Ingabe Amathangi e-GFS Agunyazwe yi-FDA Ukuthinta Ukudla kanye Nokugcinwa Kwenqubo
Kwadalwa ngo 09.07
Ingabe Amathangi e-GFS Agunyazwe yi-FDA Ukuthinta Ukudla kanye Nokugcinwa Kwenqubo
Ithangi lensimbi elihlanganiswe nengilazi linganikezwa ngokusebenza kokuxhumana nokudla okuhambisana ne-FDA. Ungqimba lwalo lwe-enamel luhlanganiswa nensimbi ku-820 kuya ku-930 °C ngobukhulu obungu-0.25 kuya ku-0.45 mm, lukalwa ngaphezu kuka-3,450 N/cm² futhi lubushelelezi ngaphansi kuka-0.8 µm Ra, akukho mbozeko wemvelo ongahamba ungene emkhiqizweni. I-Center Enamel ikhiqiza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001 futhi inikeza ukuhambisana kwe-FDA, LFGB, NSF/ANSI 61 ne-WRAS okuhambisana nomsebenzi wokuxhumana, kanye ne-CE (EN 1090) ne-ISO 28765 kokunikezwayo kwesakhiwo. Isimo se-FDA sihlanganisa into yokuxhumana; inhlanzeko yezitshalo nezimo zenqubo kuhlala kuwumthwalo womsebenzisi.
Uma injiniyela wemboni ebuzwa ukuthi ithangi le-glass-fused-to-steel linombhalo wemvume we-FDA, umbuzo uvame ukubuzwa umuntu oke washiswa ngumhlinzeki ophendula umbuzo wempahla ngephephabhuku. Ukucaciswa sekudlulile, ucwaningo lunohlu lokuhlola, futhi umehluko phakathi komkhumbi ohambisana nemithetho nowenqatshiwe uvame ukuba yidokhumenti hhayi umthungo wokushisela. Impendulo enembile ukuthi indawo yokuthintana ye-enamel encibilikisiwe iyimpahla ethinta ukudla engahlinzekwa ngaphansi kwezidingo ze-FDA ne-LFGB, ukuthi i-NSF/ANSI 61 ne-WRAS ziyasebenza lapho kuhileleke amanzi aphuzwayo, nokuthi okulethwayo iyifayela — hhayi ibheji eligxivwe egobolondweni.
Okushiwo "kugunyazwe i-FDA" kutanki yokugcina
Ibinzana lixegile kakhulu emathangini kunasemishinini yokudla, futhi ukunemba kubalulekile. Okulindelwe yi-FDA mayelana nokuthintana nokudla kubhekisela ezintweni ezithinta umkhiqizo, izimo zokusetshenziswa ezifana nezinga lokushisa kanye nomjikelezo wokugezwa noma wokuhlanza ohlosiwe. Esitsheni sokugcina, okushiwo ngokoqobo ukuthi indawo ethintayo iyinto evumelekile, ukuthi umakhi angakwazi ukukhiqiza ifayela lezinto zokwakha nokuhlola lalo, nokuthi ithangi alakhiwe ngendlela ebamba umkhiqizo noma eyenza ukuhlanza kungenzeki. I-LFGB iwuhlaka lwaseYurophu oluvame ukucelwa kanye ne-FDA kumincikolo yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe. Lapho isitsha noma ama-gasket aso ezogcina amanzi okuphuza, i-NSF/ANSI 61 ne-WRAS yizinkomba ezisebenzayo. Akukho kulokhu okunamathiselwa ethangini lonke njengokugunyazwa okukodwa, yingakho isicelo kufanele sisho uhlaka kanye nomsebenzi.
Kungani indawo ye-enamel ehlanganisiwe ifaneleka
Ukungabikho kwesendlalelo sezinto eziphilayo yisona sizathu esiyinhloko. Ethangini elipendwe noma elinezingqimba zokumboza, isembozo siba ifilimu ehlukile ebambelele ensimbi ngokunamathela; lapho lisetshenziswa lingase libe mhlophe, liqhekeke, libe namabhamu futhi licubuke, futhi noma yisiphi salezi zigameko siyindaba ethinta umkhiqizo. Ethangini lensimbi elihlanganiswe nengilazi, ingilazi ihlanganiswa nesisekelo sensimbi ku-820 kuya ku-930 °C, ngakho indawo engaphezulu ayinazinto eziphilayo futhi iyaqhubeka. I-enamel igcina ukuqhubeka okungaphansi kuka-0.8 µm Ra, okusho ukuthi umkhiqizo awunamatheli odongeni futhi ukugeza akudingi ukukhuhla ngezinto eziqaqambayo. Ihlala ingasebenzi ku-pH 1 kuya ku-14, ngakho umkhiqizo onasidi, ukuhlanza ngokushisa nge-caustic endaweni kanye namanzi okugcina angathathi hlangothi konke kuhlangana nendawo engaphezulu ezinzile ngaphandle kokuthi into ishintshe isimo phakathi kwemijikelezo.
