza njengesithiyo sokushisa. Lokhu kuvikela uwoyela ongahluziwe emisebeni yelanga eqondile, kunciphisa ukubila okugxilile, ukukhiqizwa komhwamuko, nokwanda kokushisa.
2. Ukuqedwa Kwendawo Yomhwamuko Ngaphansi Kophahla
Ngenxa yokuthi iphansi elingaphansi lilele ngqo phezu kobuso buketshezi, amagesi aguquguqukayo awakwazi ukunqwabelana ngaphansi kophahla. Ngesikhathi sokugcwalisa nokukhipha, izinga loketshezi liyakhuphuka futhi lehle, uphahla oluntantayo olunezitezi ezimbili lugibela kahle emgodini oqondile usebenzisa izinsika zokuqondisa nezivalo eziyizingxenye.
Ukuqhathanisa Kwezobuchwepheshe: Uphahla Oluntantayo Olunezitezi Ezimbili vs. Olunezitezi Ezilodwa
Isici / Isilinganiso | Uphahla Oluntantayo Olunezitezi Ezimbili (DDFR) | Uphahla Oluntantayo Olunezikebhe Ezingaphansi (SDPR) |
Ukuqina Kwesakhiwo | Phezulu Kakhulu (Umthelela wesakhiwo se-box-girder) | Okulingene (Isitezi esisodwa esimaphakathi esivumelana nezimo) |
Ububanzi Bomthangasihlosi | Kunconyelwa ububanzi obungaphezu kuka-30 m (100 ft) | Ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa amathangi amancane (< 30 m) |
Ukuhwamuka / Ukulawulwa kwe-VOC | Okuhle kakhulu (Ungqimba lokugqoka olungasebenzi olunomoya omile) | Okuhle (Kuncike ekudlulisweni kokushisa kwelanga maphakathi) |
Isiqinisekiso Sokuphepha Sokuntanta | Ukuphindaphindeka kwezigceme eziningi kuwo wonke uphahla | Amandla okuntanta akhawulelwe ikakhulukazi emapontini angaphandle angomngcele |
Ukumelana Nomthwalo Wamanzi Emvula | Ukuzinza okuhle kakhulu ngaphansi kokuqoqeka kwamanzi okungalingani | Ingozi ephezulu yokugoba noma ukutsheka ngaphansi kwemvula enkulu |
Izindleko Zonxiwankulu (CAPEX) | Izindleko eziphezulu zokuqala zempahla nokushisela | Izindleko eziphansi zokuqala zokukhiqiza |
Ubunjiniyela Bokuntanta kanye Nezibalo ze-API 650
Ngokwe-API 650 Annex C, izintaba ezintantayo zangaphandle kufanele zakhiwe ngokwanele ukuze zihlale zintanta ngaphansi kwemithwalo ethile yokuklama. Uphahla kufanele lusekele isisindo salo kanye nemithwalo yesibili yokusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokwehluleka:
1. Isimo Sokuklama 1: Ipayipi eliyinhloko lokukhipha amanzi elivaliwe, lisekela ukunqwabelana kwemvula okungu-10 amayintshi (250 mm) phezu kwendawo yonke yedekhi ngaphandle kokucwila.
2. Isimo Sokuklama 2: Noma yimaphi amakamelo amabili agwetshiwe/agcwele amanzi ngenkathi esekela isisindo sophahla kanye nemihlangano eyinhloko yokuvula.
Isilinganiso esiyisisekelo sokuntanta sibalwa kusetshenziswa umthamo ophelele wokugudluzwa koketshezi:
Izingxenye Eziyisisekelo Zophahla Oluntanta Olunamadekhi Amabili
1. Imihlangano Eyinhloko Neyesibili Yokuvula Unqenqema
Isikhala esiyindilinga phakathi konqenqema olungaphandle lophahla oluntanta kanye nogobongo lwangaphakathi lwethangi luvalwa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokuvula olumbili ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwe-VOC okungalawuleki:
● Uphawu Oluyinhloko: I-mechanical shoe seal noma i-liquid-filled resilient log seal enqamula igebe lomphetho.
● Uphawu Lwesibili: I-flexible elastomeric wiper seal efakwe ngaphezu kophawu oluyinhloko ukuvimba ukuvuza kwesisi esisele nokugcina imvula ingangeni emkhiqizweni.
2. Izinhlelo Zokukhipha Amanzi Ophahleni Olugoqekayo
Amanzi emvula aqongelele endekeni ephezulu kufanele akhishwe ngokuqhubekayo ukuvimbela ukugcwala kwesakhiwo:
● I-Drain Eyinhloko: Uhlelo lwamapayipi okukhipha amanzi olusebenzisa ama-swivel aguquguqukayo noma ihose eliguquguqukayo eliqhubekayo (isb., amajoyinti e-pipe aqinile noma amahose enziwe ngenjoloba esindayo) adlula kuwo uwoyela ongahluziwe aye kumlomo wegobolondo phansi ethangini.
