Izindlu Zokugcina Amafutha Emoyeni Ezindaweni Zokugcina Uwoyela Oluhlaza: Umhlahlandlela Wezobunjiniyela Nokuklama
Kwadalwa ngo 2025.08.12
Izindunduma Zokugcina Uwoyela Oluhlaza (Crude Oil Storage Tank Floating Roofs): Umhlahlandlela Wezobunjiniyela Nokuklama (Engineering & Design Guide)
Uphahla oluntantayo lwamafutha oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka luyisivikelo esinamandla esifakwa ngaphakathi ethangini lokugcina uwoyela, oluntanta ngqo phezu koketshezi. Ngokukhuphuka nokwehla ngokuhambisana nezinga lamafutha oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, uphahla oluntantayo luyasusa cishe isikhala somusi (i-ullage) lapho izigesi eziyingozi kanye ne-Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) zivame ukuqoqana khona. Ekugcinweni kwamafutha oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka—okuhlanganisa "iziphetho ezikhanyayo" ezishintsha kalula kanye nezingxenye ezonakalisa—uphahla oluntantayo luyisixazululo esiyisibopho embonini ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuncipha komkhiqizo, kuqinisekiswe ukuthobela i-API 650, futhi kuncishiswe ubungozi obukhulu bomlilo.
1. Isidingo Sobunjiniyela: Kungani Uwoyela Oluhlaza Udinga Izindunduma Ezintantayo (Floating Roofs)
Uwoyela oluhlaza akuyona uketshezi olufanayo; kuyingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yamacarbohydrates (hydrocarbons) kusukela ku-asphaltenes esindayo kuya kumagesi ancibilikileyo anomoya ophakeme njenge-methane, i-butane, ne-propane. Ukuyigcina ezindunduma ezijwayelekile ezinophahla oluqinile kwethula izingozi ezinkulu zokusebenza:
● Ukushintsha Kwabawoyela Nokulahlekelwa Yimali (Vaporization & Financial Loss): Uwoyela oluhlaza ongavunyelwanga ngokushesha ulahlekelwa yizingxenye zawo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezikhanyayo ngenxa yokuphuma komoya. Indunduma entantayo ivimbela lokhu kuphuma komoya, yonga izigidi zamadola ekulahlekelweni komkhiqizo phakathi nempilo yethangi.
● Ukuhambisana Nemvelo Nezinto Ezikhiphayo (VOC): Izinhlaka zikahulumeni (njenge-EPA e-US) zidinga ngokuqinile ukulawulwa kwezinto ezikhiphayo emoyeni eziyingozi. Izimpahla ezintantayo ngokuvamile zikwazi ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinto ezikhiphayo (VOC) ngo-95% kuya ku-99% uma kuqhathaniswa nezitsha ezinophahla oluqinile.
● Ukuvikeleka Komlilo: Ngokukhipha ingxube yomoya-oksijeni engaphezu koketshezi, uphahla oluntantayo lususa isizathu esiyinhloko sezivunguvungu ezitheni, luvimbele noma yikuphi ukuthungela okungenzeka endaweni encane yomngcele kunobubanzi obuphelele besitsha.
2. Izinhlobo Zophahla Oluntantayo Lokugcina Uwoyela Oluhlaza
Uwoyela oluhlaza uvamise ukugcinwa ezitheni ezinkulu (ezivame ukudlula amamitha angu-60/izinyawo ezingu-200 ububanzi). Ukukhetha umklamo ophahla kuncike kakhulu osayizi wesitsha, isimo sezulu sendawo, kanye nobunzima obuthile bukawoyela.
Izimpahla Zangaphandle Ezintantayo (EFR)
Ithangi alinawo uphahla oluqinile; uphahla oluntantayo lubhekana ngqo nesimo sezulu.
● I-Double-Deck EFR: Izinga lamathangi amakhulu kaphethiloli. Ihlanganisa izendlalelo ezimbili eziqediwe zamapuleti ensimbi ezihlukaniswe izindonga zangaphakathi. Lolu "design" lwe-sandwich luhlinzeka ngokuntanta okungajwayelekile, ukuqina okuphezulu kwezakhiwo ngokumelana nemimoya, kanye nesikhala sokuvikela ekushiseni esivimbela ilanga ukuthi lingabilisi uwoyela ongahluziwe ongaphansi.
● I-Single-Deck Pontoon EFR: Inephuleti lensimbi emaphakathi ezungezwe ama-pontoon ayintantayo. Ingabizi kakhulu kodwa ngokuvamile igcinelwe amathangi anobubanzi obuncane ngenxa yokuqina kwayo okuphansi kwezakhiwo uma kuqhathaniswa ne-design ye-double-deck.
Amaphahla Angaphandle Entantayo Anophahla Lwe-Dome (Domed EFR)
Lokhu kuhilela ukulungisa ithangi le-EFR ngophahla lwe-dome lwe-geodesic olwenziwe nge-aluminium.
● Ukuvikelwa Kwesimo Sezulu: I-dome ivikela uphahla oluntantayo emvuleni, ikhephu, nasemoyeni, iqeda isidingo sezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuconsa amanzi emvula (ama-drain ophahleni) ezivame ukwehluleka kuma-EFRs ajwayelekile.