Lapho itanki lihluleka khona ukuhlolwa kokudla, nalapho lingahluleki khona
Isitshalo somkhumbi ngokuvamile sidlula; imininingwane ewuzungezile inquma umphumela. Ingaphezulu ngeke kube yilona elihluleka ukuhlolwa. Kuvame kakhulu ukuthi yi-gasket neseal material, i-nozzle edala umkhondo ofile, ukuthambeka kwaphansi okushiya uketshezi olumile, noma isifakelo sangaphakathi esivala umkhiqizo kusuka kusifutho sokuhlanza endaweni. Lezo zinto kufanele zibe se-odini yethangi kunokuba zibe ekulungisweni kabusha. Izinhlobo ezimbili zokwehluleka kwezinto ezihlobene nomndeni we-enamel yi-delamination endaweni yokuhlanganisa, ebangelwa igobolondo eliphogelelwe ukuthi lingabi yindilinga ngenxa yokuhla kwesisekelo, kanye nokwakheka kwezimbobo zomgodi ngenxa yokushayiswa kwendawo ethile. Kokubili kungavinjelwa efektri, futhi ukuhlolwa kwe-spark ye-1500 V DC kuwo wonke amapuleti ane-enamel-coated yikho ukuhlola okunikeza irekhodi kunokuba kunikeze isiqinisekiso.
Izinto zokwakha, ama-gasket kanye nohlelo lokuvala
I-gasket iyingxenye evame ukucaciswa ngomkhuba futhi ibuyekezwe kancane. Emathangini aboshiwe umhlangano uvalwa nge-gasket, i-EPDM iyiyona evame ukukhethwa emanzini nasekudleni, futhi kufanele ibe nezinga lokushisa elivumelana nokuhlanza endaweni kanye namakhemikhali omkhiqizo. I-gasket elungile emanzini kodwa engasenele i-caustic eshisayo iba yinto yokuqala ukuvuza ngemuva komjikelezo wokuqala we-CIP, futhi ukulungisa kuphazamisa kakhulu kunokuba bekungaba ukucacisa kahle. Ukucabanga okufanayo kusebenza kuma-blank e-nozzle, ama-gasket e-sight glass kanye nanoma yisiphi isihlangu noma isembozo sangaphakathi esihlangana nomkhiqizo. Cela ukucaciswa kwempahla ye-gasket njengomugqa ohlukile ku-oda, futhi kuqinisekiswe ngokumelene nohlelo lokuhlanza hhayi ngokumelene nomkhiqizo wodwa.
Incazelo Yezobuchwepheshe
Ipharamitha | Inani Elijwayelekile / Ibanga | Qaphela |
Izinga lokushisa lokuncibilikisa | 820–930 °C | Ingilazi incibilikiswe esisekelweni sensimbi, akukho ungqimba lwemvelo |
Ubukhulu bongqimba lwe-enamel | 0.25–0.45 mm | Kulinganiselwa ngaphezu kuka-3,450 N/cm² ukugoba nokucindezela |
Ukuqhubeka kobuso | Ra < 0.8 µm | Ukubamba okuphansi komkhiqizo, ukuhlanza ngokushesha |
Ukumelana ne-pH | 1–14 | Akusebenzi kumkhiqizo we-asidi ne-alkaline kanye nokugeza |
Ukuhlolwa kwe-spark | 1500 V DC | Ukutholwa kwe-holiday ngepuleti ngayinye ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa |
Ububanzi bephaneli | ~1.2 m | Iphaneli eliboshiwe elilungiselelwe efektri |
Ukujiya kwepuleti lodonga | 3–12 mm ngokwakhiwa | Kulinganiswa ngobude |
Ukubopha ngezibhawodi | Izibhawodi zezinga 8.8 | Ukuhlanganiswa okungahlukaniswa |
I-gasket | I-EPDM, ecaciswe kumjikelezo wokuhlanza | Kubuyekezwe ngokwehlukile kumkhiqizo |
Isikhathi sokuphila komklamo | ≥ 30 iminyaka | Ukudla okuvamile kanye nesevisi yenqubo |
Ukuhlanganisa ifayela ukuze lithunyelwe
Isicelo sokudla esithintana nokudla siba ngokwethenjwayo lapho siqukethe imibhalo emihlanu efanele. Okokuqala, isitifiketi sempahla yensimbi engaphansi kanye ne-enamel frit, esikhombisa uhla lwenqubo yokuhlanganisa esetshenziswa ngempela. Okwesibili, umbiko wokungalingani kwendawo yephaneli eliqediwe. Okwesithathu, umbiko wokuhlolwa kwepuleti osekelayo isimangalo sokuthintana ne-FDA noma i-LFGB somsebenzi. Okwesine, irekhodi lokuhlolwa kwenhlansi ngepuleti ngalinye elihlanganisiwe. Okwesihlanu, incazelo yempahla ye-gasket neyokufaka evumelanisa umjikelezo wokuhlanza. Cela lezi njengephakethe elilodwa embuzweni, futhi qaphela ukuthi i-NSF/ANSI 61 noma i-WRAS kufanele yengezwe lapho amanzi aphuzwayo esemkhakheni. Izitifiketi zohlelo lwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001 zomakhi zifanele zibe sebhokisini elifanayo, ngoba ucwaningo luvamise ukufuna uhlelo lokuphatha kanye nobufakazi bempahla ndawonye.