● Ama-Drain Aphuthumayo: Imibhobho yamapayipi evulekile enama-valve okubuyisela emuva angavuleki ngokuzenzakalelayo uma amanzi emvula ami esezingeni elingaphezu kwalelo eliklanyelwe, evumela amanzi ukuba ageleze kuwo uwoyela ongahluziwe okwesikhashana ukuze kuvikelwe ubuqotho besakhiwo.
3. Imilenze Yokweseka Uphahla Eguquguqukayo
Uphahla oluntantayo lunemilenze yokweseka enezikhundla ezimbili eziguquguqukayo ezisatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo endekeni:
● Isikhundla Sokusebenza: Imilenze iphakanyiswe phezulu ngaphezu komkhiqizo ngesikhathi sokuntanta okuvamile (1.8 m ukuya ku-2.0 m ukukhululeka).
● Isikhundla Sokulungisa: Imilenze ibekwe endaweni ephansi ngesikhathi sokuhlanza noma sokuhlola ithangi, ivumele abasebenzi ukuthi bangene ngokuphepha ngaphansi kophahla.
Ukuncishiswa Kokulahleka Okuhwamukayo (API MPMS Isahluko 19.2)
Ukukhishwa kwamathangi kawoyela angawelayo angaphandle kuhlolwa kusetshenziswa I-American Petroleum Institute Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (API MPMS Isahluko 19.2). Ukulahleka okuhwamukayo okuphelele (L_T) kuvezwa ngokuthi:
Ithiphu Yochwepheshe: Ukufaka uphahla oluntantayo olunezitezi ezimbili olunama-sleeve wiper ezinsikeni zokuqondisa, izinto zokuhlanganisa ezinama-gasket kahle, kanye nezivalo eziyizingxenye zesibili ezinomsebenzi omuhle kakhulu kunganciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-VOC okuphelele etheminali ngama-98% uma kuqhathaniswa namathangi anophahla olungaguquki oluyikhoni.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (FAQ)
Umbuzo 1: Iyini inzuzo enkulu yophahla oluntantayo olunezitezi ezimbili (double-deck floating roof) uma kuqhathaniswa nophahla oluntantayo olunezikebhe ezingaphansi (single-deck pontoon roof) emafutheni angahluziwe (crude oil)?
Impendulo: Uphahla oluntantayo olunezitezi ezimbili lunikeza ukuqina okuphelele kwesakhiwo, izinqolobane eziphakeme zokuphepha ekuntanteni kuyo yonke indawo engaphezulu, kanye nesikhala esingangeni moya esifile phakathi kwamapuleti aphezulu naphansi. Lesi sikhala somoya sinciphisa ukudluliswa kokushisa kwelanga emafutheni angahluziwe, kunciphisa kakhulu ukulahleka ngenxa yokuhwamuka nokwanda ngenxa yokushisa uma kuqhathaniswa nemiklamo yophahla oluntantayo olunezikebhe ezingaphansi.
Umbuzo 2: Imvula ikhipheka kanjani ophahleni oluntantayo olunezitezi ezimbili?
Impendulo: Amanzi emvula ageleza aye emgodini omkhulu wokuqoqa amanzi ophahleni olungaphezulu. Ahanjiswa aphume ethangini ngepayipi elingaphakathi elinamalungu noma uhlelo lwepayipi eliguquguqukayo elehla phakathi kongqimba lomkhiqizo bese liphuma nge-nozzle esisekelweni sogobongo lwethangi. Imisele yokuphuma okuphuthumayo enama-check valve isebenza njengezindlela eziyisipele.
Q3: Iyiphi indinganiso yomklamo elawula uphahla oluntantayo olunezitezi ezimbili emathangeni kawoyela ongahluziwe?
Impendulo: Izinga eliyinhloko lokuklama emhlabeni wonke yi-API 650 Annex C (Uphahla Oluntanta Olungaphandle). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthobela imithetho yemvelo kanye nezilinganiso zokukhishwa komhwamuko kulawulwa yi-API MPMS Isahluko 19.2 kanye namakhodi endawo emvelo afana ne-US EPA Method 21 / AP-42.
Umbuzo 4: Ingabe uphahla oluntanta olunezitezi ezimbili lungacwila?
Impendulo: Kuyivelakancane kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwezindinganiso ze-API 650, uphahla luhlukaniswe lwaba yizingxenye eziningi ezizimele, ezingangeni amanzi. Noma ngabe izigceme ezimbalwa zigcwele amanzi noma ipayipi elikhulu lokukhipha amanzi lihluleka ngesikhathi sesiphepho, izigceme ezisele zinikeza amandla okuntanta anele ukugcina uphahla luntanta ngokuphepha phezu kukawoyela ongahluziwe.
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