● Ukunciphisa Ukukhishwa: I-dome ivimba umoya ukuthi ungadluli phezu kwezimpawu zangaphandle, okunciphisa kakhulu ukulahleka kwe-evaporation okubangelwa umoya.
3. Izinhlelo Zokubopha: Indawo Ebucayi Kakhulu
Uphahla oluntantayo lusebenza kuphela njengohlelo lwayo lokubopha. Ngoba uphahla kumele lube luncane kancane kunegobolondo letanki ukuze luhambe kalula, isikhala esiphakathi kumele siboshwe ngokuqinile. I-API 650 Annex C ichaza izidingo eziqinile kulezi zingxenye.
● Izimpawu Zokuqala (Primary Seals): Ulayini wokuqala wokuvikela. Ukuze uthole uwoyela oluhlaza (crude oil), izimpawu ezisebenzisa imishini (Mechanical Shoe Seals) ziyinto ejwayelekile kakhulu. Lezi zinezicaba zensimbi ezibanjwa ngokuqinile odongeni lwethangi ngezinsimbi noma izinsimbi ezisindayo, kanti indwangu evimbela umusi ixhuma isikhala esiya esitezi esingaphezulu. Ziqinile kakhulu futhi zimelana nokuhlikihla okubangelwa ukushelela odongeni lwensimbi.
● Izimpawu Zokubopha Ezingezansi: Zifakwe ngaphezu kwesibopho sokuqala, ngokuvamile zibe yisihlanzo se-elastomer esiguquguqukayo. Lokhu kunikeza ukulawulwa okuyimpinda kwe-vapor futhi kusebenze njengesihlangu sezulu, sigcina imvula nodoti ngaphandle kwendawo yesibopho sokuqala.
4. Imephu Yokuqhathanisa: Izakhiwo Zophahla Lwe-Crude
Isici | I-EFR Evulekile (I-Double Deck) | I-EFR Enophahla | I-IFR Yangaphakathi |
Ububanzi Obujwayelekile Betangi | Okukhulu (>60m) | Okukhulu kuya Okukhulu Kakhulu | Okuncane kuya Phakathi (<45m) |
Ukulimala Ngenxa Yesimo Sezulu | Kuphezulu (Kudinga izimbobo zophahla) | Kuncane ( Kuvikelwe uphahla) | Kuncane ( Kuvikelwe uphahla olungashintshi) |
Ukukhishwa Okubangelwa Umoya | Kulinganiselwe | Kuncane Kakhulu | Kuncane Kakhulu |
Umthwalo Wokugcinwa | Kuphezulu (Ukuphathwa kwezimbobo/iqhwa) | Kulinganiselwe | Kuncane |
Izindleko Zokwakha | Isisekelo | Phezulu (I-Dome yengeza izindleko) | Phakathi |
5. Izinselelo Zokusebenza Nezici Zokuhlanganiswa Kwemikhemikhali
Ukunqamuka Ngenxa Yokubola Kwamafutha Anomsizi:
Amafutha anomsizi avame ukuba namazinga aphezulu e-Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), aziwa ngokuthi "amafutha anomsizi." I-H2S ibola kakhulu insimbi evamile. Izindlu ezingezansi ezisebenzisa amafutha anomsizi zidinga ukuthuthukiswa okuyisipesheli kwezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha, njengezinto ezikhethekile zokugcoba ezansi kwe-deck, noma ukusebenzisa izinto ezimelana nokubola ezindaweni zokubopha ezisebenza ngomshini ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubola okusheshayo.
Ukuphuma Kwamanzi Ophahleni:
Ezindlini ezingezansi ezingavulelekile, amanzi emvula aqongeka ophahleni futhi kumele aphume ngohlelo lwamapayipi oluhlangene oludlula emafutheni kuze kufike kuvulandi ongezansi ethangini. Uma leli payipi liqhwa, livimbeka, noma liqhekeka, isisindo samanzi singacwilisa uphahleni olungezansi—ukwehluleka okubucayi nokubiza kakhulu. Ukuhlola njalo indawo yokuqoqela amanzi kanye nezixhumanisi zamapayipi kuyisinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu sokugcinwa somsebenzisi wezindlu ezingezansi.
Isiphetho
Amaphanyazo entantayo ayisisekelo sokuphepha kanye nemvelo sokugcinwa kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe emhlabeni wonke. Noma ngabe kusetshenziswa i-Double-Deck EFR enkulu ukubhekana nevolumu ye-supertanker, noma kufakwa i-Geodesic Dome ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kanye nokuqeda ubungozi besimo sezulu, ubunjiniyela obunembayo ngokuhambisana ne-API 650 akuphikiswa. Ngokutshala imali ezinhlelweni zokubopha ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nezakhiwo zamaphanyazo eziqinile, abaqhubi bemithempeli bavikela izimpahla zabo ezibaluleke kakhulu kokubili ekushintsheni kube yisikhwepha kanye nokwehluleka okukhulu.
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