Icala Lomsebenzi
Umsebenzi | Indawo | Umkhiqizo | Umthamo | Ububanzi |
Ithangi lamanzi eliboshwe ngezibulongwe ezinkulu | INamibia | Ithangi le-GFS | 44,900 m³ | Ukuhlinzeka kanye nokuqondisa |
Ukugcinwa kwamanzi okuphuzwayo | I-Indonesia | Itanki le-GFS | 21,099 m³ (cishe ububanzi obungu-42.04 m ngo-15.2 m) | Ukunikezwa ngezinkomba zokuhambisana namanzi aphuzwayo |
Ukugcinwa kwamanzi okuqeda umlilo, amatanki amabili | Sichuan, China | Itanki le-GFS | 8,930 m³ (amatanki amabili, cishe ububanzi obungu-19.87 m ngo-14.4 m) | Ukunikezwa nokuhlanganiswa endaweni |
Ukugcinwa kwamanzi angcolile e-brewery | Sichuan, China | Amatanki e-GFS | 14,655 m³ | Ukunikezwa kwesevisi ye-brewery |
Amandla Okusebenza Kwe-Center Enamel
I-Center Enamel (Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd) isungule futhi yakha amathangi okugcina axhunywe ngamabhawudi kusukela ngo-2008. Njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wamathangi e-glass-fused-to-steel (GFS) eChina, inkampani inamalungelo obunikazi acishe abe ngu-200 ahlobene ne-enamel, ikhiqiza cishe amapuleti ensimbi angu-300,000 ahlanganiswe ne-enamel ngonyaka, isiqedile amaphrojekthi afakiwe angaphezu kuka-30,000 futhi ihlinzeka ngamathangi ayo emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Isizinda esisha sokukhiqiza esingu-150,000 m² sengezwe ukuze kunyuswe amandla okukhiqiza, futhi amathangi angawodwa ahlinzekwa afinyelela ku-60,000 m³. Ukukhiqiza kusebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001, ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo esihlanganisa i-NSF/ANSI 61, WRAS, FDA, LFGB, CE (EN 1090), ISO 28765, FM, BSCI ne-EUROCODE, futhi ukwakhiwa kubhekiselwa ku-AWWA D103-09, AWWA C550 ne-NFPA lapho uhlelo ludinga khona.
Okokuxhumana nokudla lokhu kuhlanganisa indawo ye-enamel ehlanganisiwe kanye nefayela lesitifiketi ngemuva kwethangi le-GFS elihambisana ne-FDA, kanye nokukhethwa kwe-gasket nokubuyekezwa komjikelezo wokuhlanza okunquma ukuthi umkhumbi uyaphasa yini ukuhlolwa.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo 1: Ingabe amathangi e-GFS agunyaziwe yi-FDA okokuxhumana nokudla?
Impendulo 1: Angahlinzekwa ngokusebenza kokuxhumana nokudla okuhambisana ne-FDA. Indawo yokuxhumana ye-enamel ehlanganisiwe ayinayo i-inert futhi ibushelelezi ngaphansi kuka-0.8 µm Ra ngaphandle kwe-organic coating engahamba, futhi i-Center Enamel ihlinzeka ngokuhambisana kwe-FDA ne-LFGB okuhambisana nomsebenzi ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 45001. Kufanele ucele ifayela lokuhlola lezinto zokwakha nepuleti esikhundleni sokwamukela isimangalo esijwayelekile.
Umbuzo 2: Ingabe ithangi ngokwalo "ligunyaziwe" njengomkhumbi?
A2: Akukho mvume eyodwa enamathela ethangini lonke. I-FDA ne-LFGB zibhekana nempahla yokuxhumana; i-NSF/ANSI 61 ne-WRAS zibhekana namanzi aphuzwayo; i-CE (EN 1090) ne-ISO 28765 zibhekana nokwakhiwa nokwenziwa. Impendulo efanele ibala ukuthi yiluphi uhlaka olusebenza kuyiphi ingxenye yokuhlinzeka.
Q3: Yini eyenza indawo ye-enamel yamukeleke lapho upende ubungeke wamukeleke?
A3: Upende nezinto zokumboza zingamafilimu e-organic ahlukene abanjwe ngokunamathela futhi angaphansi kokushwabana, ukuqhekeka nokuphuka. I-enamel encibilikisiwe ku-820 kuya ku-930 °C ayinayo i-organic futhi ihlangana nensimbi, ngakho akukho ungqimba olungahlukaniseka, futhi ihlala ingasebenzi ku-pH 1 kuya ku-14 phakathi nemijikelezo ye-asidi ne-caustic.
Q4: Ingabe i-NSF/ANSI 61 iyasebenza uma ithangi lihlala liphethe umkhiqizo kuphela?
A4: Cha. I-NSF/ANSI 61 ne-WRAS ingeyokuxhumana namanzi okuphuza. Ziba yimfuneko uma umkhumbi, i-gasket yawo noma into yokuvikela iwukugcina amanzi aphuzwayo, noma uma ithangi elifanayo lisetshenziselwa amanzi aphuzwayo phakathi kwemikhankaso yokukhiqiza.
Q5: Ingabe indawo ethinta ukudla iqinisekiswa kanjani ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa?
A5: Yonke ipuleti elimbozwe nge-enamel lihlolwa nge-spark nge-1500 V DC ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa, okuthola izinkinga zembobo emgodini esendlalelo esihlanganisiwe. Kanye nombiko wokungalingani kwendawo kanye nesitifiketi sezinto, lelo rekhodi liwubufakazi umcwaningi abukufunayo ngempela.
Q6: Yini evamise ukwehluleka ukuhlolwa kokudla ethangini eliboshiwe?
A6: Akuvamisile udonga. Kuvame kakhulu into yokugcoba ebhekene nomjikelezo wokuhlanza, umlomo odala umgwaqo ofile, ukuthambeka okubi kwaphansi okushiya uketshezi olumi, noma into yangaphakathi efihla isifutho. Lokho kufanele kube sekuhlelweni, hhayi ukufakwa kamuva.
Q7: Ingabe ithangi lensimbi engagqwali lingaba yisinqumo esingcono ekuxhumaneni nokudla?
A7: Kwesinye isikhathi. Insimbi engagqwali iyisinqumo esifanele ezingeni eliphezulu lokuhlanzeka, i-chloride ephezulu noma izigaba ezithile zenhlanzeko lapho udonga lwensimbi olugcotshiwe lungavunyelwe. Ezindaweni eziningi zokugcina ukudla neziphuzo, ithangi le-GFS le-enamel elincibilikisiwe lihlangabezana nesidingo sokuxhumana ngezindleko eziphansi.
Ithangi lensimbi elihlanganiswe nengilazi lizuza isimo sokuthintana nokudla lisuka endaweni yalo engaphakathi engahlanganisiwe engaphili kanye nesethi yemibhalo ehambisana nohlaka lomsebenzi, hhayi emshweni okhona kukhathalogi. Indawo engaphezulu izobekezelela i-asidi, i-caustic kanye nokugezwa kwansuku zonke; ingozi engokoqobo isegasketheni, ekwakhekeni kombhobho kanye nokuhlanjuleka kwangaphakathi, konke lokhu okufanele kube ku-oda lokuqala. Chaza ifayela lezinto, umbiko wobukhuluphala, irekhodi lokuhlolwa kwe-spark kanye nezinga legasket ndawonye, futhi umkhumbi uzophila ekuhlolweni esikhundleni sokwanelisa umbuzo wokuthenga kuphela.
Khuluma Nonjiniyela
Sithumele umkhiqizo, ikhemistri yokuhlanza endaweni kanye nezinga lokushisa, ukuthi ingabe amanzi aphuzwayo ake afakwa yini, kanye nohlaka ocwaningwa ngalo — i-FDA, i-LFGB, i-NSF/ANSI 61 noma inhlanganisela. Sizobuyisela uhlu lwamafayela esitifiketi, imibiko yezinto zokwakha kanye nobukhulu bokhahle, ukukhethwa kwe-gasket ngokuhambisana nomjikelezo wakho wokuhlanza, kanye nokuhlelwa kwephaneli elinama-nozzle kanye nokubuyekezwa kokuhlanza. Amadokhumenti kuqala, akukho sibopho, futhi akukho kufona kokuthengisa kuze kube ninakho okudingwa ukucwaninga.
WhatsApp